A Transmission Control System for Construction Machinery

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic transmission (AT) is a complex hydroelectromechanical system, since it consists of hydraulic, electrical and mechanical parts.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">On cars produced by “UzAuto Motors” mainly AT of the 6T family, 6-speed AT family GM: 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 “Hydra-Matic” are used.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Production of parts of these transmissions is carried out both at American GM plants and at GM plants in China and Korea.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The differences between AT 6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50 are in the thickness of the output chain and in the planetary gear, in the sizes of some other units and the housing itself. But the differences are much more influenced by the settings of the transmission unit, which select operating modes with different engines so as not to overload the thinnest places of the automatic transmission.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic transmissions 6T30, 6T40, 6T45, 6T50 have the ability to manually shift gears and activate the “kickdown” mode (for quick acceleration of the car, when you sharply press the gas “all the way” it makes the automatic transmission downshift, and sometimes by two steps).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The operation of the transmission is controlled by various electronic systems that are responsible for the operability and structural integrity of the gearbox.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Failure of the automatic transmission can occur as a result of one or a combination of malfunctions of the following parts: in the torque converter; in the mechanical part of the gearbox; in the hydraulic part of the control system; one or more clutches of the gearbox; in the electrical part of the control system; in the electronic control unit.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The authors of the work investigated and determined the occurrence of malfunctions and failures depending on the temperature of the working fluid of the automatic transmission of a passenger car.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Also, the dependence of the resource of the automatic transmission on the temperature of the hydraulic fluid was obtained. High-quality diagnostics of the automatic transmission and its control system can in many cases save the car owner from expensive repairs: <ul class="list disc"><li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">without thorough diagnostics, the automatic transmission cannot be subjected to routine or major repairs. Only on the basis of diagnostic information can a conclusion be made about the technical maintenance or repair of the automatic transmission;</div></li><li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">based on real experience of operating passenger cars equipped with automatic transmission, we recommend changing the oil every 35000 miles under operating conditions in Tashkent. We also recommend conducting diagnostics of the automatic transmission every 12500 miles of the car's mileage.</div></li></ul></div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A four speed powershift transmission has been designed and developed which utilizes an electronic system to control clutch pressure during clutch engagements. The advantage of this type of control is the ability to easily tailor clutch operational characteristics. This electro-hydraulic system makes use of a pulse-width modulated proportional solenoid in conjunction with a pilot pressure controlled regulating valve and microprocessor based control circuit. Also a methodology is shown that allows the prediction of transmission bearing life based upon system reliability.</div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Electronic instrument and control systems are common place and accepted technology in automobiles, trucks, construction and agricultural equipment. Until recently, microprocessor driven instrumentation was not available in the compact equipment industry. Primarily, the fact that compact equipment is lower cost in comparison to the vehicles that have used electronics in the past, prevented electronics from migrating freely into the compact equipment lines. With the introduction of the BOSS system, a microprocessor driven electronics system of high reliability, performance, functionality, and value to the customer, has been provided in the compact equipment industry. This paper will outline the features of the BOSS system in its application to compact equipment and how electronics apply to compact equipment in general.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <div class="graphic-wrapper"><img class="article-figure figure" src="911855_fig0001.jpg" alt="No Caption Available"/></div> </div>

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document describes a physical layer utilizing Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable with extended stub lengths for flexibility in ECU placement and network topology. Also, connectors are not specified.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">CAN controllers are now available which support the newly introduced CAN Flexible Data Rate Frame format (known as “CAN FD”). These controllers, when used on SAE J1939-15 networks, must be restricted to use only the Classical Frame format compliant to ISO 11898-1 (2003).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These SAE Recommended Practices are intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.</div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">MOBILE earthmoving and mining equipment computer integration is on the horizon. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) was only a concept ten years ago, today in some sectors it is an approaching reality.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper draws parallels between Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and what is potentially available today in the earthmoving and mining equipment environments.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As various on-board earthmoving and mining vehicle monitoring devices are developed, the next logical step is Computer Integrated Mobile Equipment Operations (CIMEO), with performance/production monitoring devices tied into a data network, fleet equipment operations can operate in sync-in the most productive manner possible.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will review some of the performance/production monitoring that is presently being done with mobile heavy equipment, identifying specifically with off-highway trucks, and the computer integration that can occur in first monitoring, then downloading data, and finally providing feedback from a central processing unit to (<span class="xref">1</span>) analyse what has happened and, (<span class="xref">2</span>) more importantly make a future happen that wouldn't otherwise be possible.</div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Electronic systems have been used in commercial vehicles for quite a few years now. At the start, this primarily related to consumer electronics equipment (car radio and CB radio), but, since the late 70s, electronic control systems have also been used for a wide variety of applications in commercial vehicles. This development went hand in hand with the development of digital microcontrollers. It was only when such powerful electronic circuits were developed that it was possible to implement complex control tasks at feasible cost with adequately compact design. Nowadays, an extremely wide variety of systems is offered for the engine, suspension, brakes, comfort and entertainment.</div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Automatic transmissions require that the transition or shift quality between the various gears be smooth and uniform. Driveability is improved by optimizing the shift time of certain gear changes. An added benefit of improved shift quality is reduced clutch wear.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">During the investigation of an electronic transmission control system for agricultural, off highway and, heavy duty on highway vehicles, it became apparent that a key element in the hydraulic system was the need to accurately regulate oil pressure to the various clutches in the gear train.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The valve described herein accurately regulates oil pressure at low levels and progressively increases pressure, with respect to time, by means of an electronically programmable pressure vs time control to any level up to supply pressure.</div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper deals with the current status and the future prospects in automotive electronics in Japan.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Electronics systems have been individually developed for the engine, transmission, brakes, suspension, instrument panel and other areas. The next challenge will be to link these standalone systems together with interactive control blocks: for example, powertrain, vehicle control and body control.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These blocks, in turn, will be coupled together by data communications links, and they will be linked through communications to data sources existing outside the automobile.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Control technology will change from PID control to modern control theory and this will impact on microprocessor architecture.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These control systems will increase the controllability, reliability and serviceability of the automobile as a whole.</div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The electrical and electronic system in vehicles with all its components has become more and more complex. Many different stakeholders are involved and more and more parts of the development process have been shifted to the suppliers. This outsourcing results in substantial savings on the OEM side, but brings additional challenges to manage the overall system and keep the core IP within the OEM.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This presentation shows an approach that was adopted recently by several OEMs. It is called the “E/E-Architecture” process and applies the principles of system engineering according ISO/IEC15288. It shows the starting point by managing the requirements and how to use functions as the source of the truth over the entire design process. During the E/E Architecture phase, it is important to concentrate on the strategic design aspects. This is to model all artifacts that have influence on systems performance, reliability, and cost, but to avoid wasting efforts on the small things that can be handled later in the supplier detail development.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The presentation also looks at the requirements for the tools to support such a system approach with aspects like data model, variant handling, multi-user, etc. It will show the pragmatic solution building blocks available.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Furthermore, it will look at how OEMs can benefit from the implementation of the E/E Architecture approach in terms of quality, cost savings, and efficiency increase.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Most OEMs are shifting their strategy and way of thinking regarding ECUs. This, in combination with the electrification of vehicles and the shift towards software-based companies (car as a device), implies one of the biggest paradigm changes in automotive history.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">On the other hand, despite the current struggles, remarkable advances have been made in electronic technology during the past few years. These developments have opened a door to very promising enabling technology, with exterior lighting as a main target market. These circumstances seem to have created a perfect storm leading to new strategies for electronic control and driving for (front and rear) exterior lighting.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">We, at our company, have investigated the enabling technology, challenges, and benefits of this emerging exterior lighting approach, that we call ‘ECU-Less’. If proven correct, this approach could allow future applications to get rid of any computational power located in the lamps, in favor of a more centralized, and OEM-controlled, ECUs and software.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">It is, from our point of view, of great interest to the complete automotive community to be aware and discover the potential of such an approach as, if we all manage to implement it correctly, it would benefit every stakeholder in the industry.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document defines a physical layer having a higher bandwidth capacity than other physical layers defined for SAE J1939. Newer transceiver technologies are utilized to minimize EMI.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.</div> </div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">MANY recent design improvements in hydraulic transmissions have followed the trend toward longer life of power-train components established by the use of a torque converter. The need for actual data relating to the characteristics of torque-converter operations led to the series of field tests reported in this paper. Off-highway trucks used in earthmoving, coal, and ore hauling were made available for the tests, together with experienced operators. Measurements of driveline stresses were recorded for trucks equipped with converter drives, and for those having mechanical transmissions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Comparisons indicated that, with a converter, equipment can be operated at a higher load factor in order to get more work done, and also that the equipment will have a greater life factor. These two factors will result, of course, in reduced operating costs to the user.</div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph"><i>In the research project</i> “<i>New Exhaust Emission Concept</i>”<i>, supported by the Minister of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany, the main goal was the minimization of the raw exhaust emission of a gasoline engine by operating the engine in its (HC</i> +<i>NO<sub>x</sub>)-minimum, as well as the improvement of its fuel economy. With respect to these goals it was necessary to develop new control strategies. To preadjust the appropriate electronic control systems already in the laboratory, a real time simulator was developed, to reproduce the sensor signals of a gasoline engine under steady state, but also under dynamic conditions.</i></div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"><i>The paper gives a survey over the technical specifications of the simulator, the method of mathematical engine modelling, the simulation algorithms and the used hardware solution. Some characteristic results show the performance and the adventages of the use of the simulation system.</i></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Based on the possible relation between the current method of organizing the control of available parking lots at the Santo André <i>campus,</i> of the Federal University of ABC (UFABC) and the development of car queues at the university concierge, the elaborated research project proposed the development of a prototype electronic system to control the availability of these parking lots, in order to identify the main characteristics of the implementation of this system. Therefore, through the development of exploratory and qualitative research [<span class="xref">3</span>], it was possible to elaborate an electronic form through the Google Forms platform [<span class="xref">10</span>] to obtain primary data [<span class="xref">5</span>] that made possible the implementation of the system. Then, a prototype was developed through the Open Source platform [<span class="xref">1</span>] Arduino [<span class="xref">6</span>] as the prototyping platform, the use of electronic components [<span class="xref">4</span>] for the system such as the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) light sensor [<span class="xref">11</span>], resistors, Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and relay. The prototype uses the analog reading from the LDR to monitor the amount of light from each vacancy, whenever the LDR detects that a vacancy has its luminosity lower than a determined threshold, the Arduino switch the state of the relay, updating the status of the vacancy to "occupied", and if the luminosity is above the same threshold, the vacancy is set to "free". The prototype proved to be very helpful to manage the parking lot from UFABC since the Arduino can update the whole lot without any human interaction, a problem that the UFABC parking lot suffers since the vacancy control is done entirely by hand.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicle thermal management covers the engineering field of solutions that maintain the complete vehicle in acceptable operating conditions regarding component and fluid temperatures in an engine. The maximum efficiency rating of a Diesel engine reaches up to 45%.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to improve the fuel efficiency of the vehicle one can reduce the losses generated by the cooling system. Ideally, the full motive force of the engine should be used for propulsion and new and more efficient energy sources have to be explored to power the secondary systems (cooling, compressed air…).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces a dynamic programming algorithm which is used to determine the maximum gains during operation for a given architecture of the cooling system of a Heavy Duty Truck. The algorithm, based in Bellman principle, will determine the best control trajectory for the pump and the fan according to energetic and control goals (fuel economy, regulation of temperature…). For this purpose, a reduced model of the cooling system based on energy balance equations has been determined and validated through simulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">An optimal control path is determined by the algorithm for a given cycle, which is then used as an input to the controllers in a simulation platform for the same reference driving cycle in order to calculate more accurately the energy consumption. The simulation platform is built in GT-Suite (system model) and Matlab/Simulink (inputs). The result show how it is possible to reduce the energy consumption by optimizing the control strategy of the cooling system, in particular hints are given in terms of thermostatic valve threshold tuning.</div></div>