A Typology of Digital Leaks as Journalistic Source Materials

The article analyzes Ukrainian and Polish source literature on the war over the control of Donbas that has been waged by Russia and Ukraine since 2014, and military volunteers who participated in the conflict. The evolution of Ukrainian military volunteerism as a way of life of the ethnos and a cultural phenomenon merits further ethnological research in Ukraine and Poland. For this reason, historical literature, literature on sociology and social pedagogy, journalistic sources and other source literature should be analyzed to explore difficult war circumstances, new military traditions and volunteerism. The establishment and evolution of military volunteerism in contemporary Ukraine as a social and cultural phenomenon has not yet emerged as a major topic of ethnological research in Ukraine or Poland. The article draws upon literary sources that lay the historical foundations for volunteerism through mutual assistance and acts of good will on behalf of Ukrainian citizens. Scientific literature and journalistic sources concerning volunteerism should also be reviewed.
 Academic papers (reports from scientific conferences, political negotiations, dissertations), opinion journalism (memoirs and interviews) and literary works (novels, essays, short stories and poetry) published in contemporary Poland and Ukraine constitute important sources of information about the armed forces and military volunteers.

Weapons of Democracy: Propaganda, Progressivem, and American Public Opinion Jonathan Auerbach. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.In Weapons of Democracy, part of the publisher's series, New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History, Jonathan Auerbach, professor of English at the University of Maryland-College Park and coeditor of The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies (2013), presents the thesis that is a double-barreled affair, a message combined with some emotional, intellectual, or aesthetic appeal, but primarily emotional. But how exactly does one define propaganda? Merriam-Webster.com defines propaganda as or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. Propaganda is persuading opinion in favor of, while disinformation persuades opinion against something.In this thought-provoking book, the author traces the fate of American opinion in theory and practice from 1885, when [Woodrow] Wilson published a doctoral dissertation titled Congressional Government, to 1934, when relations counsel [Ivy] Lee was investigated by a House of Representatives special committee (a forerunner of the House Un-American Activities Committee, or HU AC), for helping to spread Nazi propaganda, including consulting directly with the ?minister of enlightenment,' Joseph Goebbels (12). Weapons of Democracy closely analyzes the work of prominent political leaders, journalists, intellectuals, novelists, and corporate publicists, including Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, George Creel, John Dewey, Julia Lathrop, Ivy Lee, and Edward Be mays, who is considered to be the father of modern relations.Following World War I, political commentator Walter Lippmann worried that citizens increasingly held inaccurate and misinformed beliefs because of the way information was produced, circulated, and received in a mass-mediated society. During the 1920s and the 1930s, research was largely impressionistic, pacifist, and aimed at educating a broad about the continuing dangers of the persuasion industries. For Auerbach, opinion emerges as a topic of debate in the Progressive era which was increasingly subject to modes of management, organization, synchronization, persuasion, and coercion.The author focuses on the individual careers of famous opinion makers, such as Edward Bernays, George Creel, and Ivy Lee then, with great persuasion, the work of their most profound critics, Lippmann and John Dewey. He explores how Lippmann gave voice to a set of misgivings that had troubled American social reformers since the late nineteenth century. Lippmann's pioneer work Public Opinion (1922) discussed themes that were revolutionary for its time but became standard later.Chapter 1, Giving Direction to Opinion, examines how various literary, political, commercial, and journalistic sources at the turn of the twentieth century began to entertain new ideas of a public (13). …

Problem Statement and Purpose. The article presents the socio-geographical characteristics of the development of the Odessa seaport as one of the largest Ukrainian seaports. The purpose of the study was to characterize the Odessa port, to consider the main features of its functioning and development trends, the relationship with the port-logistics and general economic system of the Odessa region.Data & Methods. Sources of information for the study were statistical materials, scientific, literary and journalistic sources. Methodological basis of the study were the provisions of social geography, economics, logistics, law. Descriptive, comparative-geographical, historical, statistical methods of research were used when writing the articles.Results. The city of Odessa was founded as a port due to its favorable seaside location. The port of Odessa has a developed port economy, and it is currently the leader in container cargo processing in Ukraine, and it also processes ferrous metals, grain, oil and petroleum products and other goods. Now, unfortunately, the port loses in terms of cargo turnover not only to the world and foreign Black Sea ports, but also to other seaports of Ukraine. This was influenced by both unfavorable external geo­political and geo-economic factors, as well as inefficient domestic port policy. The port of Odessa acts as an important component of the integrated port-logistics system of the region, consequently, this determines the principles of its further perspective development. The prospective development of the Odessa port and logistics center is connected with the preservation of the traditional structure of cargo turnover, as well as with the attraction of new types of cargo, new regular connections on international lines, new types of services, improvement of the port and market infrastructure, de­velopment of the passenger complex. For further successful development it is also necessary to address urgent organizational and legal issues of port activity, and it is extremely important to further develop the types of economic activities arising on the basis of the port economy.