Accuracy of Smartphone-Based Three-Dimensional Facial Scanning System: A Systematic Review.

Studies have so far examined several psychosocial factors associated with an interest in aesthetic plastic surgery. Among them, gender, teasing history, marital status, education, social networks and body dysmorphic disorders are all predictors of interest in cosmetic surgery. Given the fact that professional status can influence health-related attitudes, our objective was firstly to identify if medical professionals are more likely to express interest in plastic surgery compared to non-medical professionals. Secondary, given the high rate of burn-out among physicians, the study examined the association between burn-out and interest in plastic surgery. One hundred doctors and 100 non-medical professionals with a University degree completed a questionnaire regarding their interest in undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery, in particular minimally invasive procedures and 9 specific aesthetic operations. Additionally, doctors completed the standardized Maslach burn-out inventory. The sample consisted of 40.5% men and 59.5% women (mean age=34years). Data analysis using the Mann-Whitney test revealed that women and medical professionals were more likely to express interest in cosmetic plastic surgery (p<0.001 and p=0.035, respectively). Regarding the medical profession and interest in specific operations, there has not been found any association except for liposuction (p<0.001). Results also showed a significant positive correlation between interest in cosmetic procedures and burn-out syndrome (r=0.53 p<0.001). The original finding that doctors are prone to seek elective plastic surgery may be attributed to their familiarity with invasive procedures. The correlation between burn-out syndrome and interest in cosmetic surgery could reveal a way of coping with the work demands. Results of this study can be used for the development of clinical tools for the screening of patients for elective cosmetic surgery. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

OBJECTIVE To compare the registration accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) facial scans for the design of full-arch implant supported restoration by five methods and to explore the suitable registration method. METHODS According to the criteria, ten patients with maxillary edentulous jaw or end-stage dentition requiring implant supported restorations were enrolled in this study. A special rim with individual feature marks reflected appropriate occlusal relationship and esthetic characteristics was made for each patient. Both 3D facial scan data of natural laughter and with opener traction to expose the teeth or occlusal rim of each patient were acquired by facial scan and input to the digital analysis software Geomagic Qualify 2012. The dataset was superimposed by five different methods: seven facial anatomical landmark points alignment, facial immobile area alignment (forehead and nasal area), facial anatomical landmark points and immobile area combining alignment, facial feature points alignment, facial and intraoral feature points alignment with the same local coordinate system. The three-dimensional deviation of the same selected area was calculated, the smaller the deviation, the higher the registration accuracy. The 3D deviation was compared among the three registration methods of facial anatomical landmark points, facial immobile area alignment and the combination of the above two methods. Friedman test was performed to analyze the difference among the three methods (α=0.05). The effect of the aid of the facial and intraoral feature points were evaluated. Paired t test were performed to analyze the difference (P<0.05). RESULTS The average three-dimensional deviation of the selected area after alignment with the facial anatomical landmarks was (1.501 2±0.406 1) mm, significantly larger than that of the facial immobile area best-fit alignment [(0.629 1±0.150 6) mm] and the combination of the two methods[(0.629 1±0.150 6) mm] (P < 0.001). The aid of the facial feature points could significantly reduce the deviation (t=1.001 3, P < 0.001). There was no significant statistical difference in the remaining groups. CONCLUSION The forehead area of the 3D facial scan can be exposed as much as possible. The establishment of facial characteristic landmark points and the use of the invariant area alignment can improve the accuracy of registration. It should be clinically feasible to apply three-dimensional facial scan to the design of full-arch implant supported restoration with the registration of the immobile area on the face especially the forehead area.

Three-dimensional object construction has seen a great deal of activity in the past decade, as has been pointed out in recent surveys, with the advancement of technology and easy availability of the depth sensors the 3D scanning technology has taken off. A wide range of commercial sensors such as Intel RealSense, Microsoft Kinect are being widely used for real time 3D capturing. Efficient 3D face scanning is one of the important areas of 3D scanning. 3D printer compatible texture supported scanning has a wide range of commercial applications. Such methods are also being used for 3D avatars and characterizations for games. Even though several commercial grade applications are available, most of the techniques suffer from background and light variations. Therefore an efficient face scanning technique is of extreme importance. In this paper we propose a 3D face scanning method based on Intel RealSense technology that combines 3D face detection, background segmentation and 3D mesh mapping to produce realistic 3D face model along with texture export. Further the models then can be manipulated using any 3D editing software along with texture and wireframe manipulation.

Analysis of the influence of the facial scanning method on the transfer accuracy of a maxillary digital scan to a 3D face scan for a virtual facebow technique: An in vitro study

A Discussion of Conflicts of Interest in Plastic Surgery and Possible Remedies.

Aim Plastic surgery has historically been underrepresented within medical school curricula. A national student-led conference, organised by the Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Student Association (PRASSA), sought to address this gap. This study aims to assess the conference's educational value in expanding medical students’ knowledge of plastic surgery and developing relevant surgical skills. Method 106 out of 120 (88.3%) delegates completed pre and post conference surveys (1–5-point Likert scale). Assessing interest in pursuing plastic surgery as a career, familiarity with organisations, understanding of various subspecialties, and confidence in performing key plastic surgical techniques: suturing, tendon repair, and microsurgical nerve repair. Data was analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Familiarity with BAPRAS (2.74 ± 1.41 to 3.98 ± 0.93; p&amp;lt;0.01) and PLASTA (2.38 ± 1.27 to 4.12 ± 0.89; p&amp;lt;0.01) increased significantly. Knowledge of plastic surgery in global reconstructive surgery (2.26 ± 1.15 to 4.09 ± 0.76), innovations (2.17 ± 1.06 to 3.89 ± 0.90) and military trauma (2.11 ± 1.18 to 4.17 ± 0.72) all increased significantly (p&amp;lt;0.01). Familiarity of career options within plastic surgery increased significantly (2.62 ± 1.16 to 4.14 ± 0.73; p&amp;lt;0.01). Confidence in practical skills also improved significantly: suturing (2.88 ± 1.20 to 4.34 ± 0.73; p&amp;lt;0.01), tendon repair (1.53 ± 0.94 to 3.76 ± 0.90; p&amp;lt;0.01), and microsurgical nerve repair (1.31 ± 0.70 to 3.69 ± 1.25; p&amp;lt;0.01). Overall, 80.2% (85) were more interested in plastic surgery as a career after attending the conference. Conclusions The conference significantly enhanced delegates' knowledge, practical skills, and interest in plastic surgery, highlighting the educational value of undergraduate initiatives in addressing gaps within undergraduate curricula and fostering early career development.

We propose and evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) face recognition approach that applies the speeded up robust feature (SURF) algorithm to the depth representation of shape index map, under real-world conditions, using only a single gallery sample for each subject. First, the 3D scans are preprocessed, then SURF is applied on the shape index map to find interest points and their descriptors. Each 3D face scan is represented by keypoints descriptors, and a large dictionary is built from all the gallery descriptors. At the recognition step, descriptors of a probe face scan are sparsely represented by the dictionary. A multitask sparse representation classification is used to determine the identity of each probe face. The feasibility of the approach that uses the SURF algorithm on the shape index map for face identification/authentication is checked through an experimental investigation conducted on Bosphorus, University of Milano Bicocca, and CASIA 3D datasets. It achieves an overall rank one recognition rate of 97.75%, 80.85%, and 95.12%, respectively, on these datasets.

BackgroundPlastic surgery is an evolving surgical specialty, which has areas of overlap with other specialties in surgery. Common misunderstandings about the discipline are found among the general public, medical professionals and medical students. Many students who are aware of the specialty lack good knowledge about its scope. Such poor knowledge can impact negatively on the recruitment of residents to plastic surgery and it can also affect the correct referral of plastic surgery cases to the specialist.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess medical students’ knowledge about the scope of plastic surgery and their interest in pursuing future career in the specialty. It also aimed to know the factors responsible for the students’ interest or non-interest in the speciality.MethodologyA cross-sectional online study done among 223 medical students in Nigeria. Google forms were forwarded to the respondents through WhatsApp and e-mail. The study population were 200 level to 600 level medical students spread across state, federal and private universities in Nigeria. The data was analysed using SPSS 22.0. The variables were represented as numbers and percentages. The level of significance was set at 0.05.ResultsTwo hundred and seventeen (97.3%) of the students were aware of plastic and reconstructive surgery speciality but only 15% of the total respondents were interested in specializing in plastic surgery. The determinants of interest in plastic surgery included the respondents’ school year, intention to undergo cosmetic surgery in the future and following of plastic surgery shows on Television. The procedure most commonly associated with plastic surgery by the students was burns management (95.1%). The determinants of the knowledge of plastic surgery procedures were previous formal lectures on plastic surgery and the presence of full-time plastic surgeon in the teaching hospital.ConclusionThe perception of the work of a plastic surgeon is dependent on exposure to the speciality and a decline in teaching may perpetuate misunderstanding of the work carried out by plastic surgeons.

"Background: Robotic surgery currently offers a number of benefits in specific areas of plastic and reconstructive surgery such as head and neck and microsurgery, however, many subspecialties are yet to benefit from robotic operating techniques. In this paper we review recent developments in the use of robotics for head and neck, breast reconstruction, microneural, lymphoedema, craniofacial and aesthetic surgery. Methods: A literature review of English-only articles on the use of robots in plastic and reconstructive surgery was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases along with a free text search using the terms ‘robotic surgery plastic surgery’, ‘robotic-assisted plastic surgery’, ‘robot-assisted reconstructive surgery’, ‘da Vinci plastic surgery’, ‘da Vinci reconstructive surgery’ and ‘supermicrosurgery’. No limitation was placed on time from publication. Results: Of the studies reviewed, the most beneficial to reconstructive surgery is the area of the head and neck, with the most common procedures being transoral surgeries and microvascular procedures. Robotic assisted breast reconstructive surgery is a promising field. The main current limitations are the lack of adequate microsurgical instrumentation and the prolonged setting-up and operative time. Conclusion: As technology improves the outlook for robotic surgery is optimistic. Areas like microsurgery, head and neck, cleft palate, breast reconstructive surgery, lymphatic and microneural surgery already demonstrate promising results. Further technological advances and evidence-based studies are necessary to address current limitations such as appropriate microsurgical instrumentation, high costs and prolonged operative time."

Objective The aim of the current study was to investigate correlations between measurements on 3D facial soft tissue scan and CBCT skeletal structures. Methods The study sample consisted of 20 subjects living in Beijing area. A 3D face scan analysis including two distance values and 22 angle values based on 14 landmarks, and the corresponding CBCT analysis with three distance values and 9 angle values were performed for all subjects. All measurements were operated twice by the same researcher. Then, the reproducibility was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the correlations were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Besides, the thickness of facial soft tissue at relative points to explore possible reasons between the correlations. Results The reproducibility of measurements related to soft tissue gonion is medium. For sagittal measurement, medium correlations were found between soft tissue subspinale and hard tissue point A, as well as the relative position of maxilla and mandible. For vertical measurements, soft tissue gonions, mandibular plane angles showed medium correlations with hard tissue, and medium correlation were found between anterior upper and lower facial heights with corresponding hard tissue measurements and hard tissue mandibular plane angle. And the thickness of facial soft tissue at subspinale was larger than that at alare. Conclusions Soft tissue measurements of alare, the relative position between maxilla and mandible, upper anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height are reliable in providing a soft tissue diagnosis reference to the CBCT analysis. While the measurements related to soft tissue gonion should be used with caution. Key words: Three-dimensional facial soft tissue scan; CBCT; Correlation assessment between soft tissue and hard tissue; Skeletal class Ⅲ

For restorative demands, increased vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is sometimes necessary, as facial changes can be perceptible. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of facial change due to increased VDO and associated soft tissue changes using 3D-scanned facial images. Forty participants with healthy dentition and no loss of VDO were recruited. The VDO was increased by 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm on a semi-adjustable articulator after maxillomandibular impressions. Facebow transfers were taken for each participant to create a personalised device. 3D facial scans were taken with the mandibular occlusal device in place, creating facial capture files from frontal, lateral and anteroposterior views for each scanned data. Sixty evaluators were recruited to consecutively cross-compare maximal intercuspal captures with increased VDO. To evaluate soft tissue changes with increased VDO, facial measurements, total face height, lower face height, lip width, lip height and nasolabial angle were measured thrice in 3D scan images using computer-aided design software. Statistical analysis entailed one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). A 4-mm increase in the VDO showed the highest perceptibility for facial change, varying among evaluator groups. Total face height, lower face height and nasolabial angle increased with VDO, while lip width and height decreased. Each soft tissue measurement differed significantly (p < 0.05). For 3D-scanned facial changes, a 4-mm increase in VDO was the most perceptible difference. Increased VDO affects facial changes.

PURPOSE: The effectiveness of utilizing social media platforms to promote clinical practices, educate the public, and attract patients has been well established. Accordingly, this study aimed to extensively evaluate public preferences regarding plastic surgery social media content and educational material in order to provide guidance for plastic surgeons seeking to enhance their social media presence. METHODS: Survey participants were recruited during February 2021 using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (mTurk) crowdsourcing service and REDCap’s survey manager. An anonymous 25-question survey was distributed to ascertain demographic information, levels of interest in plastic surgery, patterns of social media use, and plastic surgery social media content preferences. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-Square test and multivariate regression. RESULTS: Of the 401 total participants, the typical respondent was a woman, aged between 25 and 34 years, married, with a Bachelor’s degree, earning an annual income between $50,000 to $99,999, and on social media daily. Of the 273 (68.1%) respondents who considered having plastic surgery or cosmetic procedures in the last 5 years, most were interested in non-surgical procedures (39.9%) and face and neck surgery (37.5%). Almost half of respondents (48.4%) had viewed plastic surgery content on social media, of whom 44.3% reported doing with the intention of learning more about a specific procedure they are interested in having. Additionally, 42.8% of respondents who had viewed plastic surgery content on social media follow a plastic surgeon on at least one platform, with the most popular being Instagram (71.1%) and Facebook (55.4%). Respondents who had viewed plastic surgery content on social media were 5.6 times more likely to had underwent or considered plastic surgery than those who did not (95% CI: 3.3–9.6, P < 0.001). Women were 2.0 times more likely to had viewed plastic surgery content (95% CI: 1.3–2.9, P = 0.001) than men, and those between the ages of 18 and 34 years were 2.0 times more likely to follow a plastic surgeon on social media compared with those 35 and older. On a five-point Likert scale (one: dislike, five: very interested), the three plastic surgery social media content categories with highest interest were before and after results (mean Likert weight 4.00 ± 1.10), patient testimonials (3.73 ± 1.15), and recovery process or follow-up visits (3.67 ± 1.14). Three content categories had a negative interest on average: celebrity plastic surgery (2.89 ± 1.17), comedic videos (2.79 ± 1.19), and content about surgeons’ private lives (2.51 ± 1.08). Overall, photo posts (51.4%) were most preferred, followed by video posts (27.2%), links to external content (12.5%), and text-only posts (9.0%). When asked what aspect of a social media account plays the most influential role in selecting a plastic surgeon, the overwhelming majority selected before and after results (45.9%), followed by links to reviews (16.2%), number of posts and followers (14.2%), and links to professional practice websites (12.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The relevance and importance of social media for plastic surgeons today to be able to interact with patients are at unprecedented highs. Understanding patterns of the public’s plastic surgery social media content preferences will help plastic surgeons optimize their social media reach and influence on their target audience.

Economic tools have been used in the past to predict the trends in plastic surgery procedures. Since 1992, U.S. cosmetic surgery volumes have increased overall, but the exact relationship between economic downturns and procedural volumes remains elusive. If an economic predicting role can be established from plastic surgery indicators, this could prove to be a very powerful tool. A rolling 3-month revenue average of an eight-plastic surgeon practice and various economic indicators were plotted and compared. An investigation of the U.S. procedural volumes was performed from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons statistics between 1996 and 2008. The correlations of different economic variables with plastic surgery volumes were evaluated. Lastly, search term frequencies were examined from 2004 to July of 2009 to study potential patient interest in major plastic surgery procedures. The self-payment revenue of the plastic surgery group consistently proved indicative of the market trends approximately 1 month in advance. The Standard and Poor's 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, and Standard and Poor's Retail Index demonstrated a very close relationship with the income of our plastic surgery group. The frequency of Internet search terms showed a constant level of interest in the patient population despite economic downturns. The data demonstrate that examining plastic surgery revenue can be a useful tool to analyze and possibly predict trends, as it is driven by a market and shows a close correlation to many leading economic indicators. The persisting and increasing interest in plastic surgery suggests hope for a recovering and successful market in the near future.

Undergraduate plastic surgery in the United Kingdom: The students’ perspective

3D face identification based on the detection and comparison of keypoints of the face is a promising solution to extend face recognition approaches to the case of 3D scans with occlusions and missing parts. In fact, approaches that perform sparse keypoints matching can naturally allow for partial face comparison. However, such methods typically use a large number of keypoints, locally described by high-dimensional feature vectors: This, combined with the combinatorial number of keypoint comparisons required to match two face scans, results in a high computational cost that does not scale well with large datasets. Motivated by these considerations, in this paper, we present a 3D face recognition approach based on the meshDOG keypoints detector and local GH descriptor, and propose original solutions to improve keypoints stability and select the most effective features from the local descriptors. Experiments have been performed to assess the validity of the proposed optimizations for stable keypoints detection and feature selection. Recognition accuracy has been evaluated on the Bosphorus database, showing competitive results with respect to existing 3D face identification solutions based on 3D keypoints.