A walkthrough of the emerging IoT paradigm: Visualizing inside functionalities, key features, and open issues

BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION: The world population is living longer than ever before, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) research try to ensure people are ageing well by using digital and physical technologies. The development of AAL platforms presents several challenges (e.g., sensor data integration, device interoperability). Many requirements for AAL platforms can be met by using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing paradigm standards. METHODOLOGY: In this paper, we conducted a systematic mapping of the literature on AAL platforms to investigate the correlation between these three paradigms. We focused on AAL platforms that use IoT and Cloud Computing concepts to meet their requirements. Our primary research question is What are the requirements of AAL platforms in the IoT Era and their relationship with IoT standards?. We defined as the scope of our systematic mapping the primary studies about AAL platforms published between 2013 to 2017, and we used seven indexed electronic databases. RESULTS: We obtained 35 papers whose AAL platforms developed using IoT or Cloud Computing standards. We then analyse and correlate the requirements, architectures, and evaluation types presented by these platforms. We found patterns by connecting specific requirements with platform design. We believe these results assist AAL developers and architectural designers in the creation of new AAL platforms and applications.

Major advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are offering unprecedented automated services to various sectors. IoT has shown great promise in transforming buildings and institutions into smart buildings and institutions, making traditional task management more efficient. In particular, there has been remarkable progress in successfully integrating IoT into various contexts, such as smart homes, businesses and cities. Success in such technological transformations is not only due to the proper deployment and implementation of IoT but also to the effective employment of related technologies, such as big data and cloud computing technologies, and making informed decisions on the inclusion of the required hardware and software for all the elements involved in the IoT environment. While a significant amount of IoT research in various contexts has been proliferated in recent years, attention given to its deployment for linguistic landscapes (LLs) is still very rare. The aim of this paper is to propose a smart Al-Noor Mall LL which takes into account the appropriate deployment of IoT tools and relevant technologies. The paper also thoroughly discusses the background of the field, covering IoT technologies, cloud computing, and big data studies, followed by a review of the recent publications involving the successful deployment of IoT technologies combined with big data and cloud computing in various contexts. The literature also covers the success factors that contribute to the robustness of the required real-time operating system (RTOS) in an IoT-based environment in order to enable IoT devices to manage their resources efficiently. Based on a detailed analysis of the literature, a three-level framework (i.e. the object, communications and application levels) together with the elements that are required for IoT-based smart LL solutions is proposed. A case study of Al-Noor Mall is used to validate the proposed framework and the results indicate that IBM Bluemix can help Al-Noor Mall management and customers to locate any particular shop in the huge shopping mall, which thereby makes the customers’ shopping experience more satisfying. Finally, the challenges (i.e. energy efficiency, security, and intelligent data analysis) facing the successful deployment of IoT technologies are discussed with proposals for future research directions in the IoT research field.

With the continuous evolution of technology, the prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown significantly. However, with this rise comesa number of challenges for integrated Cloud Computing (CC), including security, performance, latency, and network issues. Fortunately, Fog Computing is a solution that addresses these concerns by bringing CC closer to IoT devices. Essentially, fog serves as a data hub that processes and stores information locally on the fog node, rather than sending it to a cloud server. This results in faster response times and higher- quality services compared to those offered by traditional cloud servers. Fog Computing can optimize service delivery for multiple IoT clients by allowing the administrationof services and resource provisioning outside of CC, nearer to devices, or at specific locations for Service Level Agreements (SLAs). It's important to note that Fog Computing is not intended to replace CC, but rather to complement itas a critical component. In this paper, we explore various computing paradigms, examine the features and architecture of Fog Computing, analyze its relationship with IoT, and assess differentalgorithms used in Fog Computing systems. Furthermore, we tackle the distinctive challenges that emerge with Fog Computing as an intermediate layer between IoT sensors/devices and data centers. Keywords: Fog Computing, Internet of Things(IOT), Cloud Computing (CC).

A Review on Fog Computing: Architecture, Fog with IoT, Algorithms and Research Challenges

The IoT is now a global happening that is requiring cooperation at international level to address its key challenges. Europe has established as a priority the international cooperation on IoT research and innovation. The work revolves around aligning strategies and plans for IoT globalisation but also exploring differentiations, and specificities for local exploitation of IoT. Notice: EU is cooperating with African countries on cost-effective open IoT innovation; Europe is supporting Brazil to build-up its IoT ecosystem supported onEUbest practices; the EU-China IoT Advisory Group is active on pushing global IoT standards while developing competitive IoT solutions; the EU-Japan joint cooperation follows-on on the integration/federation of IoT with Big Data and Cloud; and the EU-Korea engagement is looking at major global IoT standardisation activities; EU-US cooperation is active especially via the respective global IoT initiative frameworks, the AIOTI and IIC. And cooperation is expected to start with India on the vision of a connected and smart IoT based system for their economy, society, environment and global needs. This chapter reports on EU international cooperation activities with partner countries and regions on the Internet of Things (IoT).

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Fog computing is a new computational paradigm proposed by Cisco that subdues the shortcomings of cloud computing by transferring some of the core functions of cloud towards the network edge. Internet of Things (IOT) is a very promising technology, which are used heavily in many areas of life and with such a large and rapid spread produces a lot of challenges in IOT. As reported by Cisco, by the year 2020, the next generation Internet-connected devices would comprise of around 50 billion Internet-connected devices which are located at the edge of the network and require support for mobility, low latency, real-time, and location-aware services. The Cloud computing is used as a main component in IOT architecture to provide processing and storage services for IOT system but the conventional cloud computing architecture is completely centralized in nature, and therefore, fails to provide real-time and low latency services to billions of IOT devices at the edge of the network, simultaneously. The main objective of this research is to combine the capabilities of Fog Computing, Cognitive and Context-Aware IOT to build a cognitive management framework for Fog computing capable of adopting it's behavior in a context-aware fashion to maximize the number of functions that can be carried out in The Fog and to provide a solution for determining which functions should be carried out in the Fog and which should be carried out in the cloud and how the Fog should interact with the Cloud, The same function in some situations can be carried out in the fog while in other situations can be carried out in the cloud according to its context.

This chapter describes how traditionally, Cloud Computing has been used for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data. This works fine for the analytical and batch processing jobs. But most of the IoT applications demand real-time response which cannot be achieved through Cloud Computing mainly because of inherent latency. Fog Computing solves this problem by offering cloud-like services at the edge of the network. The computationally powerful edge devices have enabled realising this idea. Witnessing the exponential rise of IoT applications, Fog Computing deserves an in-depth exploration. This chapter establishes the need for Fog Computing for processing IoT data. Readers will be able to gain a fair comprehension of the various aspects of Fog Computing. The benefits, challenges and applications of Fog Computing with respect to IoT have been mentioned elaboratively. An architecture for IoT data processing is presented. A thorough comparison between Cloud and Fog has been portrayed. Also, a detailed discussion has been depicted on how the IoT, Fog, and Cloud interact among them.

With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the classic centralized cloud computing paradigm faces several challenges such as high latency, low capacity and network failure. To address these challenges, fog computing brings the cloud closer to IoT devices. The fog provides IoT data processing and storage locally at IoT devices instead of sending them to the cloud. In contrast to the cloud, the fog provides services with faster response and greater quality. Therefore, fog computing may be considered the best choice to enable the IoT to provide efficient and secure services for many IoT users. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of fog computing and its integration with the IoT by highlighting the benefits and implementation challenges. This review will also focus on the architecture of the fog and emerging IoT applications that will be improved by using the fog model. Finally, open issues and future research directions regarding fog computing and the IoT are discussed.

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

Big data to use JAVA, group software engineering, networking, cloud computing knowledge and technology. The purpose of this paper is Research on Wireless sensor network of the Internet of things. The Internet of things, mainly includes multicast network, ZIGBEE network, WSN network, Bluetooth network, infrared network and so on. Swarm software engineering is a way to implement cloud computing, Internet of things and big data. Cloud computing comes from big data, the Internet of things can be achieved through cloud computing. This paper mainly studies, computers, software, networks, smart cities, and the use of Excel and Matlab and Microsoft Office Visio 2003 mapping and so forth. And through the practice of research methods, including automotive networking and smart city. What is the Internet of things, objects connected to the Internet is the Internet of things, cup networking, car networking. Things better than other networks, is composed of what objects, what composition, what nature, what innovation and superiority. The four key technologies of the Internet are widely used, and these four technologies are mainly RFID, WSN, M2M, two kinds of integration. RFID can be implemented using MATLAB, NS2, and JAVA, and WSN can be implemented using NS2, and M2M can be developed using JAVA. The research results are that the Internet of things originated and developed in the Internet; on the contrary, the development of the Internet of things further promoted the Internet to a more widespread “Internet” evolution. The Internet of things and the Internet are the relationships between the parent and the child. Wireless networks are just like wireless WSN networks, but wireless nodes are fixed and moved into sensors. The Internet of things includes Internet technology, including wired and wireless networks. The research conclusion is the wireless internet of things are just like the wired internet of things, wired provides the basis for Wireless Research. Baidu Tiangong Internet of things platform, Amazon AWS platform, ERP and so on are also important applications of the Internet of things. The use of mirroring and replication software also requires Internet of things. Video is composed of multi frame images. H.264 and JM encoder are also the future directions. Where to go network Ctrip network is the application of the Internet of things. Recalling what we do today, planning tomorrow, how to spend the university stage and predicting the future of university development can be the application of the Internet of things. I visited the Tangshan Rd. Mart store in Qian’an from January 2017 to March. The feeling is that Beijing is still Carrefour and Jing Kelong and WAL-MART and Hualian. The electricity supplier which Ma Yun’s Alibaba still feels more powerful. Now Hebei province and all parts of the country have venture capital and subsidy, which will undoubtedly promote the Internet of things.

Internet of Things (IoT) has been commercially explored as Platforms as a Services (PaaS). The standard solution for this kind of service is to combine the Cloud computing infrastructure with IoT software, services, and protocols also known as CoT (Cloud of Things). However, the use of CoT in latency-sensitive applications has been shown to be unfeasible due to the inherent latency of cloud computing services. One proposal to solve this problem is the use of the computational resources available at the edge of the network, which is called Fog computing. Fog computing solves the problem of latency but adds complexity to the use of these resources due to the dynamism and heterogeneity of the IoT. An even more accentuated form of fog computing is Mist computing, where the use of the computational resources is limited to the close neighborhood of the client device. The decision of what computing infrastructure (Fog, Mist, or Cloud computing) is the best to provide computational resources is not always simple, especially in cases where latency requirements should be met by CoT. This work proposes an algorithm for selecting the best physical infrastructure to use the computational resource (Fog, Mist, or Cloud computing) based on cost, bandwidth, and latency criteria defined by the client device, resource availability, and topology of the network. The article also introduces the concept of feasible Fog that limits the growth of device search time in the neighborhood of the client device. Simulation results suggest the algorithm’s choice adequately attends the client’s device requirements and that the proposed method can be used in IoT environment located on the edge of the network.

In current years, Internet of Things (IoT) has come a long way and is well emerged within many organizations and fields covering the sector of healthcare. Continuously, encompassing of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in the field of the medical sector helps in the rise of medical data and analysis of that. Smart healthcare plays important role in human life and various research projects are running on it. It consists of diverse ingredients like wireless communication technology, cloud computing, edge computing, medical sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), IoMT, and IoT. The chapter introduces IoMT with respect to the multiple challenges like privacy, security and low-power operation faced while incorporating IoT with healthcare sector. For emergency treatment, a cloud-based healthcare framework provides a platform to support patients over internet communication by medical experts. Privacy and security to the medical records are on higher priority due to the very sensitive nature of the content. Moreover, a comprehensive survey on IoMT-based cloud and edge-intelligent healthcare system is also described. The current advancement in the field of IoT, IoMT, cloud computing, and AI related to privacy and security, some pathways for forthcoming work in collaboration of healthcare sector and IoT based on a collection of challenges and open issues are also addressed.

Bitcoin and Ethereum's low transaction per second (TPS) rate has prohibited the adoption of Blockchain in areas such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Despite these constraints, there is considerable research in this area, outlining the benefits of employing Blockchain in IoT applications. Such benefits relate to ensuring that the applications and their data are secure, and integrity is maintained. However, the relatively low TPS rate is still an impediment for the widespread adoption of Blockchain in IoT. This research seeks to explore whether Solana, a new Blockchain technology designed to have a high TPS rate, can overcome this challenge. Can the Solana Blockchain achieve a TPS rate higher than that achieved in other works in the literature? Can a sufficient rate be achieved that could help Blockchain technologies become an enabler in the IoT industry? These are the questions that this research aims to answer. Our experiments conducted on an application coded in Rust on Solana Blockchain demonstrated that it can successfully achieve a 663 TPS rate. Consequently, we conclude that Solana, by overcoming the aforementioned TPS rate issue, could advance the further adoption of Blockchain in IoT context.

Elderly population in the Asian countries is increasing at a very fast rate. Lack of healthcare resources and infrastructure in many countries makes the task of provding proper healthcare difficult. Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare can address the problem effectively. Patient care is possible at home using IoT devices. IoT devices are used to collect different types of data. Various algorithms may be used to analyse data. IoT devices are connected to the internet and all the data of the patients with various health reports are available online and hence security issues arise. IoT sensors, IoT communication technologies, IoT gadgets, components of IoT, IoT layers, cloud and fog computing, benefits of IoT, IoT-based algorithms, IoT security issues, and IoT challenges are discussed in the chapter. Nowadays global epidemic COVID19 has demolished the economy and health services of all the countries worldwide. Usefulness of IoT in COVID19-related issues is explained here.