A TYPE-FREE THEORY OF HALF-MONOTONE INDUCTIVE DEFINITIONS

Monotone inductive definitions occur frequently throughout mathematical logic. The set of formulas in a given language and the set of consequences of a given axiom system are examples of (monotone) inductively defined sets. The class of Borel subsets of the continuum can be given by a monotone inductive definition. Kleene's inductive definition of recursion in a higher type functional (see [6]) is fundamental to modern recursion theory; we make use of it in §2.Inductive definitions over the natural numbers have been studied extensively, beginning with Spector [11]. We list some of the results of that study in §1 for comparison with our new results on inductive definitions over the continuum. Note that for our purposes the continuum is identified with the Baire space ωω.It is possible to obtain simple inductive definitions over the continuum by introducing real parameters into inductive definitions over N—as in the definition of recursion in [5]. This is itself an interesting concept and is discussed further in [4]. These parametric inductive definitions, however, are in general weaker than the unrestricted set of inductive definitions, as is indicated below.In this paper we outline, for several classes of monotone inductive definitions over the continuum, solutions to the following characterization problems:(1) What is the class of sets which may be given by such inductive definitions ?(2) What is the class of ordinals which are the lengths of such inductive definitions ?These questions are made more precise below. Most of the results of this paper were announced in [2].

Transitive closure logic is a known extension of first-order logic obtained by introducing a transitive closure operator. While other extensions of first-order logic with inductive definitions are a priori parametrized by a set of inductive definitions, the addition of the transitive closure operator uniformly captures all finitary inductive definitions. In this paper we present an infinitary proof system for transitive closure logic which is an infinite descent-style counterpart to the existing (explicit induction) proof system for the logic. We show that, as for similar systems for first-order logic with inductive definitions, our infinitary system is complete for the standard semantics and subsumes the explicit system. Moreover, the uniformity of the transitive closure operator allows semantically meaningful complete restrictions to be defined using simple syntactic criteria. Consequently, the restriction to regular infinitary (i.e. cyclic) proofs provides the basis for an effective system for automating inductive reasoning.

A general formulation of inductive and recursive definitions in Martin-Löf's type theory is presented. It extends Backhouse's ‘Do-It-Yourself Type Theory’ to include inductive definitions of families of sets and definitions of functions by recursion on the way elements of such sets are generated. The formulation is in natural deduction and is intended to be a natural generalisation to type theory of Martin-Löf's theory of iterated inductive definitions in predicate logic.Formal criteria are given for correct formation and introduction rules of a new set former capturing definition by strictly positive, iterated, generalised induction. Moreover, there is an inversion principle for deriving elimination and equality rules from the formation and introduction rules. Finally, there is an alternative schematic presentation of definition by recursion.The resulting theory is a flexible and powerful language for programming and constructive mathematics. We hint at the wealth of possible applications by showing several basic examples: predicate logic, generalised induction, and a formalisation of the untyped lambda calculus.

The logic FO(ID) uses ideas from the field of logic programming to extend first order logic with non-monotone inductive definitions. This paper studies a deductive inference method for PC(ID), its propositional fragment.We introduce a formal proof system based on the sequent calculus (Gentzen-style deductive system) for this logic. As PC(ID) is an integration of classical propositional logic and propositional inductive definitions, our deductive system integrates inference rules for propositional calculus and definitions.We prove the soundness and completeness of this deductive system for a slightly restricted fragment of PC(ID). We also give a counter-example to show that cut-elimination does not hold in this proof system.

We study the complexity of computable and Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$ inductive definitions of sets of natural numbers. For we example, we show how to assign natural indices to monotone Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$-definitions and we use these to calculate the complexity of the set of all indices of monotone Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$-definitions which are computable. We also examine the complexity of new type of inductive definition which we call weakly finitary monotone inductive definitions. Applications are given in proof theory and in logic programming.

Our goal is to define a type of partial recursive functions in constructive type theory. In a series of previous articles, we studied two different formulations of partial functions and general recursion. We could obtain a type only by extending the theory with either an impredicative universe or with coinductive definitions. Here we present a new type constructor that eludes such entities of dubious constructive credentials. We start by showing how to break down a recursive function definition into three components: the first component generates the arguments of the recursive calls, the second evaluates them, and the last computes the output from the results of the recursive calls. We use this dissection as the basis for the introduction rule of the new type constructor. Every partial recursive function is associated with an inductive domain predicate; evaluation of the function requires a proof that the input values satisfy the predicate. We give a constructive justification for the new construct by interpreting it into the base type theory. This shows that the extended theory is consistent and constructive.

This paper describes a fibrational categorical semantics for the modal necessity-only fragment of constructive modal type theory, both with and without dependent types. Constructive type theory does not usually discuss logical modalities, and modalities tend to be mostly studied within classical logic, not within type theory. But modalities should be very useful in type theory, as they are very useful in modelling theoretical computing systems. Providing constructive versions of modal logics and their associated Curry-Howard modal type theories is also a very productive program, e.g. helpful when dealing with computational effects, staged computation, and functional reactive types, for example. There seems to be renewed interest in the notion of constructive modal type theory (and in notions of linear type theory), in part because of the interest in homotopy type theory. The modal type theory presented here uses dependent types, in the style of Ritter's categorical models of the Calculus of Constructions. To build up to these, we first discuss the kinds of constructive modal type theory in the literature. Then we provide a non-dependent modal type theory, introduced in previous work, that we generalize to dependent types in the following section. Dependent type theories are usually but not always given categorical semantics in terms of fibrations. We provide semantics in terms of fibrations for both the non-dependent and the dependent type systems discussed and prove them sound and complete, thereby providing evidence that the type theory is meaningful. These fibrational models should be also applicable to the homotopy type theory setting.

First-order logic (FOL) is evidently insufficient for the many applications of logic in computer science, mainly due to its inability to provide inductive definitions. Therefore, only an extension of FOL which allows finitary inductive definitions can be used as a framework for automated reasoning. The minimal logic that is suitable for this goal is Ancestral Logic (AL), which is an extension of FOL by a transitive closure operator. In order for AL to be able to serve as a reasonable (and better) substitute to the use of FOL in computer science, it is crucial to develop adequate, user-friendly proof systems for it. While the expressiveness of AL renders any effective proof system for it incomplete with respect to the standard semantics, there are useful approximations. In this paper we show that such a Gentzen-style approximation is both sound and complete with respect to a natural, computationally-meaningful Henkin-style semantics for AL.

CLKID\(^{\omega }\) is a sequent-based cyclic inference system able to reason on first-order logic with inductive definitions. The current approach for verifying the soundness of CLKID\(^{\omega }\) proofs is based on expensive model-checking techniques leading to an explosion in the number of states.

Straipsnyje marksistinės gnoseologijos, arba dialektinės materialistinės metodologijos, požiūriu nagrinėjama loginė metodologinė dedukcijos problema. Teigiama, kad marksistinė gnoseologija, atmesdama stebėtojiškąją metodologiją, visiškai naujai iškelia mokslinio tyrimo teorinių pagrindų problemą. Įrodžius pažinimo veiklos praktinį-materialinį sąlygotumą, pažinimo rezultatai įgyja istoriškai kintančio visuomeninio-praktinio patyrimo teorinio apibendrinimo prasmę. Kiekviename mokslo išsivystymo etape pažinimo rezultatų pobūdis pasireiškia funkciniu sprendimų nesavarankiškumu ir jų tarpusavio logine subordinacija. Šių teorinio aiškinimo aspektų išskyrimas bei jų tarpusavio santykio nustatymas sudaro dedukcijos teorijos gnoseologinės interpretacijos esmę. Teigiama, kad dialektinė materialistinė metodologija, išaiškindama formalių sistemų savybių objektyvų turinį, konstatuoja ir deduktyvių mokslų loginės specifikos santykinumą.

By Gentzen's famous Hauptsatz the cut-elimination theorem every proof in sequent calculus for first-order logic with cuts can be transformed into a cut-free proof; cut-free proofs are analytic and consist entirely of syntactic material of the end-sequent the proven theorem. But in systems with induction rules, cut-elimination is either impossible or does not produce proofs with the subformula property. One way to overcome this problem is to formulate induction proofs as infinite sequences of proofs in a uniform way and to develop a method, which yields a uniform description of the corresponding cut-free proofs. We present such a formalism, as an alternative to systems with induction rules, and define a corresponding cut-elimination method based on the CERES-method for first-order logic. The basic tools of proof theory, such as sequent- and resolution calculi are enriched with inductive definitions and schemata of terms, formulas, proofs, etc. We define a class of inductive proofs which can be transformed into this formalism and subjected to schematic cut-elimination.

Checking the soundness of cyclic induction reasoning for first-order logic with inductive definitions (FOLID) is decidable but the standard checking method is based on an exponential complement operation for B\"uchi automata. Recently, we introduced a polynomial checking method whose most expensive steps recall the comparisons done with multiset path orderings. We describe the implementation of our method in the Cyclist prover. Referred to as E-Cyclist, it successfully checked all the proofs included in the original distribution of Cyclist. Heuristics have been devised to automatically define, from the analysis of the proof derivations, the trace-based ordering measures that guarantee the soundness property.

Inaccessible set axioms may have little consistency strength

A Simple Nominal Type Theory

An adequate theory of partial computable functions should provide a basis for defining computational complexity measures and should justify the principle of computational induction for reasoning about programs on the basis of their recursive calls. There is no practical account of these notions in type theory, and consequently such concepts are not available in applications of type theory where they are greatly needed. It is also not clear how to provide a practical and adequate account in programming logics based on set theory.This paper provides a practical theory supporting all these concepts in the setting of constructive type theories. We first introduce an extensional theory of partial computable functions in type theory. We then add support for intensional reasoning about programs by explicitly reflecting the essential properties of the underlying computation system. We use the resulting intensional reasoning tools to justify computational induction and to define computational complexity classes. Complexity classes take the formof complexity-constrained function types. These function types are also used in conjunction with the propositions-as-types principle to define a resource-bounded logic in which proofs of existence can guarantee feasibility of construction.