A Techno-Economic Analysis of 3G Long-Term Evolution for Broadband Access

Many mobile operators are currently seeking significant improvements to their 2G and 3G based cellular systems. With significant improvements in the radio interface, enabling a lower data access cost per megabyte, as well as several potentially important new services, 3G long-term evolution (LTE) can bring substantial technological and economic benefits to operators, and therefore provide a decisive advantage over alternative wireless technologies. This paper analyzes the economics of 3G LTE for a system architecture evolution (SAE) network. The analysis starts by describing the drivers for the further evolution of 3G networks and the business case for the 3G LTE technology. This is followed by a discussion of the general principles in techno-economic modeling. Concluding the paper is a techno-economic analysis for a 3G LTE operator with its own 3G network. The analysis is carried out by the constraction of a techno-economic simulation model, which looks at a large Southeast Asian type country from 2010 to 2019. Two different cases are analyzed: a fixed use case, similar to that of wireless DSL, and a mobile use case, similar to that of 3G cellular data. The respective addressable markets are one million and ten million users. For these two cases, the total costs of building and operating the SAE network are 80 million and 2 billion euros. For the fixed case, an ARPU of 15 euros per month is sufficient for break-even; for the mobile case, an ARPU of 10 euros.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE speed in data transfer speed reaching 100 Mbps on the side downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. Growth in the number of service users telecommunication in Medan City causes a decrease in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a driving test, the area can be found where a system’s signal strength aims to increase the signal quality. Benchmark (comparison) of operator service quality 4G LTE is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra. Total operator throughput value X is only 0 > 3 Mbps while the Y operator is 0 > 30 Mbps. The low throughput value is caused by high user traffic during the day. The incidence of low throughput on the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus coincides with active learning with many students using data services.

Prevention of Desynchronization Attack in 4G LTE Networks Using Double Authentication Scheme

Recently, there has been a tremendous increase in mobile data usage with widespread proliferation of smartphone like devices and increasing popularity of video streaming services such as YouTube. This is already causing overloading of 3G cellular access networks. It is estimated that even the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology which has significantly higher spectral efficiency than 3G will also face overloading in near future. As a result, it has become important to find out ways and means of offloading the traffic from the LTE network. One possible solution is offloading it to Wi-Fi to gain extra capacity and improve overall network performance. In this paper we have considered an outdoor macro cell LTE Network being offloaded by a Wi-Fi network. We study the loading of LTE Network in different types of user and traffic distribution and investigate how offload to Wi-Fi APs can help in easing the congestion in LTE network and thereby lead to better per user throughputs and better quality of experience to end users using NS-3. Also, among the various scheduling algorithms that have been defined for efficient resource allocation in LTE, three schedulers have been considered: Round Robin (RR), Proportional Fair (PF) and Priority Set Scheduler (PSS) schedulers and their performance has been evaluated in the offloading scenario.

The design of a dual-band circularly polarized wearable textile antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a slotted split-ring textile patch with a full ground plane. It features a 46 × 46 mm2 square patch over 70 × 70 mm2 ground plane using a 3-mm felt substrate. The proposed square radiator is modified using slotted split-ring to cater for dual-band resonance. The antenna is capable of providing dual-band coverage for the entire 1.8 and 2.6 GHz for the Fourth-Generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and for the 2.45-GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The antenna featured an impedance bandwidth of 70 MHz (1.76–1.83 GHz) in the 4G LTE (Band 3) and 400 MHz (2.36–2.76 GHz) in the Industrial, Medical and Scientific (ISM) band. The measured 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidths are 2.8% (in the lower band) and 4.2% (in the upper band) with a maximum realized gain of 3.2 dB at 2.45 GHz. Simulations and measurements indicated a good agreement with suitability to be applied in the 4G and WLAN bands.

In this Letter, a dual‐wideband microstrip antenna for long‐term evolution (LTE) applications is proposed. The antenna is fed by a single port, and designed to operate at 800–960 MHz and 1700–2700 MHz simultaneously. The antenna has a return loss of less than −14 dB for both frequency bands, and gain of 3–4 dBi at the lower band and 6–8 dBi at the higher band. The proposed antenna may find its applications in second generation (2G), 3G, 4G LTE and WiFi systems.

The fifth generation (5G) technology standard for cellular networks is currently being developed and is in the early stages of rollout across the United States. This upgrade from 4G LTE (long-term evolution) will not only have implications for the telecommunications network itself, but also on the many critical infrastructure systems that will use and depend on 5G for operations and functionality. Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technology utilizes 5G and has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system by allowing vehicles to communicate with one another and automating certain driving features. However, it is important to consider the risks that 5G brings, including cybersecurity risks, and how attacks through the 5G network can disrupt a traffic network that includes C-V2X technology. This paper presents a method to characterize the effects of several risk scenarios. Compared to prior qualitative risk assessments, outcomes include quantitative indicators measuring system safety and performance for analysis. The approach enables a more detailed and rigorous assessment of interdependent systems risks between the telecommunications and transportation networks than previously possible, particularly in the transition to 5G. A range of potential risk scenarios are assessed. The results show that cyberattacks that alter the behavior of vehicles cause delays across the entire network, cascading across the system and affecting more than just the vehicles directly targeted. The simulations show different levels of traffic delays and numbers of collisions for each risk scenario, indicating that the effects of a cyberattack can differ widely depending on the specifics of the attack. The simulation is easily adaptable to the location, C-V2X features, and risk scenarios of interest. Results provide information to formulate and prioritize risk mitigation strategies as the technology is developed to minimize the impacts of these attacks and system disruptions.

In this letter, a dual-band dipole antenna, both in the strip and the wired structures, for possible 4G long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. The proposed antenna bandwidth covers the low and the high bands of WLAN (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz) and TD-LTE (1880–2655 MHz) in dual-band frequency, the impedance bandwidth in the low and the high bands are 63% (1.6–3.1 GHz) and 15% (4.75–5.55 GHz) respectively. The omnidirectional radiation patterns are desirable for WLAN and LTE communications. The maximum gains of 6.23 dBi and 5.13 dBi in both WLAN bands are adequate for stable gain applications. To avoiding the dissemination of the outer surface of the coaxial cable a copper cylinder is employed as a balun. Simple structure, use of printed circuit technology and FR4 material in the construction of the proposed antenna make it economical and easily-fabricated. The proposed antenna is also designed with the wired structure for similar purposes. Finally, the strip prototype of the antenna is implemented. Experimental results along with the simulation results have validated the merits of the proposed antenna involving simple and inexpensive structure, simultaneously covering WLAN and LTE frequency bands and almost high and stable gain in both bands.

3G long-term evolution (LTE) is a recent effort taken by cellular industries to step into wireless broadband market. The key enhancements target an introduction of new all- IP architecture, enhanced link layer and radio access with OFDM modulation and multiple antenna techniques. In this study, we focus on the overhead deriving from the multilayer ARQ employed at the link and transport layers. To the aim of reducing unnecessary burden on the wireless link, we propose a cross-layer ARQ approach, called ARQ Proxy, which substitutes the transmission of TCP ACK packet with a short MAC layer request on the radio link. Packet identification is achieved through association of a hash function to the raw packet data. Performance of the ARQ Proxy is evaluated using EURAE extensions for ns2 simulator. Results demonstrate significant improvements in terms of system capacity, TCP throughput performance, and higher tolerance to transmission errors.

Klaten City which is famous for its tourist attractions invites foreign and local tourists to visit the place. However, 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) telecommunications services in the tourist city have not been maximally felt by the public and tourists who visit because based on data from Provider X, the number of sites installed is only concentrated in densely populated areas, while many tourist objects have not been installed. This study aims to improve the efficiency and coverage of LTE networks in the city of Klaten, Central Java using the ACP optimization function with the 1800 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) modulation technique. This network simulation uses Atoll software to perform several measurements including link budget calculation, final signal quality comparison on existing and new site data. The result of comparing existing sites when a site has been added is that the signal quality improves and the covered area becomes wider than the previous area. The results of the simulation data with the percentage of 642.8 km2 Klaten area covered by the Existing site, RSRP with 85.6% covered area and RSRQ with 55.3% covered area. New Site RSRP with 100% covered area and RSRQ with 100% covered area. Automatic Cell Planning RSRP with 93.9% covered area and RSRQ with 96.2% covered area.

The exploration is built upon Delphi’s, Nissan’s, Cohda Wireless’ and Savari’s experiences in Asia, Europe and U.S.A. It describes and derives lessons from all four companies’ contributions in projects such as SMARTWAY in Japan, Drive C2X and in Europe, as well as the Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot in the U.S.A. All the above programs were implemented by means of the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology in the SHF spectrum based on the IEEE 802.11p/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) standard. The study is supplemented with insights regarding complementary technologies such DSRC in the lower UHF frequency band (i.e. 700 MHz) as well as a V2X implementation through the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular telecommunication technology. This paper addresses issues regarding the physical layer (PHY) of the DSRC system. The combination of the delay profile caused by multipath propagation along with the motion-based Doppler spread leads to time and frequency dispersion. This limits the number of bytes acceptable for reliable communication or requires a solution at the receiver end. The analysis of the Doppler spread shows that DSRC implemented at 700 MHz is more immune from data packet length issues as opposed to 5 GHz DSRC. On the other hand, 700 MHz DSRC exhibits a much longer delay spread. Thus, guard time interval specified in ASTM E2213-03 cannot be applied as is to 700 MHz DSRC. This paper refers to the German project CoCarX and the Japanese SKY for pedestrian for studying the feasibility a V2X system built on the 4G/LTE technology and its infrastructure. It provides on a vision for an accelerated V2X deployment based on a heterogeneous system. Last, we recommend the ITS stakeholders to carry out extensive research and validation works on DSRC capacity for ensuring a large scale deployment.

Nowadays you can see everyone holding mobile phones on the street, used to be with only purely voice service till now, as the progress of the technology, function of wireless internet surfing is more and more valued. Whether video call, on-line browsing, or navigation is to provide consumer a multiple service. To fulfill most users’ request, high-speed downloading of 3G broadband system is needed. Telecom Operators start to create mass HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) system in 2009, meaning HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) could reach 14.4Mbps and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) could reach 2Mbps. In order to fulfill this mass transportation, Telecom Operator not only has to upgrade the software and hardware of base stations (aka. Node B), the flow of physical circuit’s transmission also has to reach certain bandwidth. Considering investment cost and quality of service, fixed Telecom operators has take a new generation NG-SDH (Next Generation-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy). Using Ethernet to provide physical transmission of wireless internet browsing. This thesis is mainly discussing new generation Ethernet NG-SDH’s usage, while current base station using physical fiber circuit to provide transmission internet service quality. Through the result if the experiment, we will have a better reference for transmission service quality and solution when future operators planning transmission of HSPA+, 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution).

The recent developments in smart grids towards fine-grained electricity monitoring, active participation of home prosumers on the market with distributed renewable generation, e-car storage etc, and widely deployed active demand response require the setup of new communication infrastructure on all layers. Measuring equipment with significantly higher temporal resolution than existing smart meters is required, better local buffering and management of data, secure, high performance communication with infrastructure in the so called energy cloud, and finally end-user mobile applications for control and monitoring. We present the use cases and requirements foreseen in the eBADGE project and the current implementation of the pilot. The central point is the Home Energy Hub (HEH), comprising a multi-channel measurement board and a RaspberryPi based computer. It communicates over 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile network or alternatively over DSL (Digital Subscriber Loop). A mesh-like interconnection of multiple HEHs at a single site is also supported, communicating among them over WiFi or ZigBee. Above the network layer, HTTP was found to lack fitness for our purposes, thus a message bus is used. RabbitMQ (AMQP 0.9.1 implementation), is chosen as the most appropriate. The publicly available, open specification of supported message types was developed specifically for energy market use and strives to combine the strengths of multiple existing standards such as OpenADR 2.0.

The third generation partnership project (3GPP) has addressed the feasibility\nof interworking and specified the interworking architecture and security\narchitecture for third generation (3G)-wireless local area network (WLAN), it\nis developing, system architecture evolution (SAE)/ long term evolution (LTE)\narchitecture, for the next generation mobile communication system. To provide a\nsecure 3G-WLAN interworking in the SAE/LTE architecture, Extensible\nauthentication protocol-authentication and key agreement (EAP-AKA) is used.\nHowever, EAP-AKA have several vulnerabilities. Therefore, this paper not only\nanalyses the threats and attacks in 3G-WLAN interworking but also proposes a\nnew authentication and key agreement protocol based on EAP-AKA. The proposed\nprotocol combines elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) with symmetric key\ncryptosystem to overcome the vulnerabilities. The proposed protocol is used in\nhybrid coupled 3G-WLAN convergence network to analyse its efficiency in terms\nof QoS metrics, the results obtained using OPNET 14.5 shows that the proposed\nprotocol outperforms existing interworking protocols both in security and QoS.\n

The 3rd Generation Partnership (3GPP) standard is developing System Architecture Evolution(SAE)/Long Term Evolution(LTE) architecture for the next generation mobile communication system. In the LTE/SAE architecture, EPS AKA(Evolved Packet System Authentication and Key Agreement) procedure is used to provide mutual authentication between the user and the network. However the EPS AKA has several vulnerabilities such as disclosure of user identity, man-in-middle attack, etc. Therefore, this paper analyzes the deficiencies of the EPS AKA, and proposes a Security Enhanced Authentication and Key agreement (SE-EPS AKA) based on Wireless Public Key Infrastructure (WPKI). Then, the new SE-EPS AKA has been proved with the formal verification method, and the proof result shows that the SE-EPS AKA can satisfy the security and efficiency properties in the LTE/SAE architecture.