A Systems Engineering Approach to Accident Response Planning.

Nowadays, in software, electronics and automotive industries, it takes 1.5–2 years for a new product to appear, although it takes 3 or even more years to develop new space instruments. The update of higher education system standards is even more conservative. It takes 10 or more years. Because of this, graduates come into the industry with outdated knowledge. Thus, the problem is to synchronize the processes of updating technologies that ensure the creation of innovative products with educational programs. It can be solved by changing the paradigm of products creation based on the synthesis of deep and interdisciplinary educational, scientific, innovative and production activities with the model-based systems engineering software and methodological tools.The existing model-based systems engineering (MBSE) Software (SW) tools based on the Systems Modelling Language (SysML) are complex and expensive. This chapter raises the question, “Is it possible to make use of MBSE SW and methodological tools available to a wide audience of users?” To answer this question, the following MBSE approaches and tools were researched: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), House of Quality (HoQ), and SysML. Consequently, five methodological tools were developed for application during space instruments design and development life cycle stages. Tools are based on SysML, QFD, HoQ improvements and synthesis, and expressed in theoretical and practical algorithms.The theoretical algorithm determines “What” (input and output data) and “How” (by using which systems engineering (including MBSE) tools are methodically analysed at the certain space instruments life cycle stage. The practical algorithm automates the development of SysML diagrams by using data structured in HoQ models and widely available SW. It reduces the time to develop and update SysML requirements diagrams from several days to some minutes and enables implementation of SysML SW by many users. Altogether, the obtained results constitute the software and methodological toolkit (SMT) called “improved Quality Function Deployment for improved House of Quality”.To disseminate the obtained results, educational materials were created and validated during lectures on systems engineering. Lectures were supplemented with seminars and practicum. Practicum was focused on the design and development (D&D) of nanosatellites in the MBSE paradigm as the single project. The results showed that the developed SMT makes it possible to implement the life cycle of the cyber-physical system in the MBSE paradigm in a cost-effective way and a short time—in 6 months, students developed, conducted synthesis and flight tests of CubeSat-format satellite prototype and prepared the project documentation. In addition, students were motivated to study science, technology, engineering and math disciplines, MBSE tools, and become transdisciplinary specialists.In addition, developed SysML requirements models were applied to examine the “Preliminary Design” product life cycle (PLC) stage of different space projects. Such application allowed quick assessment of project results, identifying non-compliance with requirements, conducting beforehand all necessary corrections and generating correct new product documentation. Taking into account the mentioned advantages of the obtained MBSE SMT, it can be concluded that its usage improves the quality and accuracy of current projects and speeds up the planning process of future analogue projects by up to 60%. Consequently, projects (their life cycle stages) can be realized faster by 5–10%.These results allow to recommend for all interested in the innovative D&D of systems to initiate: formation of educational programs based on the project approach and MBSE paradigm; preparation of MBSE materials for online and offline teaching of students and teachers; development of domestic widely available software for the development of integrated SysML models with HoQ models that assures synchronization with CAE/CAD/CAM systems; support these recommendations for the implementation of the above-mentioned research results at educational organizations of different levels. The future research is focused on the application of the developed MBSE methodological toolkit during design and development with numerical modelling and operation of several CubeSat satellites.KeywordsSystems engineeringMBSEParadigmMethodological toolkitSysMLQFDHoQ

This study compares the types and quantities of knowledge that are captured by a model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) approach and a traditional architecting approach to measure the benefits of the MBSE approach in managing the complexity of a robotic space system. The MBSE approach was implemented with Cameo Systems Modeler using Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and applied to architecting an orbiting sample Capture and Orient Module (COM) system concept for a Capture, Containment, and Return System payload concept for potential Mars Sample Return. An architecture framework was established, covering system, subsystem, and assembly levels, along with structure, behavior, data, and requirements perspectives. The COM system architecture was captured in parallel using both the MBSE and non‐MBSE approaches in order to provide a side‐by‐side comparison of the approaches. The approaches were evaluated based on how well each represented the information content of the COM system architecture. A total of 4389 knowledge elements were classified using the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy knowledge dimension and used to quantitatively compare the two approaches. The MBSE approach more completely captured architectural knowledge than the non‐MBSE approach. Limitations to the SysML‐based MBSE approach were also identified, including its ability to fully represent certain high‐level conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge such as design principles, design approaches and rationales, risks, development strategies and rationales, organizational core competencies, and requirement verification methods. The overall results demonstrate the benefits of MBSE in managing the complexity of robotic space systems and strengthen the case for adopting MBSE within the systems engineering community.

The Department of Defense continually looks at means to control the cost overruns, schedule slips and technical requirements creep so as to acquire high performing and highly complex weapons systems. This paper describes how the functions that comprise Program Integration would benefit by the proper application of Systems Engineering precepts. Program Integration requires the application of an interdisciplinary approach such as that which defines Systems Engineering. Many of the functions that define Program Integration, such as Risk Analysis, and Logistics support, already are considered Systems Engineering concepts or characteristics. The remaining Program Integration functions could likewise be incorporated under the overall Systems Engineering approach. The Air Force has struggled with getting the respective programs to transition to the Program Integration philosophy. Much of the issue relates to typical resource constraints. This paper addresses these implementation issues and makes recommendations centered on the use of Systems Engineering as the means to establish a fully functioning Program Integration effort that will result in highly-executing acquisition program offices that can execute their mission with a higher degree of success with respect to cost, schedule, and performance. Organizing such a function within an established engineering functional office are also be explored.

This paper considers the creation of Complex Engineered Systems (CESs) and the Systems Engineering approach by which they are designed. The changing nature of the challenges facing Systems Engineering is discussed, with particular focus on the increasing complexity of modern systems. It is argued that modern complexity poses a major challenge to our ability to achieve successful systems and that this complexity must be understood, predicted and measured if we are to engineer systems confidently. We acknowledge previous work which concluded that, in complex systems, failures (“accidents”) may be inevitable and unavoidable. To further explore potential tools for increasing our confidence in complex systems, we review research in the field of Complexity Theory to seek potentially useful approaches and measures and find ourselves particularly interested in the potential usefulness of relationships between the magnitudes of events and their frequency of occurrence. Complexity Theory is found to have characterized naturally occurring systems and to potentially be the source of profitable application to the systems engineering challenge, viz., the creation of complex engineered systems. We are left with the tentative conclusion that truly complex systems, with our present understanding of complex behavior, cannot be designed with a degree of confidence that is acceptable given our current expectations. We recommend that the discipline of systems engineering must investigate this issue as a matter of priority and urgency and seek to develop approaches to respond to the challenge. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 25–34, 2004

Engineers dealing with different scaled and interconnected engineering systems such as tactical wireless RF communication systems have growing needs for analyzing complex adaptive systems. We propose a systemic engineering methodology based on systematic resolution of complex issues in engineering design. Issues arise which affect the success of each process. There are a number of potential solutions for these issues, which are subject to discussion based on the result assembled from a variety of sources with a range of measures. There are needs to assemble and balance the results in a success measure showing how well each solution meets the system’s objectives. The uncertain arguments used by the participants and other test results are combined using a set of mathematical theory for analysis. This process-based construction helps not only in capturing the way of thinking behind design decisions, but also enables the decision-makers to assess the support for each solution. The complexity in this situation arises from the many interacting and conflicting requirements of an increasing range of possible parameters. There may not be a single ‘right’ solution, only a satisfactory set of resolution, which this system helps to facilitate. Applying systems engineering approaches will definitely help in measuring and analyzing tactical RF wireless networks, smart and innovative performance matrixes through tactical modeling and simulation scenarios may also be developed and enhanced. Systematic utilize of systems engineering approaches with RF electronic warfare modeling and simulation scenarios can support future research in vulnerability analysis of RF communication networks. RF electronic tactical models are used to provide a practical yet simple process for assessing and investigate the vulnerability of RF systems. The focus is also on tactical wireless network within a system of systems (SoS) context research area and to provide a comprehensive network assessment methodology. Researchers have proposed a variety of methods to build network trees with chains of exploits, and then perform normal post-graph vulnerability analysis. This chapter presents an approach to use mathematical Bayesian network to model, calculate and analyze all potential vulnerability paths in wireless RF networks.

The high-performance nature of VISTA, the Visible & Infra-Red Survey Telescope for Astronomy, with its wide-field high-throughput f/1 optical design coupled with the multi-organisation, multi-disciplinary nature of the VISTA collaboration places significant demands on the project's Systems Engineering function. The project has relied heavily on a Systems Engineering approach, which has been vigorously applied throughout the conception, specification, and tendering stages of the project lifecycle, and is in place to be continued through the remaining phases of design & development, manufacture, assembly, commissioning, verification and acceptance. As the project matures from the Requirements/Design phase towards the Development and Manufacturing phase, the current status of the VISTA project is illustrated in terms of its Systems Engineering aspects, along with examples of how a formal Systems Engineering approach has resulted in benefits to the important project parameters of performance, cost and schedule. Key tools such as engineering budgets, configuration control procedures and the approach to risk management will be discussed in terms of their value to the project.

There is an increasing application of Systems Engineering in the Norwegian construction industry. This paper investigates the effects of a Systems Engineering approach on project management performance, prerequisites for success, and which elements contribute to effectiveness from a technical contractor perspective. First, we find a positive perception of Systems Engineering's effect on time, cost, and quality. Second, we provide and rank a list of 12 prerequisites for success. Third, we quantify the perceived importance of five elements of the systems engineering process. Finally, we find a disconnect between what seems to be essential processes and prerequisites and what gets done in practice. To improve Systems Engineering performance, we recommend improving Systems Engineering competence and capabilities, increasing the formality of requirements analysis and documentation, and front‐loading the effort and allocation of resources in projects.

Systems engineering (SE) is a comprehensive and structured approach for analyzing, designing, creating, and operating a system in a cost‐effective way. SE concepts are therefore concerned with the overall processes of defining, developing, operating, maintaining, and ultimately replacing quality systems. Whereas the building environmental performance concentrates on the details of individual aspects of building components and equipments (civil, mechanics, electronics, ergonometrics, etc.), SE concept needs to be integrated with all aspects necessary to realize efficient control systems in buildings. To explore this potential, the paper proposes a systems engineering approach for the design of distributed control and building performance simulation by run‐time coupling, over TCP/IP protocol suite. In particular, this paper involves a case‐study with two important steps; first consists of experiments obtained in TU Delft test‐cell in order to demonstrate a potential ability of using advanced control strategies in buildings, and then simulation results are obtained with the run‐time coupling mechanism.

Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio Universit yAbstract : The major challenge of designing public halls or performing arts centers in Japan is meeting the expectations of the regional community; greater stakeholder inv olvement is required in order to solve this problem. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether stakeh olders can become more involved in public hall design by using systems engineering (SE), which has never before been applied when designing public halls. As such, this study redesigned an actual public hall (Iw aki Alios) using an SE approach. The results revealed that applying SE was effective in the creation of a pu blic hall concept.Key Words : Public Hall; Public Theater; Design Process; Concept Design; Social System* 교신저자 : Saki Yoshihara, yoshihara.saki@keio.jp* This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which pe rmits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Systems engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the development of large and complex systems, where a system is understood to be an assembly or combination of interrelated elements or parts working together toward a common objective. Past experience has shown that formal systems engineering methodologies have not always been successfully applied to large and complex cybersecurity systems. These complex systems have become commonplace when applying cyberstrategies in cybersecurity operations. The ability to build, operate and maintain such systems is crucial to the effectiveness of cybersecurity operations. Most importantly, a cyberstrategy program must surround these systems on a global scale across multiple inter-related platforms. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate why a systems engineering approach is best suited for large and complex information systems used in cybersecurity, as well as the overall cyberstrategies that must also reside over these systems.

Chapter 9.3 - Advanced Technologies for Large-Scale Plant Factories—Integration of Industrial and Systems Engineering Approach in Controlled Environment Crop Production

Traditional system engineering has been the source of most of the requirements' decomposition and management techniques. Requirements' decom‐ position and flow down concentrate on a top‐down mission oriented view. The emphasis is on functional flow (input/output), black box performance allocation, and system interaction. However, it is weak in areas like operating logic, behavior, and timeline requirements.We contrast and compare the requirements' process and management techniques for the traditional system engineering and modern software approaches. We can indicate at least one gap in the area of operating logic and timeline analysis as well as numerous important under laps.Consequently, the design of many computer‐ based systems suffers from a substantial risk at the interface between system and software design engineering. The gap, created by a failure to address operational logic, sequencing, performance and timeline requirements in both disciplines, can have a major impact on program cost, schedule, and performance. Potentially, major safety related risks may result from the gap in logic and timeline requirements' tracking and allocation. In addition, significant under laps occur in operational analysis, interface control, performance, human factors, risk analysis, trade‐off studies, reviews, and planning. Therefore, these can create a risk if the software engineering effort is weak in traditional system engineering discipline. Suggestions for reducing the gap and under lap are offered.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Application of Systems Engineering to USAF Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR)

To meet the goal of creating reliable, predictable, efficient, and transparent methods to harness cellular capabilities for human benefit, it is necessary both to have standard libraries of elements from which useful pathways can be constructed and an understanding of the how host physiology and the environment impacts the functioning of these heterologous circuits. We show how variations in cellular and environmental context affect the operation of the basic central dogma functions underlying gene expression. Then we describe progress on creating a complete, scalable, and relatively homogeneous and designable sets of part families that can control central dogma function predictably in the face of varying configurations, genetic contexts, and environments. We show the challenges that arise in attempting this in applications such as a tumor destroying bacteria. Citation Format: Adam P. Arkin. Changing chasses and inventing elements: Developing a combined systems biology and engineering approach to designing complex function in cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.