Accelerator Science in Canada

Large particle accelerator science and technology requires well-coordinated and equally big community efforts to lead to meaningful discoveries. The discovery class accelerator infrastructures are increasingly bigger, more complex, and power hungry, which unavoidably evokes thoughts on the realisability of these trends in the future, concerning finances, social acceptability, and possible need of change of key accelerating technologies in the future. These efforts on the largest machines are accompanied by technical research, innovations and numerous applications of accelerator infrastructures useful for industry, environment protection, safety and health. To maintain the fast pace in these multithreaded developments for the society, a number of large infrastructural and research project are funded by various institutions and organizations, the major being the EC. The largest of these infrastructures are too big to be funded by a single country not to mention a single or even a consortium of laboratories. The article concisely presents some of the major particle accelerator organizations and especially projects recently and/or currently realized in the European research laboratories supported by the efforts from numerable university groups. The aim is to try to show, however subjectively, a dynamic portrait of a vivid European particle accelerators community in their activities to pursue and develop science, discovery class research tools, technology, innovation, transfer to industry, training and education, outreach and dissemination, continuation, but first of all communication, interaction and numerous activities in favor of the society.

This paper looks at the early history of accelerator development with a particular focus on the important discoveries that opened the door for the application of permanent-magnet materials this area of science. Researchers began to permanent-magnet materials in particle accelerators soon after the invention of the alternating gradient principle, that showed magnetic fields could be used to control the transverse envelope of charged-particle beams. Since that time, permanent-magnet materials have found wide application in the modern charged particle accelerator. A brief history of permanent-magnet use in accelerator physics and technology is outlined, some of the general design considerations are presented, and several material of concern for particle accelerator are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Physikalische BlätterVolume 50, Issue 7-8 p. 717-722 BuchbesprechungOpen Access Börner, Ehlers, Meier: Vom Urknall zum komplexen Universum/Wheeler: At Home in the Universe/Buschow: Materials Science and Technology: Vol. 3B: Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Metals and Ceramics Part II/Wiedemann: Particle Accelerator Physics: Vol.1: Basic Principles and Linear Beam Dynamics/Haug: Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronical Properties of Semiconductors/Henneberger, Schmitt-Rink, Göbel: Optics of Semiconductor Nanostructures/Ott: Chaos in Dynamical Systems/Thaller: The Dirac Equation/Shinitzky: Biomembranes/Donoghue, Golowich, Holstein: Dynamics of the Standard Model/Kaye: Chaos and Complexity R. Durrer, R. Durrer ZürichSearch for more papers by this authorW. Schleich, W. Schleich UlmSearch for more papers by this authorH. Warlimont, H. Warlimont DresdenSearch for more papers by this authorR. Brinkmann, R. Brinkmann HamburgSearch for more papers by this authorR. Zimmermann, R. Zimmermann BerlinSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kuhl, J. Kuhl StuttgartSearch for more papers by this authorH. Kantz, H. Kantz WuppertalSearch for more papers by this authorA. Schirrmacher, A. Schirrmacher München/BerkeleySearch for more papers by this authorR. Lipowsky, R. Lipowsky Jülich/PotsdamSearch for more papers by this authorK. Goeke, K. Goeke BochumSearch for more papers by this authorF. Theunert, F. Theunert WittlichSearch for more papers by this author R. Durrer, R. Durrer ZürichSearch for more papers by this authorW. Schleich, W. Schleich UlmSearch for more papers by this authorH. Warlimont, H. Warlimont DresdenSearch for more papers by this authorR. Brinkmann, R. Brinkmann HamburgSearch for more papers by this authorR. Zimmermann, R. Zimmermann BerlinSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kuhl, J. Kuhl StuttgartSearch for more papers by this authorH. Kantz, H. Kantz WuppertalSearch for more papers by this authorA. Schirrmacher, A. Schirrmacher München/BerkeleySearch for more papers by this authorR. Lipowsky, R. Lipowsky Jülich/PotsdamSearch for more papers by this authorK. Goeke, K. Goeke BochumSearch for more papers by this authorF. Theunert, F. Theunert WittlichSearch for more papers by this author First published: Juli/August 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/phbl.19940500724AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume50, Issue7-8Juli/August 1994Pages 717-722 RelatedInformation

CERN hosted on May 2-6, 2022, the first annual meeting of the H2020 I.FAST project to support innovation in the field of science and technology of particle accelerators. The project has a completely different character from its predecessors in this area of research. It was approved for implementation a year ago by the EC with the highest marks. It is worth looking at why projects such as ARIES, I.FAST and EURO-LABS are so easily accepted. This alleged ease of acceptance is an appearance. Behind the acceptance, in conditions of extremely tough competition, is the excellent organization of the submitting community that has been developed over the years, as well as the perfect, well-thought-out preparation of the material. The author, a participant in the ARIES and other EC projects in the field of particle accelerator science and technology, presents here, on specific examples, his subjective opinions on how to prepare materials for high-output projects for the EC FP. The author hopes that these remarks may be useful in the process of submitting research projects from Poland in international cooperation to the EC in the best possible way. The science and technology of particle accelerators is an excellent area of showing such examples because it is interdisciplinary and includes the following components: building of research infrastructure, applied physics, mechatronics, materials engineering, automation and robotics, electronics, ICT, innovation, cooperation with industry, and social.

Particle accelerators are an increasingly important tool for frontier science. Growing initial and operating costs are a significant barrier for upgrades and for new machines. While everything matters, the major cost contributor is the SRF cavities and their ancillary facilities (e.g., cryoplant). Accordingly, the accelerator science community devotes much R&D effort to improving their energy efficiency (increased Q_o) and gradient (E_acc). While improved gradient is at the forefront for certain machines (ILC), improved quality factor has broader impact, benefitting all SRF applications. An important opportunity for accelerator science and technology to move forward arose in the course of building the LCLS-II, the second generation Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC. At more or less the same time, researchers at Fermilab discovered that introducing a small amount of nitrogen to the niobium surface could improve the mid-range quality factor as much as three-fold. A firm resolution of how nitrogen confers its benefit attracts much current research interest. The key elements of the “nitrogen doping” process were vacuum bake at 800 °C, brief exposure to mTorr of nitrogen at several hundred degrees followed by electropolish (EP) to remove several microns from the surface to eliminate unwanted nitrides: While the process as a whole was novel, the comprising unit operations are familiar to the accelerator community. It was judged reasonable to adopt it as a cost-reduction technology for LCLS-II. Researchers carried out a program of varying process parameters and measuring performance in single-cell cavities, leading to a consensus stable protocol for the project. The transition to vendor fabrication and multiple niobium sources has presented unforeseen challenges of performance variation evidently not connected to anything that could be incorporated in a purchase specification. Moving beyond the high temperature N-doping process above, researchers reported a simplified process consisting entirely of tens of hours anneal in a N atmosphere at low temperatures (~120°C – 160°C) after 800 °C UHV bake. These processes typically yield a few-nm doped layer while the high temperature process yields at least a few to many micron doped layer. Even more recently, oxygen has been used to dope instead of nitrogen which leaves a few-µm O-alloyed layer upon vacuum annealing for 300 °C for ~3 hours. The investigation of these materials is just beginning, but the process simplification they may offer is surely attractive. The very low quantity of material that appears to be significant in the “infusion” process indicates the need for very careful control of gas species available for diffusion into the surface during low temperature treatment, both for process control and research to characterize the underlying dynamics. Oxygen alloying offers the further opportunity to utilize the decomposition of the surface native oxide as the dopant source. It is necessary to understand and (thus) manage this process. We have been supported by the Department of Energy Offices of High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics to pursue this goal.

Collisionless shocks, that is shocks mediated by electromagnetic processes, are customary in space physics and in astrophysics. They are to be found in a great variety of objects and environments: magnetospheric and heliospheric shocks, supernova remnants, pulsar winds and their nebulæ, active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts and clusters of galaxies shock waves. Collisionless shock microphysics enters at different stages of shock formation, shock dynamics and particle energization and/or acceleration. It turns out that the shock phenomenon is a multi-scale non-linear problem in time and space. It is complexified by the impact due to high-energy cosmic rays in astrophysical environments. This review adresses the physics of shock formation, shock dynamics and particle acceleration based on a close examination of available multi-wavelength or in situ observations, analytical and numerical developments. A particular emphasis is made on the different instabilities triggered during the shock formation and in association with particle acceleration processes with regards to the properties of the background upstream medium. It appears that among the most important parameters the background magnetic field through the magnetization and its obliquity is the dominant one. The shock velocity that can reach relativistic speeds has also a strong impact over the development of the micro-instabilities and the fate of particle acceleration. Recent developments of laboratory shock experiments has started to bring some new insights in the physics of space plasma and astrophysical shock waves. A special section is dedicated to new laser plasma experiments probing shock physics.

Cryo Atom Probe: Freezing atoms in place for 3D mapping

Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are commonly used techniques associated with clinical and research applications within the immunology and medical fields. The use of these techniques is becoming increasingly valuable in many life science and engineering disciplines as well. Herein, we report the development and evaluation of a novel half-semester course that focused on introducing undergraduate and graduate students to advance conceptual and technical skills associated with flow cytometry and ELISA, with emphasis on applications, experimental design, and data analysis. This course was offered in the North Carolina State University Biotechnology Program over three semesters and consisted of weekly lectures and laboratories. Students performed and/or analyzed flow cytometry and ELISA in three separate laboratory exercises: (1) identification of transgenic zebrafish hematopoietic cells, (2) analysis of transfection efficiency, and (3) analysis of cytokine production upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Student learning outcomes were achieved as demonstrated by multiple means of assessment, including three laboratory reports, a data analysis laboratory practicum, and a cumulative final exam. Further, anonymous student self-assessment revealed increased student confidence in the knowledge and skill sets defined in the learning outcomes.

Particle accelerators are among the most complex and versatile instruments of scientific exploration. They have enabled remarkable scientific discoveries and important technological advances that span all programs within the DOE Office of Science (DOE/SC). The importance of accelerators to the DOE/SC mission is evident from an examination of the DOE document, ‘‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook.’’ Of the 28 facilities listed, 13 involve accelerators. Thanks to SciDAC, a powerful suite of parallel simulation tools has been developed that represent a paradigm shift in computational accelerator science. Simulations that used to take weeks or more now take hours, and simulations that were once thought impossible are now performed routinely. These codes have been applied to many important projects of DOE/SC including existing facilities (the Tevatron complex, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider), facilities under construction (the Large Hadron Collider, the Spallation Neutron Source, the Linac Coherent Light Source), and to future facilities (the International Linear Collider, the Rare Isotope Accelerator). The new codes have also been used to explore innovative approaches to charged particle acceleration. These approaches, based on the extremely intense fields that can be present in lasers and plasmas, may one day provide a path to the outermost reaches of the energy frontier. Furthermore, they could lead to compact, high-gradient accelerators that would have huge consequences for US science and technology, industry, and medicine. In this talk I will describe the new accelerator modeling capabilities developed under SciDAC, the essential role of multi-disciplinary collaboration with applied mathematicians, computer scientists, and other IT experts in developing these capabilities, and provide examples of how the codes have been used to support DOE/SC accelerator projects.

The aim of big infrastructural and research programs (like pan-European Framework Programs) and individual projects realized inside these programs in Europe is to structure the European Research Area – ERA in this way as to be competitive with the leaders of the world. One of this projects in EuCARD (European Coordination of Accelerator Research and Development) with the aim to structure and modernize accelerator, (including accelerators for big free electron laser machines) research infrastructure. This article presents the periodic development of EuCARD which took place between the annual meeting, April 2012 in Warsaw and SC meeting in Uppsala, December 2012. The background of all these efforts are achievements of the LHC machine and associated detectors in the race for new physics. The LHC machine works in the regime of p-p, Pb-p, Pb-Pb (protons and lead ions). Recently, a discovery by the LHC of Higgs like boson, has started vivid debates on the further potential of this machine and the future. The periodic EuCARD conference, workshop and meetings concern building of the research infrastructure, including in this advanced photonic and electronic systems for servicing large high energy physics experiments. There are debated a few basic groups of such systems like: measurement – control networks of large geometrical extent, multichannel systems for large amounts of metrological data acquisition, precision photonic networks of reference time, frequency and phase distribution. The aim of the discussion is not only summarize the current status but make plans and prepare practically to building new infrastructures. Accelerator science and technology is one of a key enablers of the developments in the particle physic, photon physics and also applications in medicine and industry. Accelerator technology is intensely developed in all developed nations and regions of the world. The EuCARD project contains a lot of subjects related directly and indirectly to photon physics and photonics, as well as optoelectronics, electronics and integration of these with large research infrastructure.

Illinois Accelerator Research Center

The physics of particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas is a topic of broad interest, which is making rapid progress thanks to dedicated, large-scale numerical experiments. The first part of this paper presents an effective theory of stochastic Fermi acceleration, which subsumes all forms of nonresonant acceleration in ideal electric fields and is applicable in generic settings. It combines an exact equationconnecting the energization rate to the statistics of the velocity field with a statistical model of particle transport through the structures (i.e., the regions of strong velocity gradients). In a second part, this formalism is applied to magnetohydrodynamic turbulence to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the scale-by-scale contributions to the advection and diffusion coefficients. Acceleration peaks on scales where particles can be trapped inside structures for an eddy turnaround time, or in intense structures associated with sharp bends of the magnetic field lines in large-amplitude turbulence (as reported earlier). These spatially inhomogeneous, rapid acceleration regimes pave the way for a rich phenomenology. We discuss the scalings obtained, their interpretation, and we show that the findings compare satisfactorily with existing numerical results.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has mandated the instant (re)search for potential drug candidates. In response to the unprecedented situation, it was recognized early that repurposing of available drugs in the market could timely save lives, by skipping the lengthy phases of preclinical and initial safety studies. BenevolentAI’s large knowledge graph repository of structured medical information suggested baricitinib, a Janus-associated kinase inhibitor, as a potential repurposed medicine with a dual mechanism; hindering SARS-CoV2 entry and combatting the cytokine storm; the leading cause of mortality in COVID-19. However, the recently-published Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial-2 (ACTT-2) positioned baricitinib only in combination with remdesivir for treatment of a specific category of COVID-19 patients, whereas the drug is not recommended to be used alone except in clinical trials. The increased pace of data output in all life sciences fields has changed our understanding of data processing and manipulation. For the purpose of drug design, development, or repurposing, the integration of different disciplines of life sciences is highly recommended to achieve the ultimate benefit of using new technologies to mine BIG data, however, the final say remains to be concluded after the drug is used in clinical practice. This review demonstrates different bioinformatics, chemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of baricitinib to highlight the repurposing journey of the drug and evaluates its placement in the current guidelines for COVID-19 treatment.

Large scale cryogenic systems applied in modern fusion reactors (Claudet and Aymar 1990), superconducting particle accelerators (Lebrun 1999b; Van-Sciver 1998) or coolant transfer lines (Lebrun 1999a) as well as small scale refrigerators and cryo-coolers generate significant progress in multiple domains related either to material sciences or to structural behaviour. When designing large scale cryogenic systems the engineers quickly realise that it is impossible to build a continuous “cold mass” since the material — by its physical nature — exhibits the thermal contraction and the thermo-mechanical strain fields, developed locally in the constraint structure might damage the object. Thus, any large cryogenic system has to be subdivided into the “cold segments”, each of them constructed separately and all of them assembled together in the destination place. A typical example can be found in the domain of particle accelerators where a continuity of the magnetic field is strongly postulated by the accelerator physics. On the other hand, the real structure has to be discontinuous, since the magnets are limited in length (for technological reasons) and separated by the so-called interconnections (Fig. 1.1). A similar problem appears in the cryogenic transfer lines, that convey liquid nitrogen or helium, where the maximum length of segments is often a function of the technological process of their manufacture and assembly. A typical liquid and gaseous helium transfer line containing several headers, located next to a superconducting accelerator, is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Cyberbiosecurity lies at the intersection of cybersecurity and biosecurity and addresses the protection of valuable biological material and associated information. As an emerging concept, cyberbiosecurity requires the integration of training strategies targeted to both current and future professionals; as well as an increased awareness in the wider stakeholder community. As the discrete discipline of cyberbiosecurity continues to develop, initial training efforts are likely to include workshops and specialized training that bridge the disciplines of information technology (IT) and life sciences. Potential threats, risks, and vulnerabilities will be defined, cooperative relationships formed, and collaborative solutions developed. As the scope of the training framework for assessing potential threats is adapted to various audiences, in-service trainings will ensure awareness and understanding of threats relevant to specific industries. This framework may also be incorporated into existing curricula across IT and science fields. The scope of potential threats is vast, and eventual specialization will likely fall within the realm of IT professionals, who carry the capability for action. In this paper, we identify stakeholders in the development of cyberbiosecurity training; discuss current training methods, educational requirements, and credentialing for professionals in cybersecurity, biosecurity, and life sciences; suggest mechanisms for integration of cyberbiosecurity training into existing training approaches; and discuss potential for future development of specialized professionals.