Acquisition-based capacity estimates for CDMA with imperfect power control

Multiple access interference (MAI) appears in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems when the communication channel is a multi-path channel and the spreading codes are not orthogonal. Orthogonality between spreading codes cannot be maintained at the CDMA receiver because the codes may be asynchronous due to channel delay and multi-path spread. The receiver cannot perfectly separate the different signals of the multiple access users, and the resultant MAI limits the capacity of CDMA systems. MAI is a function of the cross correlation property between used spreading codes. In this paper we focus on the cross correlation of the spreading codes, we propose a method to find spreading codes with minimum magnitude of cross correlation. Employing these codes will reduce the resultant MAI in the CDMA system; hence it will increase the system capacity. A great enhancement is shown by comparing found minimum cross correlation spreading codes (MCCSC) with Hadamard and Gold codes.

Improvement of the capacity of the CDMA (code division multiple access) system is a major objective. The capacity of the system is mainly limited by the signal to noise ratio, where the noise comes from the channel background and from MAI (multiple access interference). Usually, the way to improve the capacity is to decrease the MAI; this is why orthogonal codes are adopted by the IS-95 standard. One problem is that the number of orthogonal codes is constrained by the dimensionality of the signal space. So in IS-95, there are only 64 orthogonal codes available when the number chips for each sequence is 64. To solve this problem, a non-orthogonal code called WBE (Welch bound equality) sequences (Massey and Mittelholzer 1991) is used in this paper The criterion to construct the code is to minimize the MAI. Two methods are used to construct the WBE sequences: from a linear cyclic code or from a Hadamard matrix. In order to improve the performance of the WBE sequence set, an iteration receiver (Sari et al. 1999) is applied. The conclusion obtained is that when the number of users is slightly greater than the signal space dimensionality, after the first iteration, the performance is only marginally worse than the orthogonal CDMA system.

This paper carries comprehensive comparison of Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems in terms of performance (BER) and behavior to different number of users. Performance analysis of two systems whose transmitter and receiver structures are almost same are studied under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and performance differences are illustrated by simulation results. Although Multiple Access Interference (MAI) and Intersymbol Interference (ISI) can affect the performance of the CDMA system, simulation results illustrates that IDMA system model achieves this type of problem using their interleavers. Results also show that large number of users can easily be adapted by the IDMA scheme much easier than CDMA scheme.

In synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, both multiple access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) arise. MAI is present due to the CDMA format while ISI is present due to channel multipath. One approach to overcome these problems is to detect the entire package of data for all users at once. This implies working with matrices with dimensions proportional to the product of the data package length and the number of active users. In this paper, we present an alternative approach. This alternative consists of a type of multistage detector that overcomes the MAI and ISI problems; in addition, it has complexity proportional to the number of CDMA users, is computationally efficient, and is suitable for pipeline implementation which allows fast data processing. Simulations are compared to a derived single user bound for the average bit error probability and the results prove the validity of the proposed detection method.

In code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular phone systems, such as those using the IS-95 standard, multiple users produce cochannel multiple access interference (MAI). In this paper adaptive time-domain interference mitigation techniques are developed and applied to the angle of arrival (AOA) estimation problem. This interference mitigation approach is motivated by a maximum likelihood formulation of multiuser space-time channel estimation. This approach is exercised using experimental data approximating that which might be experienced by an emergency response vehicle attempting to locate the source of an emergency 911 call using a vehicle-mounted antenna array. In this multiuser environment the users span a large range of received powers.

Channel estimation techniques for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems need to combat multiple access interference (MAI) effectively. Most existing estimation techniques are designed for CDMA systems with short repetitive spreading codes. However, current and next generation wireless systems use long spreading codes whose period is much larger than the symbol duration. In this paper, we derive the maximum likelihood channel estimate for long code CDMA systems over multipath channels using training sequences and approximate it using an iterative algorithm to reduce the computational complexity in each processing window. The asymptotic convergence of the mean of the iterative estimate to the actual channel is also shown. The effectiveness of the iterative channel estimator is demonstrated in terms of squared error in estimation as well as the bit error rate performance of a multistage detector based on the channel estimates. Finally, the proposed iterative channel estimation technique is extended to track slowly varying multipath fading channels using decision feedback. Thus, an MAI resistant multiuser channel estimate with reasonable computational complexity is derived for long code CDMA systems over multipath fading channels.

This paper presents an analysis of delay-locked loops in direct spreading code division multiple access systems with Markovian spreading sequences. The established analysis with piecewise constant approximation is similar to the mean field analysis which estimates macroscopic characteristics of a spatially-distributed probabilistic system from the local interaction between the elements of the system with low computational complexity. The low complexity makes it possible to analyze the behavior of not only second-order archetype delay-locked loops but also higher-order non-coherent delay-locked loops in the presence of both multiple access interference and channel noise. It is found from the presented analysis that replacing i.i.d. spreading sequences with Markovian spreading sequences with non-vanishing negative autocorrelation reduces the phase tracking error of a non-coherent 1Δ delay-locked loop. The time spent for estimating the error by the presented method is about 1/1000 compared with that by the path integral method.

For high-speed code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, interchip interference that is caused by multipath propagation becomes severe and cannot be ignored. Together with the multiple access interference due to nonideal conditions in CDMA, they become major obstacles to overall system performance. In this paper, both batch and adaptive algorithms based on linear prediction are proposed for joint blind equalization and multiuser detection for asynchronous CDMA systems. It is shown that the new methods are insensitive to estimation error of propagation delay or chip timing. In addition, the adaptive algorithm is computationally efficient. Simulation results show that the proposed methods are also near-far resistant and compare favorably to many existing methods.

The demand for global telephony services for mobile users requires the use of constellations of non-geostationary orbits. The proposed S-PCNs are Iridium, Inmarsat-P, Globalstar, Odyssey and Ellipso. The first two systems propose to use a time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme and the others code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme. It is claimed that CDMA based S-PCNs can share the allocated frequency bands due to the interference resistant property of CDMA. Spectrum sharing must be based on defined interference criteria being satisfied. The interference events are based on the statistics of carrier to interference ratio (C/I). For this a computer simulation was developed to model the dynamic nature of any constellation, and produces all the statistical values of C/I to a mobile in a fading channel. The simulation includes constellations results of proposed S-PCNs with multi-spotbeam antennas (MBA). We present the results of the investigation on the effect of imperfect power control on the total system capacity for a totally overlapped band sharing scenario. Results for a band segmented scenario are also presented for comparison.

The use of multiple antennas at the transmitter or receiver provides a powerful means, of increasing the capacity of wireless systems. The goal of this paper is to illustrate ways in which analogies with multiuser code division multiple access (CDMA) systems may be used to provide design insights for space-time communication systems, for both single and multiple users. Three examples are considered: (a) noncoherent space-time codes for transmit antenna diversity against Rayleigh fading, constructed using an analogy with a CDMA downlink; (b) optimal multiuser transmit beamforming on a cellular downlink, where the algorithm for computing beamforming weights is obtained by transforming the problem into a CDMA uplink with MMSE interference suppression and power control; (c) design of high bandwidth efficiency systems exploiting both transmit and receive antenna arrays, using analogies with CDMA systems with random and slowly time-varying spreading waveforms.

This paper addresses the problem of real-time multimedia transmission in fiber-optic networks using code division multiple access (CDMA). We present a multirate optical fast frequency hopping CDMA (OFFH-CDMA) system architecture using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). In addition, we argue that, in multimedia applications, different services have different quality of service (QoS) requirements; hence, the user only needs to use the minimum required power to transmit the signal, such that the required signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is met. We show that a variable bit rate optical communication system with variable QoS can be implemented by way of power control with great efficiency. Present-day multirate optical CDMA systems concentrate on finding the code structure that supports a variable rate system, neglecting the importance of the transmission power of active users on the multiple access interference (MAI) and, therefore, on the system capacity. We assign different power levels to each rate through a power control algorithm using variable optical attenuators, which minimizes the interference and, at the same time, provides variable QoS constraints for different traffic types. Although we are using a code family that preserves good correlation properties between codes of different lengths, simulations show a great improvement in the system capacity when power control is used.

This paper studies detecting matrices in random dense and sparse Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. Detecting matrices were originally introduced in the coin weighing problem. Such matrices can be used in CDMA systems in over-loaded scheme where the number of users is greater than the number of chips. We drive some conditions in the large system limit for binary and bipolar random CDMA systems to ensure that any random matrix is a detecting matrix. Furthermore, we extend our results to sparse random ternary matrices that have been using in the sparse CDMA literature. Finally, a construction method for the sparse detecting matrices is introduced.

The channel characteristics of practical code division multiple access (CDMA) systems are usually unknown and difficult to model accurately. Type-based receivers, without assuming any a priori model, extract signals successfully from background noise. In this paper, we develop type-based receivers that address two major issues in CDMA signal reception: multiple access interference and multipath fading. We first present the type-based receiver with interference suppression capability, assuming the knowledge of the code and timing of the intended user only. We then show that equal-gain combining (EGC) of type-based statistics is the asymptotically optimal technique for diversity empirical detection. Compared with maximal ratio combining of matched filter outputs, the diversity receiver with EGC of type-based statistics assumes less channel knowledge and yields competitive detection performance in Gaussian noise and better performance in Laplacian noise.

In recent years, more and more wireless communications systems are required to provide also a positioning measurement. In code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems, the positioning accuracy is significantly degraded by the multiple access interference (MAI) caused by other users in the system. This MAI is commonly managed by a power control mechanism, and yet, MAI has a major effect on positioning accuracy. Probability control is a recently introduced interference management mechanism. In this mechanism, a user with excess power chooses not to transmit some of its symbols. The information in the nontransmitted symbols is recovered by an error-correcting code (ECC), while all other users receive a more reliable data during these quiet periods. Previous research had shown that the implementation of a probability control mechanism can significantly reduce the MAI. In this paper, we show that probability control also improves the positioning accuracy. We focus on time-of-arrival (TOA) based positioning systems. We analyze the TOA estimation performance in a generalized CDMA system, in which the probability control mechanism is employed, where the transmitted signal is noncontinuous with a symbol transmission probability smaller than 1. The accuracy of the TOA estimation is determined using appropriate modifications of the Cramer-Rao bound on the delay estimation. Keeping the average transmission power constant, we show that the TOA accuracy of each user does not depend on its transmission probability, while being a nondecreasing function of the transmission probability of any other user. Therefore, a generalized, noncontinuous CDMA system with a probability control mechanism can always achieve better positioning performance, for all users in the network, than a conventional, continuous, CDMA system.

In this treatise, the performance of Code division multiple access (CDMA) system is investigated using multi-user transmitter pre-processing (MUTP). The MUTP is promising signal processing technique which is carried out at the transmitter side to reduce the burden of detector and hence low complexity receiver is made feasible at mobile station (MS) in the context of downlink (DL) communication. Further, the unique signature sequence is considered to support more user population. In particular, the performance of MMSE-MUTP assisted CDMA system is investigated for realistic channel specifications based on Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model. It has been demonstrated that the MMSE-MUTP assisted CDMA system provides achievable bit error rate with low complexity of receiver for DL transmission.