Accurate Rating System Using Blockchain

A phenomenon-based approach is used to learn more about how blockchain technology could improve Ghana’s economic sectors in terms of cost savings, efficiency, and reliability with reduced risks. With our proposed blockchain-enabled frameworks, we describe how blockchains’ Internet-of-Things (IoTs) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) might reduce transaction, contract, and monitoring-related costs in the Agriculture & Agro-processing sector’s supply chains. We also demonstrate how Smart Contracts (SMCs) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) can improve time and cost-based efficiencies in local procurements, logistic contract execution, and supply chains across the Mining & Minerals processing sector. With the help of IoTs, DLTs, and SMCs, information asymmetries in the finance sector can be reduced to improve the financing for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The Technological-Organizational-Environmental (TOE) elements remain crucial in the adoption of blockchain technology. As a result, it’s critical to provide adequate frameworks for blockchain adoption.

The Internet of Things (IOT) is integrated with supply chain management process to track the product. To track the product smart tags is used. The smart tags like QR code and NFC is used. But with the technology enhancement the block chain is introduced into the supply chain management process. The block chain is the great revolution that data in the centralized form is transformed in to a decentralized manner. The distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is one of the method used in ethereum block chain. The main advantage of using DLT is, it offers decentralized, privacy-preserving and verifiable process in the smart tags. In existing system only single server was used to maintain all the process like supplier, manufacturer and distributor. In this application we are using different server which was more secure than existing system. The proposed solution in this paper is it checks the product evidence during the entire lifecycle of the product by using the smart contract. The data can be immutable by using smart contract with ethereum block chain. The duplication is manipulated by the block chainserver.

Blockchain and drone technologies can operate in cooperation with each other. As the number of drones increases, managing them becomes a significant challenge. A swarm of drones, also referred to as swarm drones, must operate reliably and securely. In this study, blockchain technology is utilized through a smart contract to ensure both security and reliability. Swarm drones are deployed for surveillance missions, where each execution corresponds to a single mission. These missions are represented using a simple model. A smart contract maintains the essential mission data in the model. The mission is divided into smaller tasks. Until all the tasks are completed, they are executed by drones in parallel. The smart contract, implemented on the Ethereum platform, securely exchanges information with the drones. The proposed model functions dynamically. It reorganizes when drones leave or new drones join the system. Because blockchain platforms have limited resources, particularly in memory and the number of permissible execution operations, optimizations are applied to both the smart contract and drone programs to accommodate these constraints within the surveillance framework. The proposed surveillance model is implemented and simulated to analyze its dynamic behavior.

Blockchain is a peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology, nowadays widely used and a hot topic in the industries. A Smart Contract is a virtual contract based on Blockchain technology which executes and operates between two parties (especially a buyer and a dealer) when a certain condition of the contract is met. The objective of this research is to present a decentralized transaction system based on Blockchain technology implemented using Smart Contract. Blockchain based cryptocurrencies are an evidence for a secure implementation of any currency-based centralized systems put forth in use in a decentralized way. Current transaction systems and payment gateways are centralized systems that need monitoring and verification from a central agency like a bank or a third party organization which are not completely automated as some of the processes are human controlled. Also deposition and withdrawal of money sometimes take a long procedural time. Still these systems are neither completely error free nor secure and time to time certain issues may arise. Even nowadays some payment methods charges transaction fee which is like paying for the money you are paying for. In this research paper we are proposing an automated Ethereum blockchain technology based transactionsystem which will eliminate the bank and third party verification.Each block of the Ethereum blockchain in the system will store the transaction details also linked with all the previous transaction details in the form of a chain. A Smart Contract is used to define the terms and conditions of the transaction which include account creation, ether deposition and withdrawal. This system enables users to carry out transaction without any fraud and losses from anywhere around the globe within split seconds. Keywords: Transaction system ,Blockchain, Smart Contract, decentralized,crypto-currency

Over the last decade, information technology has contributed significantly to the evolution of financial markets, without, however, revolutionising the way in which financial institutions interact with one another. This may be about to change, as some market players are now predicting that new database technologies, such as blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), could be the source of an imminent revolution. This paper analyses the main features of DLTs that could influence their potential adoption by financial institutions and discusses how the use of these technologies could affect the European post-trade market for securities. The original protocol underlying DLTs has its roots in the anarchic world of virtual currencies, which operate outside the conventional financial system. The public debate on DLTs has also been very much focused on the revolutionary potential of the technology. This paper concludes that, irrespective of the technology used and the market players involved, certain processes that feature in the post-trade market for securities will still need to be performed by institutions. DLTs could, however, stimulate a reorganisation of financial markets, which could in turn: (i) reduce reconciliation costs, (ii) streamline the post-trade value chain, and (iii) allow more efficient use to be made of collateral and regulatory capital. It should, nevertheless, be remembered that research into DLTs and their uses is at an early stage. The scope for financial institutions to adopt DLTs and their potential impact on mainstream financial markets are still unclear. This paper discusses three potential models of how market players could adopt DLTs for performing core post-trade functions. The DLT could be adopted either: (i) in clusters, (ii) collectively, or (iii) peer to peer. The evaluation of the three adoption models assumes that they are all equally compatible with the regulatory framework. It shows that, assuming this to be the case, they would each have different advantages and costs.

The recent use of digital Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in the healthcare domain can surpass the existing limitations in the centralized IT systems, such as the lack of security, access control or immutability of the electronic health information. If we discuss about clinical information, this innovative informatics advance gives back the control to the data owner. In decentralized environments, smart contracts allow trustable agreements grounded by irreversible transactions, which permit transparency and traceability. Moreover, smart contracts are the living heart of the decentralized applications that run on DTL. In this work, our attention is focused on medical equipments that helps health staff to diagnose and treat patients keeping much of their clinical data taken in dynamics. Hence, we propose a smart contract-based decentralized application framework for the management of devices, targeting also medical services, meant to facilitate the interaction of the involved entities. Our testing environment is the Ethereum platform, extensively used recently in the healthcare domain, being itself a smart operating system that allows decentralized applications to run on it.

In order to move towards a CryptoSure regime, systems based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology have to give up the fiction of ‘consensus trustless mechanisms’, and, if they are to provide socially and legally acceptable security, privacy and trust, within the Rule of Law, have to accept the necessity of a Trusted Third Party. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) includes in its provisions Article 17, the Right to be Forgotten, which could potentially be a formidable barrier to the ubiquitous introduction of cryptographic blockchain software and technology outside of a CryptoSure regime. The investment mania that there has been for blockchain technology, with much money having gone into bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, blockchain, smart contracts and distributed ledger technology, has been significantly fuelled by the ‘black cash’ of drug-dealers, money-launders, traffickers and the like. Crypto Dragons, the many and varied Financial Disputes over Crypto Assets, have arrived, with legal actions mounted by those defrauded increasing. This is not surprising, given that in Q2 2019 alone, misappropriation of cryptocurrency funds netted criminals some $4.26 billion. The foundations of global digital currencies go back well before the Satoshi bitcoin paper of 2008, and those early digital e-commerce visions did not require a cryptographic blockchain ‘mining’, or ‘distributed consensus’, existential model and were not intentioned of being so readily riven with the criminal black market profiteering of money-launders, scammers and fraudsters that bedevil much current cryptocurrency activity. Looking ahead, Facebook’s Libra digital currency could establish a new global e-commerce paradigm much closer to the pre-bitcoin electronic cash visions, and one more compliant with the existing norms and customs of the Rule of Law, where a responsible Trusted Third Party, in this case, Facebook, is fundamental. Cryptocurrencies apart, some blockchain applications more generally are likely here to stay, and the majority will be robust implementations by established major corporations, with most of us, as consumers, hardly needing to know any of the details. For the properly cautious ICT expert and professional, when considering the use of blockchain for any proposed use case, the ‘fundamental things apply’. There is always the need for Trusted Third Parties, and for probative Electronic Evidence. A key point in any court trial will be examination of the Digital Evidence and, although a Crypto Asset may essentially be ‘decentralised digital vapour’, a Court of Law can make a binding order to get forensic traction on it, because of the legally well-established Obligation of Disclosure. This article concludes with a Checklist giving practical, generally applicable wording for an effective Digital Asset Disclosure exercise.

Blockchain technology appears to be the ideal solution for storing data in a transparent and decentralized manner. It also allows open access to data and enhances its immutable nature. This technology has helped prove its usefulness in several industries so far, however, distributed ledger technology does not work as a pure database. Therefore, some problems occur in accessing data. Querying data in the blockchain leads to performance and bandwidth problems. This primarily occurs because the blockchain does not have a primary query language, unlike regular databases. The distributed nature of the blockchain is in this case an obstacle. In this paper, a safe and fast method will be proposed to retrieve consistent data from the blockchain-based on the smart contract that will be opened after completing the transaction procedures. All nodes will sign the proposed transaction (by adding a special hash to each node resulting from the transaction information and node data). Upon completion of Transaction procedures, A smart contract will be opened (in which a QR is placed) resulting from converting the signatures in the transaction to QR When the smart contract data is retrieved, the QR for each transaction will be used All node signatures and transaction data will be extracted. The data will be retrieved by the QR generated for each transaction after it is stored in all nodes servers participating in the system. A new method was proposed to generate a hash for each node present in the system. The proposed method was tested in terms of time and complexity, and the algorithm was statistically analyzed, and all the results proved successful.

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) have emerged at once to transform various industries through revolutionary innovations that secure transactions and develop smart contracts as well as detect and prevent fraud. Blockchain technology serves the purpose of this study to better secure digital transactions and render them more transparent while also achieving greater efficiency. Blockchain protects records from tampering because of its decentralized structure and unalterable properties so organizations achieve reduced risk of fraud and unauthorized changes. Smart contracts act as automated self-executing agreements which perform predefined rules to minimize transaction needs of intermediaries thus reducing operational costs The research addresses implementation barriers of blockchain adoption including the challenges related to scalability and regulatory challenges in addition to energy consumption issues. This paper presents investigative research about blockchain and DLT using case examples to show their capability for generating economic innovation while promoting digital integrity in modern digital markets

Η τεχνολογία Blockchain χρησιμοποιήθηκε αρχικά από τον Shatoshi Nakamoto το 2009 για την δημιουργία της πλατφόρμας bitcoin, ενός ψηφιακού κρυπτονομίσματος που ακόμα και σήμερα θεωρείται το πιο επιτυχημένο κρυπτονόμισμα παγκοσμίως. Η πλατφόρμα του bitcoin χρησιμοποιείται κυρίως για την εκτέλεση ψηφιακών οικονομικών συναλλαγών μεταξύ αγνώστων χωρίς την ύπαρξη μιας οντότητας που μεσολαβεί για την έγκυρη ολοκλήρωση τους. Η δημιουργία του bitcoin άλλαξε ριζικά τον τρόπο που γίνονται οι διαδικτυακές συναλλαγές. Μετά από το bitcoin αναπτύχθηκαν πολλές ακόμα μορφές κρυπτονομισμάτων αλλά οι περισσότερες ακολουθούσαν παρόμοια αρχή λειτουργίας με το bitcoin χωρίς να προσφέρουν κάτι διαφορετικό. Όμως η τεχνολογία blockchain συνέχισε να εξελίσσεται και κατά συνέπεια το φάσμα των εφαρμογών στις οποίες χρησιμοποιείται συνεχώς επεκτείνεται. Πλέον η τεχνολογία αυτή χρησιμοποιείται σε εφαρμογές της βιομηχανίας, της οικονομίας και της απλής καθημερινότητας ενός ατόμου λόγω της ασφάλειας και της εγκυρότητας που προσδίδει. Το 2013 δημιουργήθηκε, από τον Vitalik Buterin, το Ethereum blockchain, μία πλατφόρμα που υποστηρίζει τη δημιουργία κατανεμημένων εφαρμογών γνωστά ως DApps (decentralized applications). Οι κατανεμημένες εφαρμογές που αναπτύσσονται στο ethereum blockchain δεν περιορίζονται μόνο σε οικονομικές συναλλαγές όπως στο bitcoin διότι η πλατφόρμα του ethereum επιτρέπει την δημιουργία ποικίλων ειδών εφαρμογών χρησιμοποιώντας λογική που είναι αποθηκευμένη μέσα στο δίκτυο, τα γνωστά έξυπνα συμβόλαια. Τα έξυπνα συμβόλαια είναι αρχεία κώδικα που εκτελούνται με απολυτότητα και ντετερμινισμό, με αποτέλεσμα η λειτουργικότητα τους να είναι καθολική. Πιθανές εφαρμογές που βασίζονται στη λειτουργικότητα ενός έξυπνου συμβολαίου και δεν αφορούν οικονομικές συναλλαγές είναι η κατοχύρωση δικαιωμάτων, logistics ή ακόμα και εφαρμογές που προσδίδουν μια μορφή ιεραρχίας. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία δημιουργήθηκε με σκοπό να αναδείξει τις δυνατότητες και τα όρια των έξυπνων συμβολαίων καθώς και προβλήματα που μπορεί να υπάρξουν κατά την ανάπτυξη τους και κατά την εφαρμογή τους. Η εφαρμογή αναπτύσσεται σε ένα τοπικό ethereumblockchain δίκτυο και πραγματεύεται την δημιουργία ψηφιακών τεκμηρίων(token). Τα ψηφιακά τεκμήρια είναι γνωστά στη κοινότητα του ethereum σαν άυλα περιουσιακά στοιχεία τα οποία μπορούν να πάρουν τη μορφή κρυπτοοικονομίας ή να έχουν την ιδιότητα της μοναδικότητας, με αποτέλεσμα να είναι ξεχωριστά και να αποκτούν συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά. Στην συγκεκριμένη εφαρμογή αναπτύσσονται και τα δύο ήδη τεκμηρίων που αναφέρθηκαν με αποτέλεσμα να δημιουργηθεί μία ψηφιακή αγορά με μοναδικά τεκμήρια τα οποία μπορούν να δημιουργηθούν, να αγοραστούν και να πωληθούν με αντάλλαγμα τα τεκμήρια που προσομοιάζουν την κρυπτοοικονομία. Σε κάθε περίπτωση ο κοινός παράγοντας για την δημιουργία των τεκμηρίων είναι η «ιδιότητα της ιδιοκτησίας», δηλαδή ότι ένα τεκμήριο, είτε είναι μοναδικό είτε είναι νόμισμα, ανήκει σε έναν συγκεκριμένο χρήστη που έχει όλες τις δυνατότητες που του προσδίδει αυτό το τεκμήριο και κανείς άλλος χρήστης δε μπορεί να το χρησιμοποιήσει.

A large number of raw data collected by satellites are processed by the production chain to obtain a large number of product data, of which the secure exchange and storage is of interest to researchers in the field of remote sensing information science. Authentic, secure data provide a critical foundation for data analysis and decision-making. Traditional centralized cloud computing systems are vulnerable to attack and, once the central server is successfully attacked, all data will be lost. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is an innovative computer technology that can ensure information security and traceability, is tamper-proof, and can be applied to the field of remote sensing. Although there are many advantages to using DLT in remote sensing applications, there are some obstacles and limitations to its application. Remote sensing data have the characteristics of a large data volume, a spatiotemporal nature, global scale, and so on, and it is difficult to store and interconnect remote sensing data in the blockchain. To address these issues, this paper proposes a trustworthy and decentralized system using blockchain technology. The novelty of this paper is the proposal of a multi-level blockchain architecture in which the system collects remote sensing data and stores them in the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) network; after generating the IPFS hash, the network rehashes the value again and uploads it on the Ethereum chain for public query. The distributed data storage improves data security, supports the secure exchange of information, and improves the efficiency of data management.

This article proposes an investment model for a renewable energy generator that allows it to earn the right to issue Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and sell them through quarterly sales auctions promoted by the blockchain. Blockchain technology can further promote the RECs market, as it enables tokenization and distribution of certificates. We did not find articles in the literature that analyze the decision to invest in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) that have rules for issuing and trading RECs specified in smart contracts, which are executed and validated by the blockchain. This article contributes to the literature on blockchain technology applications in the renewable energy market by proposing issuing and selling RECs tokens through a DAO. The relevance of this research is that it shows that simple real option pricing methods can help decision-makers evaluate investment opportunities under uncertainty and flexibility. The tokenization and distribution of RECs via blockchain can promote transaction agility, reduce or eliminate bureaucracy in the means of payment, and increase the security and transparency of transactions. We propose a model for issuing and selling RECs in smart contracts. We assume that the generator has the flexibility to invest now or in one year to enter the platform, considering the energy generated in one year by a single typical 4MW wind turbine. Our model assumes that the price of the REC token follows an inverse demand function subject to stochastic shocks. The results contribute to the understanding of the performance dynamics of digital products under uncertainty and flexibility and show that distributed ledger technology (DLT) may be a viable alternative for renewable energy incentives.

There are currently different views in the scientific community on how the distributed ledger technology (DLT) relates to the blockchain technology. Some view them as synonyms, whereas others view DLT as the umbrella term for all blockchain related technologies. This paper approaches this topic by deriving definitions and core characteristics of DLT and blockchain technology. By using these definitions and an additional market research, a categorization for DLT and blockchain can be created. This categorization will operate as an additional component for IT-architects to decide on appropriate DLT solutions for their specific distributed ledger use cases.

The object of this paper is blockchain technology in the tracking system of grain supply chains. The current study considers the task of determining the impact of blockchain technology introduction on the tracking system of grain supply chains. The key problems in the system of grain supply chains have been identified and the tasks to solve them have been proposed. The characteristics of key technologies in the implementation of blockchain in the system of grain supply chains have been defined, such as smart contracts, the Internet of Things (IoT), interplanetary file system (IPFS), contactless tags (RFID), Ethereum platform (identified as the best for supply chain tracking). The influence of factors on the introduction of blockchain technologies into the grain supply chain tracking system was determined using a SWOT analysis. Strengths include transparency, increased trust, automation of processes and protection against falsification. Weaknesses include high implementation costs, difficulty scaling, and the need for staff training. Opportunities that open up through the use of blockchain include attracting new partners, increasing competitiveness, and developing new markets. Threats include legal difficulties, technical failures, high energy costs, and resistance from market participants. An assessment of the investment attractiveness of introducing blockchain technology into the grain supply chain tracking system was carried out by calculating such indicators as economic effect; net present value (NPV) of implementing blockchain technologies; payback period of investments. According to the results of analysis, the following data were obtained: NPV (150439 a.u.)>0, the payback period of investments is 2.8 years, which is acceptable for large agricultural holdings. Prospects for development have been determined, in particular, the unification of agricultural holdings for the joint implementation of blockchain technologies in the tracking system of grain supply chains, which would be a strategically beneficial solution for all participants in the supply chain

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), including but not limited to Blockchain, have become key enablers of digital transformation across sectors. Their core attributes — immutability, traceability, decentralization, and tamper resistance — make them well-suited for secure and transparent data management. While initially linked to cryptocurrencies, DLTs are now applied in diverse domains such as identity verification, supply chain management, secure voting, and digital asset certification.In parallel, rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in Generative AI, are reshaping how data is generated, interpreted and applied. AI enables new forms of automation and decision-making, but it also introduces risks related to misinformation, digital fraud and security vulnerabilities. The convergence of DLT and AI offers a promising framework to address these challenges. As decentralized trust infrastructures, DLTs can enhance the transparency and integrity of AI systems by validating identities, certifying data provenance and securing sensitive assets such as contracts, medical records and intellectual property.This integration fits within the broader BIBI paradigm – Blockchain, AI, Big Data and the Internet of Things (IoT), where DLTs provide the foundation for secure, distributed coordination and auditability. Coupled with AI, they enable automated decision-making over large-scale, heterogeneous data, particularly from IoT devices, with applications in manufacturing, logistics and health care. This synergy also unlocks advanced functionalities, including decentralized identity, verifiable credentials and trusted automation, facilitating use cases such as tokenized assets and secure digital certification.Nevertheless, several technical and ethical challenges remain. The increasing computational demands of AI raise concerns about energy consumption, an issue already encountered in early DLT deployments. Energy-efficient consensus mechanisms, such as Proof-of-Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance, offer valuable insights for developing more sustainable AI infrastructures. Another key challenge is interoperability, as most DLT platforms operate in isolation. Enhancing interoperability would enable seamless data and asset exchange across heterogeneous ledgers, contributing to a more integrated and user-centric digital ecosystem.Looking forward, the convergence of DLT and AI holds significant potential for intelligent smart contracts, advanced traceability in critical sectors such as food safety and health care, and the development of digital twins for real-time simulation and optimization of organizational processes. This cross-disciplinary innovation can drive not only technological and economic growth but also democratic access to trusted, privacy-preserving, and sustainable digital systems.The Special Issue “Distributed Ledger Technologies and Artificial Intelligence” aims to offer a dedicated forum for researchers exploring the intersection of these two rapidly evolving fields. A total of 13 submissions were received, and following a rigorous double-blind peer review process, with at least three reviews per manuscript, three articles were selected for publication.The first article, “Energy: Reducing Latency in IoT DLTs for AI-Driven Real-Time Solutions” (Moya Perez et al., 2025), addresses the challenges of integrating IoT networks with DLT and AI, focusing on latency and energy efficiency. The authors propose Energy, a novel consensus algorithm designed for public DAG-based DLTs, which reduces or eliminates Proof-of-Work requirements. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in low-payload scenarios common in IoT, enabling real-time AI model updates and efficient, secure data flow in large-scale environments.The second paper, “eFLEET: A Framework in Federated Learning for Enhanced Electric Transportation” (Ruiz de Gauna et al., 2025), presents a federated learning approach for optimizing autonomous electric vehicle routing in urban settings. Using traffic image analysis through computer vision and a DAG-based privacy layer, the framework selects optimal routes based on real-time and predictive data. The experiments show how the system improves traffic planning, enhances scalability and contributes to energy efficiency and pollution reduction in smart cities.The third contribution, “Enhancing the Viewing, Browsing and Searching of Knowledge Graphs with Virtual Properties” (Dibowski, 2024), introduces virtual properties as a user-interface enhancement for knowledge graph exploration. Defined using SHACL and evaluated via SPARQL queries, virtual properties enrich class scopes beyond direct neighbors. Successfully implemented at Bosch for over 100,000 users, this novel approach improves usability and expressiveness in knowledge-driven applications and sets a new direction for SHACL-based UI development.The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the authors who submitted their contributions and to the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and rigorous evaluations. The authors also extend their appreciation to Professor Honghao Gao, Editor-in-Chief of IJWIS (Emerald), for his support in the publication of this special issue. The authors believe the selected papers represent cutting-edge research in this area and will be of great interest to the DLT and AI research communities.