A testing strategy for abstract classes

Inheritance is a crucial part of object-oriented programming, but its use in practice, and the resulting large-scale inheritance structures in programs, remain poorly understood. Previous studies of inheritance have been relatively small and have generally not considered issues such as Java's distinction between classes and interfaces, nor have they considered the use of external libraries. In this paper we present the first substantial empirical study of the large-scale use of inheritance in a contemporary OO programming language. We present a suite of structured metrics for quantifying inheritance in Java programs. We present the results of performing a corpus analysis using those metrics to over 90 applications consisting of over 100,000 separate classes and interfaces. Our analysis finds higher use of inheritance than anticipated, variation in the use of inheritance between interfaces and classes, and differences between inheritance within application types compared with inheritance from external libraries.

Adaptive random testing (ART) achieves better failure-detection effectiveness than random testing by increasing the diversity of test cases. However, the intention of ensuring even spread of test cases inevitably causes an overhead problem. Although two basic forgetting strategies (i.e. random forgetting and consecutive retention) were proposed to reduce the computation cost of ART, they only considered the temporal distribution of test cases. In the paper, we presented a distance-aware forgetting strategy for the fixed size candidate set version of ART (DF-FSCS), in which the spatial distribution of test cases is taken into consideration. For a given candidate, the test cases out of its “sight” are ignored to reduce the distance computation cost. At the same time, the dynamic adjustment for partitioning and the second-round forgetting are adopted to ensure the linear complexity of DF-FSCS algorithm. Both simulation analysis and empirical study are employed to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of DF-FSCS. The experimental results show that DF-FSCS significantly outperforms the classical ART algorithm FSCS-ART in efficiency, and has comparable failure-detection effectiveness. Com-pared with two basic forgetting methods, DF-FSCS is better in both efficiency and effectiveness. In contrast with a typical linear-time ART algorithm RBCVT-Fast, our algorithm requires less computational overhead and exhibits the similar failure-detection capability. In addition, DF-FSCS has more reliable performance than RBCVT-Fast in detecting failures for the programs with high-dimensional input domain.

We examine the strategic effects of auditor tenure on the auditor's testing strategy and the manager's inclination to commit fraud. Most empirical studies conclude that longer tenure improves audit quality. Proponents of restricting tenure argue that longer tenure impairs auditor independence and a “fresh look” from a new auditor results in higher audit quality. Validating this argument requires testing whether the observed difference in audit quality between a continuing auditor and a change in auditors is less than the theoretically expected difference in audit quality without impairment. Our findings provide the guidance necessary for developing such tests. Our results show that audit risk (the probability that fraud exists and goes undetected) is lower in both periods for the continuing auditor than with a change in auditors. More importantly, we show that across both periods, expected undetected fraud is lower for the continuing auditor than with a change in auditors.

In this paper are described some of the issues of the mixed signal standard cell VLSI design with emphasis on the practical experience resulted from designing a carrier transceiver in SGS-THOMSON 2 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. Presented are the circuit block structure, some advantages and disadvantages of the standard cell design approach, the testing strategy we implemented, and finally some practical conclusions resulting from our experience.

Communication networks have become integral part of our modern IoT systems. These networks are widely being used in industrial, commercial and residential applications. Reliability analysis plays a major role in identification of existing problems in network, and on improving communication based on node capabilities.To ensure error free communication in any network, usually BER/PER estimation is performed on bit or packet level. In case of WLAN networks, availability as matrix would be the best suit to measure the reliability of the communication network. The System Behavioral Test (SBT) approach is implemented to cover the effects of noise parameters on the communication reliability.This paper focuses on defining a standard approach for risk identification and testing strategy for WLAN type of networks. This work focusses on defining failure modes, factors impacting those failure modes, and standard test strategy based on SBT for any product in which WLAN communication is used.

Background: Qualitative studies on HIV prevention strategies and methods among men who have sex with men (MSM) allow identify knowledge gaps and improve preventive actions. Objective: To make a thematic synthesis of the scientific productions that use the qualitative methodology in the strategies and methods of HIV prevention area among MSM.Methods: We conducted a literature review following the guidelines of the ENTREQ protocol. The analysis included 48 empirical studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish between 2001 and 2018 available in the Medline, Embase, Scielo, Scopus, Bireme and Web of Science databases. Results: Where an increased production in the last six years and concentration in northern countries. Seven prevention methods were part of the study, with emphasis on pre-exposure prophylaxis, testing, condoms and behavioral strategies. The main topics discussed were stigma and support and care networks. Conclusion: we notice that an increasing production on prevention in the men who have sex with men segment results from the emergence of multiple preventive methods and strategies and their combined actions beyond the star role of condoms.

IntroductionChronic diseases are a leading public health concern in the Americas, and physical inactivity contributes significantly to their burden. Open streets program—community initiatives that temporarily close urban streets to vehicles—promote physical activity and community engagement, demonstrating positive health and social impacts. Effective implementation depends on identifying suitable strategies and frameworks. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy, developed for clinical/healthcare contexts, has not been widely assessed for community-based interventions such as Open Streets. Implementation strategies could lead to specific outcomes (e.g., adoption, sustainability) that differ from program outcomes (e.g., PA levels, chronic disease prevalence). This scoping review focuses on the strategies that influence implementation outcomes. The primary aims of this review were to (1) identify implementation strategies for Open Streets programs and (2) identify opportunities for Open Streets programs to promote chronic disease prevention and physical activity, specifically in the Americas.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Web of Science, TRIS, and LILACS) were searched for studies on Open Streets programs in the Americas (January 2004–April 2024). Three reviewers independently screened studies in Rayyan. Strategies were extracted and coded according to the 73 ERIC taxonomy strategies. Quality appraisal used MMAT for empirical studies, AMSTAR-2 for reviews, and AACODS for gray literature.ResultsFifty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding 63 distinct implementation strategies for Open Streets programs. All 63 strategies were classified within the ERIC taxonomy. Frequently aligned ERIC strategies included building coalitions, capturing local knowledge, conducting needs assessments, and fostering stakeholder engagement. Open Streets strategies emphasized multisectoral collaboration, cultural adaptation, equity, and sustainability.DiscussionAmong the 63 identified Open Streets strategies, many aligned with ERIC, providing a foundation in stakeholder engagement, coalition building, and flexible, context-sensitive implementation. However, several ERIC strategies were not relevant to Open Streets, underscoring that while many ERIC strategies were applicable, not all suited this setting. Open Streets programs may require supplemental approaches to address equity, cultural competence, and multisectoral collaboration. Findings present opportunities to tailor, test, and scale strategies that maximize the population health impact of Open Streets and similar community-based programs.

How do bugs surface? A comprehensive study on the characteristics of software bugs manifestation

We present a novel technique for static race detection in Java programs, comprised of a series of stages that employ a combination of static analyses to successively reduce the pairs of memory accesses potentially involved in a race. We have implemented our technique and applied it to a suite of multi-threaded Java programs. Our experiments show that it is precise, scalable, and useful, reporting tens to hundreds of serious and previously unknown concurrency bugs in large, widely-used programs with few false alarms.

The Joanna Briggs Institute clinical fellowship program: a gateway opportunity for evidence-based quality improvement and organizational culture change.

: BRAF is a ubiquitous oncogene in human tumors; oncogenic mutations give rise to a broad biologic spectrum of clonal proliferations depending on cellular context and tumor suppressor gene co-mutation. The BRAF V600E mutation, a class 1 variant, is the best-understood alteration in the gene, but despite that, extensive pre-clinical and empiric study has been required to optimize combinatorial therapies in order to overcome bypass and downstream signaling induced by BRAF inhibitor monotherapy in tumors with this mutation. Class 2 and 3 BRAF variants predominate in certain tumors such as non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and are associated with distinct clinicopathologic features including resistance to RAF inhibitors and co-mutation with other genes in the RTK/RAS/MAPK pathway. Clinical trials of BRAF inhibitors in some of the most common malignancies, including melanoma, colorectal cancers, and lung cancers, have led to a number of FDA-approved combination RAF-MEK or RAF-EGFR inhibitors, with substantial implications for improved survival and quality of life in a large number of cancer patients. Mutational testing for BRAF V600E is required for selection of patients with BRAF inhibitor therapies; rapid screening for the mutation may be carried out using mutation-specific immunohistochemistry, whereas next generation sequencing is an optimal testing strategy in order to identify relevant co-mutations and mutational patterns (such as mismatch repair status) likely to influence therapeutic selection and outcomes.

Recently there has been a focus on test first and test driven development; several empirical studies have tried to assess the advantage that these methods give over testing after development. The results have been mixed. In this paper we investigate nine teams who tested during coding to examine the effect it had on the external quality of their code. Of the top three performing teams two used a documented testing strategy and the other an ad-hoc approach to testing. We conclude that their success appears to be related to a testing culture where the teams proactively test rather than carry out only what is required in a mechanical fashion.

The loss of evidence poses a major challenge to historical ecology. For example, dendroecological studies aiming at relating tree establishment with past climate should consider the possibility that many plants might not survive to be recorded at the date of the study. A standard approach to deal with this data loss consists in fitting an exponential decay curve to the observed age structure and using the residuals of this fit as a proxy of tree establishment. Here, we show that hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA), where tree establishment is modeled as a latent variable, can outperform the standard approach. We illustrate the use of HBA with a simulation study in which the goal is to infer population dynamics from dendrochronological age structures. Both methods are also used to analyze empirical data from expanding Alnus acuminata Kunth forests in northwestern Argentina. The simulation study showed that the standard approach underestimated the association between rainfall and tree establishment. The HBA was unbiased and had narrower uncertainty around estimates. In the empirical study, the HBA detected effects of rainfall on tree establishment, which were deemed not significant by the standard approach. Besides these advantages, the flexibility of the HBA should allow for the analysis of more complex (and realistic) models.

The main goal of a static type system is to prevent certain kinds of errors from happening at run time. A type system is formulated as a set of constraints that gives any expression or term in a program a well-defined type. Yet mainstream programming languages are endowed with type systems that provide the means to circumvent their constraints through casting. We want to understand how and when developers escape the static type system to use dynamic typing. We empirically study how casting is used by developers in more than seven thousand Java projects. We find that casts are widely used (8.7% of methods contain at least one cast) and that 50% of casts we inspected are not guarded locally to ensure against potential run-time errors. To help us better categorize use cases and thus understand how casts are used in practice, we identify 25 cast-usage patterns---recurrent programming idioms using casts to solve a specific issue. This knowledge can be: (a) a recommendation for current and future language designers to make informed decisions (b) a reference for tool builders, e.g., by providing more precise or new refactoring analyses, (c) a guide for researchers to test new language features, or to carry out controlled programming experiments, and (d) a guide for developers for better practices.

This paper researches on some main commercial banks' operational risk measurement approaches such as Basic Indicator Approach, the standardized Approach and Income Model and so on in detail. Based on the definition of the three measurement approaches, the writer adopt the latest data of two listed corporations - Pudong Development Bank and China Mincing Banking Corporation for Empirical Analysis of targets. The empirical study result is Income Approach is the best model of them to measure operational risk, and it has realistic significance, Thus Income Approach has been the most suitable statistics model for China's commercial banks to manage operational risk today.