Achieving host mobility using DNS dynamic updating protocol

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an essential part of the Internet on whose function many other protocols rely. One key DNS function is Dynamic Update, which allows hosts on the network to make updates to DNS records dynamically, without the need for restarting the DNS service. Unfortunately, this dynamic process does expose DNS servers to security issues. To address these issues two protocols were introduced: Transaction Signature (TSIG) and Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). In Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) networks using these protocols eliminated security issues. In Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) however, there is an issue with the DNS authentication process when using the Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) mechanism (new to IPv6, nonexistent in IPv4). This authentication issue occurs when a node wants to update its resource records on a DNS server, during the DNS update process, or when a client wants to authenticate a DNS resolver to ensure that the DNS response does not contain a spoofed source address or message. In this paper we propose the use of a new mechanism which makes use of asymmetric cryptography to establish a trust relationship with the DNS server. We also consider the use of the current security parameters used to generate IPv6 addresses in a secure manner, i.e. Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND), for assuring clients and DNS servers that the one they are communicating with is the real owner of this IP address. Since we are extending the RDATA field within the TSIG protocol to accommodate these new security parameters, we will call this new mechanism the CGA-TSIG algorithm.

The domain name system (DNS) is an existing and implemented network service in Internet providing host and service reachability, which is essential to every IP connection setup. Merge of mobile networks with Internet results in large flow of frequent updates to the DNS database, which is a threat for DNS database consistency, because of strong caching it uses. Even though DNS wasn't originally designed for networks supporting host mobility, it gets enabled, if caching of resource records, carrying mobile host's locator information, is disabled by setting the time-to-live (TTL) field to 0 and by enabling dynamic DNS updates from mobile hosts to authoritative name servers. In this paper we are interested in the impact of TTL value 0 on DNS system performance. Based on the modeling of DNS caching behavior, we have a quantitative evaluation of the TTL value 0 impact on DNS performance of the mobile enhanced Internet

Visualizing and characterizing DNS lookup behaviors via log-mining

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the backbone of the internet. It is a distributed hierarchical database which stores resource records like A, MX, AAAA, CNAME. The whole DNS is classified into three layers - root, top-level domain (TLD) and authoritative DNS servers. Each level has its own responsibility to resolve certain categories of domain names. It is very difficult for us to memorize the IP address of each site which we need to visit. In this case, the DNS comes into rescue to figure out the corresponding IP address a domain points to. In the current world, the internet is an inevitable part of our life and DNS is the soul of the internet. Due to this reason, DNS is a major attack target like amplification attack, cache poisoning attack, DNS hijacking, NXDomain attack and Phantom domain attack. These attacks could create a serious security threat to internet users. Threats can be a simple redirection to potentially stealing user credentials. Even though different mitigation techniques are available, the threat still exists. In this paper, we present our survey of the existing research and its shortcomings on securing the DNS. We have also introduced a novel idea which uses blockchain technology to validate the response sent by the DNS servers.

Domain Name System (DNS) is the system for the mapping between easily memorizable host names and their IP addresses. Due to its criticality, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has defined a DNS Security Extension (DNSSEC) to provide data-origin authentication. In this paper, we point out two drawbacks of the DNSSEC standard in its handling of DNS dynamic updates: 1) the on-line storage of a zone security key, creating a single point of attack for both inside and outside attackers, and 2) the violation of the role separation principle, which in the context of DNSSEC requires the separation of the roles of zone security managers from DNS name server administrators. To address these issues, we propose an alternative secure DNS architecture based on threshold cryptography. Unlike DNSSEC, this architecture adheres to the role separation principle without presenting any single point of attack. To show the feasibility of the proposed architecture, we developed a threshold cryptography toolkit based on the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) and built a proof-of-concept prototype with the toolkit. Our running results of the prototype on a representative platform show that the performance of our proposed architecture ranges from one to four times of DNSSEC’s performance. Thus, through small performance overhead, our proposed architecture could achieve very high level of security.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a necessary component of the Internet that allows hosts on the Internet to communicate with other hosts without needing to know their cryptic IP addresses. When this protocol was first introduced it did not contain robust security features because scalability was an issue. One of the useful features added to DNS was the DNS update mechanism that allowed other hosts to dynamically change DNS entries. This feature, though, exposed new vulnerabilities to DNS servers which necessitated the implementation of new security protocols. Some of the security protocols introduced to address these issues were Transaction SIGnature (TSIG) and DNS Security Extension (DNSSEC). Although, in IPv4, these mechanisms did resolve most of the security issues dealing with authentication between a node and a DNS server, they are not viable in IPv6 networks. This is because the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) introduced to organize the large IPv6 address space automatically does not support DNS authentication or have an option for secure DNS updating. In this chapter, the authors first explain the common approaches used in IPv4 to address these security issues. Then they explain the differences between the use of these approaches in IPv4 and IPv6, where the focus is on new research with regard to authentication mechanisms between hosts and DNS servers.

Domain name systems (DNS) provide the mapping between easily-remembered host names and their IP addresses. Popular DNS implementations however contain vulnerabilities that are exploited by frequent, targeted attacks. The software vulnerabilities of DNS together with the constant innovation and morphing of cyber attack techniques necessitate the consideration of the worst case scenarios: there will be successful but undetected attacks against DNS servers. In this work, we develop a secure DNS architecture that contains the damage of successful, undetected attacks. This formidable end is achieved by constantly cleansing the servers and rotating the role of individual servers. Moreover, the server rotation process itself is protected against corruption by hardware. We will show the advantages of our design in the following areas: (1) protection of the DNS master file and cryptographic keys, (2) incorruptible intrusion tolerance, (3) high availability, and (4) scalability, the support of using of high degrees of hardware/server redundancy to improve both system security and service dependability. Due to the critical importance of DNS, such a dependable and intrusion-resilient design contributes significantly to the overall security of the Internet.

The existence of the Domain Name System (DNS) through the role of the DNS Record, functions to translate domain addresses into IP addresses. High availability is an absolute condition so that the service from the DNS Server is still available and running well. To make this happen, it is necessary to have an asynchronous API on the DNS server and data management on the DNS record. This research designs and implements RESTKnot as an asynchronous API on DNS Server for DNS record management, accompanied by high availability testing using Load Balancing techniques and the Round Robin (RR) algorithm. The test results show that RESTKnot can help the DNS record management process dynamically, where DNS records can be made through the RESTKnot API and RESTKnot CLI, to be sent to the RESTKnot agent and executed by Knot DNS. The test results also show that RESTKnot can realize high availability through a ten-time system access test scenario, where heavy traffic on the first web server can be immediately diverted to the second web server to achieve high availability.

Current Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) primarily utilize the Domain Name System (DNS) to direct users towards optimal content replica servers. Typically, these CDNs will leverage specialized DNS servers to perform load balancing, by providing different users with different IP endpoints for a particular hostname. However, there typically exists some form of DNS cache between the user and the authoritative DNS for a particular web service (Examples include web browsers, operating systems, and home routers). While these DNS caches typically improve user experience and network performance by reducing the number of redundant DNS requests, there exist scenarios where the presence of a DNS cache can actually harm network performance and user experience. For example: if a server or datacentre were to suddenly become unavailable, end users may become `stuck' trying to access the old IP address contained in their DNS caches, even though the authoritative DNS server may have updated it's records accordingly. In order to address this issue, we propose a system that enables network operators to transparently redirect users towards optimal servers during times of network congestion or high server load. By leveraging SDN and NFV, we are able to implement this system over a variety of network infrastructures, and to various levels of scale. Our initial tests indicate that our methodology has the capability to vastly improve user experience by several orders of magnitude during times of high network load, over a variety of network conditions. Our system is application-layer agnostic, and is compatible with various networking protocols.

DNS(Domain Name System)는 인터넷상의 호스트의 도메인주소를 IP주소로 변환하거나 IP주소를 도메인주소로 변환하는 이름해결 메카니즘을 총칭한다. 본 논문에서는 1차 DNS 서버가 오류로 인해 정지하더라도 2차 DNS 서버가 대신하여 서비스를 지속할 수 있도록 하는 결함내성을 갖는 DNS 시스템 구축에 관해 연구하였다. DNS(Domain Name System) is the Name Resolution Mechanism that makes conversion from a Domain Name of a computer on the Internet to an IP Address or the reverse conversion. In this paper we researched on the Foundation techniques of Fault-tolerant DNS Servers that the secondary DNS can take over and provide continuous services even though primary DNS stops due to some critical errors.

Securing the internet’s backbone: A blockchain-based and incentive-driven architecture for DNS cache poisoning defense

The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol essentially translates domain names to IP addresses, enabling browsers to load and utilize Internet resources. Despite its major role, DNS is vulnerable to various security loopholes that attackers have continually abused. Therefore, delivering secure DNS traffic has become challenging since attackers use advanced and fast malicious information-stealing approaches. To overcome DNS vulnerabilities, the DNS over HTTPS (DoH) protocol was introduced to improve the security of the DNS protocol by encrypting the DNS traffic and communicating it over a covert network channel. This paper proposes a lightweight, double-stage scheme to identify malicious DoH traffic using a hybrid learning approach. The system comprises two layers. At the first layer, the traffic is examined using random fine trees (RF) and identified as DoH traffic or non-DoH traffic. At the second layer, the DoH traffic is further investigated using Adaboost trees (ADT) and identified as benign DoH or malicious DoH. Specifically, the proposed system is lightweight since it works with the least number of features (using only six out of thirty-three features) selected using principal component analysis (PCA) and minimizes the number of samples produced using a random under-sampling (RUS) approach. The experiential evaluation reported a high-performance system with a predictive accuracy of 99.4% and 100% and a predictive overhead of 0.83 µs and 2.27 µs for layer one and layer two, respectively. Hence, the reported results are superior and surpass existing models, given that our proposed model uses only 18% of the feature set and 17% of the sample set, distributed in balanced classes.

Cyberattacks significantly impact the services based on the internet that is used in our daily lives. Any disruption will make it extremely difficult for us to carry out our daily activities. Cyberattacks will disrupt online services, exploit vulnerabilities to breach databases and servers, and so on. Various systems and services contribute to the Internet’s seamless functionality. The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the most important services. DNS is used to resolve domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. DNS, like many other Internet services, is vulnerable to cyber-attacks. While DNS faces a slew of threats, one in particular appears to stand out. DNS is vulnerable to a variety of distributed denial-of-service attacks. The distributed reflection denial of service (DRDoS) attack, a flooding attack against DNS servers that renders them unavailable, disrupting domain name resolution activities, is one of the most common variants. DRDoS attacks have been on the rise in recent years. DNS lookup outages would significantly impact our online activities in the world of ultra-connectivity because they are typically the first step in establishing a connection with a server. The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review of DRDoS attack detection and mitigation algorithms as well as the datasets on which these algorithms operate. Finally, we discussed each of these algorithms' relative merits and demerits.

Chapter 3 - Developing the Network Services Design

A domain name system (DNS) is one of the most important infrastructures of the Internet communication. It is also a crucial point which is subjected to attacks. The largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack on October 21, 2016 has targeted a major DNS infrastructure named dynDNS. It was actually the Internet of Things (IoT) DNS flood attack that made more than half of websites in the United States unreachable for a significant amount of time. As we are using the Internet for everything in our life, especially health care and transportation, an attack of this type may cause a major disruption. Therefore, in this article, we are going to analyze the DNS flood attacks and propose two mitigation methods. We propose a load distributed mitigation process which will work as a quick escape route of the legitimate traffic from the attack field. Our solution mainly involves service level changes which can be implemented with collaboration among service providers. Also, our proposed solution is very cost effective as compared to the cost of downtime of the domain names caused by a DNS flood attack. Furthermore, we propose a benign-bot mitigation method and a business model for the method. In the benign-bot mitigation method, a bot program is installed in customers' DNS local servers to allow IP addresses of a list of paid businesses' websites to maintain in the caches so that the websites can be accessed even when the DNS servers are down.