A Temporal Logic Approach to State Reachability in Real-Time Program Synchronization and Verification

A Temporal Logic Approach to State Reachability in Real-Time Program Synchronization and Verification

In this note, we consider the problem of introducing variables in temporal logic programs under the formalism of Temporal Equilibrium Logic, an extension of Answer Set Programming for dealing with linear-time modal operators. To this aim, we provide a definition of a first-order version of Temporal Equilibrium Logic that shares the syntax of first-order Linear-time Temporal Logic but has different semantics, selecting some Linear-time Temporal Logic models we call temporal stable models. Then, we consider a subclass of theories (called splittable temporal logic programs) that are close to usual logic programs but allowing a restricted use of temporal operators. In this setting, we provide a syntactic definition of safe variables that suffices to show the property of domain independence – that is, addition of arbitrary elements in the universe does not vary the set of temporal stable models. Finally, we present a method for computing the derivable facts by constructing a non-temporal logic program with variables that is fed to a standard Answer Set Programming grounder. The information provided by the grounder is then used to generate a subset of ground temporal rules which is equivalent to (and generally smaller than) the full program instantiation.

First-order temporal logic, the extension of first-order logic with operators dealing with time, is a powerful and expressive formalism with many potential applications. This expressive logic can be viewed as a framework in which to investigate problems specified in other logics. The monodic fragment of first-order temporal logic is a useful fragment that possesses good computational properties such as completeness and sometimes even decidability. Temporal logics of knowledge are useful for dealing with situations where the knowledge of agents in a system is involved. In this paper we present a translation from temporal logics of knowledge into the monodic fragment of first-order temporal logic. We can then use a theorem prover for monodic first-order temporal logic to prove properties of the translated formulas. This allows problems specified in temporal logics of knowledge to be verified automatically without needing a specialized theorem prover for temporal logics of knowledge. We present the translation, its correctness, and examples of its use.

A straightforward way of adding a temporal dimension to a logical system is to combine it with a suitable temporal logic. Typical examples are first-order temporal logic [3], temporal description logics [1] or spatio-temporal logics [4]. In 1992, Finger and Gabbay [2] started an investigation of possible ways of temporalising abstract logical systems.

On the interpretability of arithmetic in temporal logic

Real-time fluoroscopic verification of the active source position during actual treatment is the only established method to prevent high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy events. The challenge is spurious signals from an HDR 192Ir source that result in image halation, making source positions indiscernible when using a non-modified image intensifier fluoroscope. We have previously reported a method for observing an HDR 192Ir source by using an elaborately modified image intensifier system. The newly developed flat-panel detector fluoroscope is, by contrast, inherently halation-free thanks to the wider dynamic range (12–14 bits), compared with image intensifier fluoroscopes (8 bits). To explore the feasibility, we applied a commercially available flat-panel detector fluoroscope without modification to actual treatment. We successfully observed source positions without halation for all 107 patients, with a total of 522 HDR treatment sessions during a 3-year period from 2014 to 2017. Actual source positions were compared with planned positions on the planning hard copy. With this method, we detected a total of 1 error (0.2%) among the 522 sessions, at a similar detection rate of 0.1% with our previous experience using a modified image intensifier fluoroscope. We found that a commercially available flat-panel detector fluoroscope is ready for use for real-time verification and outweighs the need for elaborate modifications of an image intensifier fluoroscope. A flat-panel detector fluoroscope will help the global radiation oncology community promote real-time verification programs, leading to safer HDR brachytherapy.

The question of axiomatizability of first-order temporal logics is studied w.r.t. different semantics and several restrictions on the language. The validity problem for logics admitting flexible interpretations of the predicate symbols or allowing at least binary predicate symbols is shown to be Π1 1-complete. In contrast, it is decidable for temporal logics with rigid monadic predicate symbols but without function symbols and identity.

Proof planning is an automated reasoning technique which improves proof search by raising it to a meta-level. In this paper we apply proof planning to First-Order Linear Temporal Logic (FOLTL), which can be seen as a quantified version of Linear Temporal Logic, overcoming its finitary limitation. Automated reasoning in FOLTL is hard, since it is non-recursively enumerable; but its expressiveness can be exploited to precisely model the behaviour of complex, infinite-state systems. In order to demonstrate the potentiality of our technique, we introduce a case-study inspired by the Feature Interactions problem and we model it in FOLTL; we then describe a set of methods which tackle and solve the validation problem for a number of properties of the model; and lastly we present a set of experimental results showing that the methods we propose capture the common patterns in the proofs presented, guide the search at the object level and let the overall system build large and highly structured proofs. This paper to some extent improves over previous work that showed how proof planning can be used to detect such interactions.

Abstract. This paper presents a completeness result, with respect to a possible world semantics, for a combination of a first-order temporal logic and neighbourhood logic. This logic was considered by Qiu and Zhou (1998, Proceedings of the PROCOMET ‘98 , pp 444–461) to define semantics of a real-time OCCAM-like programming language.

Formal Verification of Compiler Transformations for Speculative Real-Time Execution>>>A short version of t>his paper was presented at the 20th IFAC/IFIP Workshop on Real Time Programming (WRTP’95), which was held in Gt. Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A., during November 1995. The Published Proceedings of this IFAC Meeting may be ordered from: Elsevier Science Limited, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United

Software-controlled bots, also called social bots, are computer programs that act like human users on social media platforms. Recent work on detection of social bots is dominated by machine learning approaches. In this paper we explore bot detection as a model checking problem. We introduce Temporal Network Logic (TNL) which we use to specify social networks where agents can post and follow each other. In this logic we formalize different types of social bot behavior. These are formulas that are satisfied in a model of a network with bots. We provide a simple algorithm to extract a logical model from a real-life social network. We show that we can reduce TNL to a fragment of linear temporal logic with past and use this to establish the computational efficiency of model checking for social bot detection.

This paper indicates a method of describing real-time processes and their asynchronous communication by means of message exchanges. This description method is based upon an extension of linear time temporal logic to a special temporal logic in which real-time and asynchronous message passing properties can be expressed. We give a model of this logic, define new operators and show amongst others how they can be applied to specify real-time asynchronous message passing and an abstract real-time transmission medium.

First-order temporal logic is a concise and powerful notation, with many potential applications in both Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. While the full logic is highly complex, recent work on monodic first-order temporal logics has identified important enumerable and even decidable fragments. In this paper, we develop a clausal resolution method for the monodic fragment of first-order temporal logic over expanding domains. We first define a normal form for monodic formulae and then introduce novel resolution calculi that can be applied to formulae in this normal form. We state correctness and completeness results for the method. We illustrate the method on a comprehensive example. The method is based on classical first-order resolution and can, thus, be efficiently implemented.

The optimization problem of DESs supervisors has been shown to have a solution if sufficient conditions are met. A measurement space and function have been define in order to properly formulate this problem. The A* algorithm generates the control such that the system move from the initial state to the final state with the least cost if the heuristic function is a measuring function and is a low bound of the event cost function.

Robot grasping under the instruction of natural language has attracted increasing attention in various applications for its advantages in enabling natural and smooth human-robot interaction. At present, mainstream algorithms mainly solve problems of utilizing simple natural language instructions to guide the robot arm to perform some specific grasping. However, for two natural language instructions with different temporal logic and the same semantics, it is usually difficult for the robot to achieve semantic disambiguation, which further leads to the failure of the grasping task. In order to address this problem, we propose a new natural language instruction disambiguation method for robot grasping by combining sentence vector similarity calculation model and sentence temporal logic model. Firstly, the word vector is obtained through the Skip-gram model in Word2vec and a sentence vector is constructed. The semantic similarity of the sentence is then calculated by using the proposed cost function. Based on the semantic similarity of the sentence, the correct temporal logic form of the sentence is then extracted according to the temporal adverbial priority to further guide the grabbing process of the robot arm. The experimental results show that our method can successfully realize the semantic disambiguation for natural language instructions with different temporal logics and the same semantics, and further guide the robot arm to complete more complicated tasks than previous tasks.