Active e-course for constructivist learning

This study intends to evaluate the gender inclusivity in learning and education research field's growth trend from 2013 to 2023. The steps of the research are as follows: (i) assembling the tools and materials; (ii) organizing meetings; (iii) screening; (iv) visualizing; and (v) reviewing the data and outcomes that have been published. There were 988 articles in the keyword search results for "Gender," "Inclusiveness," "Learning materials," "Elementary School," and "Indonesia." A more equal and inclusive learning environment for all students can be achieved by include gender in student learning materials, according to the research findings. Students are more likely to feel appreciated and respected when they recognize themselves in the learning materials. Additionally, it supports and equalizes constructive gender roles and works to dispel harmful gender stereotypes.

Metacognitive competencies related to cognitive tasks have been shown to predict learning outcomes. Less however is known about how meta-cognitive competencies can enhance the retention and progression of learners in Further Education. This study provides evidence from Performance Learning (PL) and its intelligent system PLEX, PL’s proprietary technology, to show how learners’ self-reports on meta-cognitive dimensions can be used as predictors of learner retention and progression within the learner’s course/s. The results confirm the predictive potential of PLEX technology in early identification of metacognitive competencies in learning and helps learners with developing effective remedies to enhance their retention and progression levels.

PurposeThis study aims to examine if a pedagogical agent’s expressed anger, when framed as a feedback cue, can enhance mental effort and learning performance in a multimedia learning environment than expressed happiness.Design/methodology/approachA between-subjects experiment was conducted in which learners engaged with a multimedia learning material that taught programming algorithms, featuring a pedagogical agent who expressed anger or happiness as a feedback cue in response to the learners’ prior performance. Learners completed a self-reported scale and post-test for measuring mental effort and learning performance, respectively.FindingsFemale learners reported higher mental effort and had better learning performance when the pedagogical agent expressed anger than happiness. Male learners reported marginally lower mental effort when the pedagogical agent expressed anger than happiness.Originality/valueThis study focuses on a pedagogical agent’s expressed emotion as social information to learners. Extending from research advocating a pedagogical agent’s positive emotional expression, this study highlights the potential benefits of a pedagogical agent’s negative emotional expression, such as anger, as a cue for learners to enhance learning effort and performance in a multimedia learning environment.

Every child deserves access to quality education amidst the COVID 19 pandemic. Students face the test of answering modules much more than doing the performances in the physical education classes. One of the challenges they faced was performing different performance tasks and being able to meet the objectives as well as the learning competencies. This study aimed to determine the barriers in learning performances and students’ coping strategies in physical education in modular distance learning which was accompanied by a quantitative approach using a descriptive – survey method of research. The study was conducted in one of the secondary public schools composed of 201 selected junior high school students. Based on the result of the study, the findings were as follows: majority of the of the respondents were female, grade 9 students and 15 years of age. The barriers exprienced by the students were overthinking about their grades, minimal engagement in performance tasks due to lack of equipments and learning materials, discomfort in doing the task because of distraction at home and unstable internet connection which means it is important to assess and evaluate the learning materials provided in the module to provide accessibility to students capabilities and available materials at home. With regards to students’ coping strategies, it emphasize in developing skills and abilities even in the confinement of home because learning must continue and students have the grit to do their tasks in their modules which indicates the student's opportunities and resiliency was very important factors for the students’ learning and doing performances. To satisfy the students' needs, school leaders must incorporate real methods into their teaching and address their diversity, as well as provide a variety of instructions and learning resources, lesson exemplars, and assistance for the students. To stimulate creativity and assure excellence in educational offerings, colleagues should be given technical assistance and coaching. Professional development should be prioritized during the pandemic to improve intrinsic competencies to plan, manage, and internalize more effective service delivery.

Aim/Purpose: This study aims to analyze the cognitive load experienced by secondary school students in Biology within m-learning environments and its impact on learning performance. Background: Cognitive load has become a critical issue that schools need to address to ensure students can excel in their learning without being overwhelmed. While principles for reducing cognitive load have been extensively discussed in previous research, studies focusing on mobile learning (m-learning) for Biology among students in Malaysia remain limited. This study employed Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) to address this gap. By integrating four key principles—segmenting and pretraining, modality, redundancy, and seductive details—into m-learning tasks using the Successive Approximation Model (SAM1), this study aimed to reduce cognitive load and enhance students’ learning performance. Methodology: This study employed a quantitative approach using a randomized pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design. Students were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (20 students) or a control group (18 students). The study was conducted over four weeks, comprising a three-week intervention period with a one-week interval. Statistical analyses, including independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Quade ANCOVA, and Pearson correlation, were used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative feedback was analyzed using thematic analysis. Contribution: This study contributes by providing instructional design strategies that incorporate principles for reducing cognitive load in mobile learning for Biology. It also demonstrates how Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) can be effectively integrated. By examining the cognitive load experienced by secondary school students in m-learning environments, the study offers valuable insights for designing and implementing effective instructional strategies. Identifying the factors influencing cognitive load enables educators to develop targeted interventions that enhance learning experiences and optimize performance. Findings: The study indicated that the adoption of mobile learning tasks not only significantly reduced cognitive load but also corresponded to enhanced learning performance. Participants engaging in m-learning experienced lower cognitive load, which was positively associated with superior performance in learning tasks, emphasizing the beneficial impact of mobile learning on cognitive load management and academic achievement. Recommendations for Practitioners: Educators and instructional designers are encouraged to incorporate cognitive load principles into their instructional strategies and learning material design to enhance student performance. Policymakers should consider similar strategies to reduce the cognitive load for students in educational settings to improve learning outcomes. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers are encouraged to replicate the design elements used in this study when developing mobile or online learning materials to reduce learners’ cognitive load and enhance their performance. They should also consider expanding this research to other topics, subjects, and educational levels to provide further insights and validate the effectiveness of these design elements across different contexts. Impact on Society: The findings of this study have significant implications for society, particularly in addressing mental health and stress issues among the younger generation. By identifying strategies to manage cognitive load and reduce stress in online learning environments, the study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers. These strategies can help mitigate the adverse effects of cognitive overload, improve learning experiences, and promote better mental well-being. Additionally, the study’s recommendations can guide the development of more effective and supportive learning environments, contributing to overall societal well-being and academic success. Future Research: Future studies could explore cognitive load beyond the intrinsic and extraneous components focused on in this study, examining additional elements within the frameworks of cognitive load theory and multimedia learning. In addition to using the cognitive load questionnaire, exploring other measurement tools could ensure a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive load. Future research might also consider enriching mobile learning tasks by diversifying subject matter and conducting longitudinal cohort studies. Such studies could provide valuable insights into memory retention over extended periods, aiding in optimizing mobile learning frameworks and enhancing educational experiences.

With the emerging technologies of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), the learning process in today’s classroom is much more effective and motivational. Overlaying virtual content into the real world makes learning methods attractive and entertaining for students while performing activities. AR techniques make the learning process easy, and fun as compared to traditional methods. These methods lack focused learning and interactivity between the educational content. To make learning effective, we propose to use handheld marker-based AR technology for primary school students. We developed a set of four applications based on students’ academic course of primary school level for learning purposes of the English alphabet, decimal numbers, animals and birds, and an AR Globe for knowing about different countries around the world. These applications can be played wherever and whenever a user wants without Internet connectivity, subject to the availability of a tablet or mobile device and the required target images. These applications have performance evaluation quizzes (PEQs) for testing students’ learning progress. Our study investigates the effectiveness of AR-based learning materials in terms of learning performance, motivation, attitude, and behavior towards different methods of learning. Our activity results favor AR-based learning techniques where students’ learning motivation and performance are enhanced compared to the non-AR learning methods.

Digital literacy is an important ability to have to succeed in today's era where almost everything is surrounded by digital technologies, tools, services, and so on. This study aims to investigate to what extent digital literacy is incorporated in EFL learning materials for senior high school students, and to describe how digital literacy is incorporated in EFL learning materials. This qualitative study uses content analyses in analyzing the 36 learning materials that have been collected from 4 different public senior high schools in the East Jakarta area from 4 different teachers. This present study found that digital literacy is not yet maximally incorporated into the learning materials. Out of 36 English learning materials, only 16 English learning materials seem to be incorporated with digital literacy indicators, while some others didn't even incorporate digital literacy at all. Digital literacy in learning materials is incorporated in many ways; instruction (43 occurrences), task (31 occurrences), text (8 occurrences), and last is the provision of links (3 occurrences).

The focus of education is increasingly on learners’ ability to regulate their own learning within technology-enhanced learning environments. Prior research has shown that self-regulated learning (SRL) leads to better learning performance. However, many learners struggle to productively self-regulate their learning, as they typically need to navigate the myriad of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational processes that SRL demands. To address these challenges, the FLoRA engine is developed to help students, workers, and professionals improve their SRL skills and become productive lifelong learners. FLoRA incorporates several learning tools that are grounded in SRL theory and enhanced with learning analytics (LA), aimed at improving learners’ mastery of different SRL skills. The engine tracks learners’ SRL behaviours during a learning task and provides automated scaffolding to help learners effectively regulate their learning. The main contributions of FLoRA include (1) creating instrumentation tools that unobtrusively collect intensively sampled, fine-grained, and temporally ordered trace data about learners’ learning actions; (2) building a trace parser that uses LA and related analytical techniques (e.g., process mining) to model and understand learners’ SRL processes; and (3) providing a scaffolding module that presents analytics-based adaptive, personalized scaffolds based on students’ learning progress. The architecture and implementation of the FLoRA engine are also discussed in this paper.

Distance learning systems play an important role in education, enabling students studying on their own to access a variety of Web-based learning materials via the campus network. However, such systems also present some problems, being potentially dull and unhelpful, because the learning materials are the same for every student. Customizing learning materials for individual students is not a cost-efficient way to overcome this situation, owing to the large volume of materials it would require in addition to teacher time. We describe how to resolve this issue using dynamically automate personalized learning materials that leverage XML and XSLT technologies. We describe the implementation methods for our e-math interaction agent distance learning system, which dynamically automates personalized Web-based interactive materials.

Through this paper, we will provide a brief overview of the 3D virtual library project and a more detailed review of its current application for English language learning. The implementation of the library project makes use of the innovative 3D presentation features of the MaxWhere Seminar System. As an innovative application of the project, we compiled a bilingual learning material for Hungarian students to improve their language skills and competence in English at an advanced level. The complex structure and organization of the learning material is based partially on the hypertextual relationships between entries of selected keywords containing various contexts from different works of world literature. We developed the learning material taking into careful consideration the appropriate characteristics of the hyperlink structure. Our basic hypothesis was that if the bilingual learning material is organized as a more or less scale-free network of interconnected nodes, this might or would result in an optimized and efficient knowledge transfer in the learning process. After the first version of the material had been completed, we wanted to evaluate the overall difficulty of the material. As such, we were using the Google Translate (GT) service to check the proper understanding of a set of selected English language phrases and sentences through their Hungarian translations provided by GT. As a result, we created a more or less scale-free learning material whose linguistic content has been properly checked.

This study aims to develop learning materials in the form of books for restaurant students at Apollonia Hotel School Denpasar. The method of the current study is Design and Development. In developing the learning material, this study uses the DnD model by Richey and Klien. There were several processes carried out, namely identifying learning materials needed; developing learning materials in the form of books; and evaluating the results of material development. The results of the study found that there are eight types of material that need by restaurants students namely procedure of handling cleanliness, maintain kitchen and restaurant equipment, renewing local knowledge, provide a link between kitchen area and service area, provide gueridon service, provide silver service, provide food and beverage service, and provide room service. The results of expert tests showed the score of the learning material developed is 85 which belongs to good category.

The concept map has a positive effect on the enhancement of self-regulated learning (SRL) and learning performance in terms of cognitive learning tools, according to previous research. However, the relationships between knowledge construction state, learning behaviors, psychological state, and learning performance have not been clearly investigated. Learning analytics (LA) can play an important role in addressing the issue of collecting learning behaviors. This study aims to investigate the relationships between them, using the LA approach. The results indicated that seven knowledge construction types were detected, and knowledge construction type had significant differences in performance, albeit no significant differences in the Tukey post-hoc analyses. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between knowledge map cluster and discussion, some of the factors of SRL (e.g., declarative knowledge, monitoring), and some learning behaviors, such as adding marker, memo, and red marker.

Relying on advanced network technologies, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can support the transformation and deep construction of high-quality open courses. However, with the use of MOOCs in many universities and colleges, new issues have emerged. MOOCs are not specifically designed for local conditions. Researchers lack understanding of the effectiveness of using shared MOOCs in traditional university teaching. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of MOOC-based flipped learning and to propose clear reuse guidelines for MOOCs in the traditional university education. We conducted a quasi-experiment in an inorganic chemistry course. The results were presented in terms of learners’ participation and learning performance, and a post-task survey and interviews were also conducted to investigate the students’ experiences in order to include these experiences in design and research plans of MOOCs-based flipped learning. The results showed that students in the MOOC-based flipped classroom on average performed better than those in the traditional classroom. However, no changes in self-efficacy and self-regulated learning were detected after the end of the course. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative data combined indicated that most students had a favorable experience of the flipped classroom, in terms of student–student interaction, available learning materials, and active learning results. Implications for MOOC integration are discussed.

Technical culinary skills are fundamental competencies for professional chefs. Consequently, demonstrating and enhancing these skills pose significant challenges within culinary education. This study aims to develop a virtual reality (VR) system for culinary skill development and assess its effectiveness when integrated into a hospitality internship curriculum. The participants comprised 82 undergraduate hospitality management majors. This study collected students’ learning scores and performance data before and after the culinary VR course. Statistical methods were employed to analyse the collected data, aiming to assess the effectiveness of the culinary VR course and differences in students’ technical acceptance. Using t-tests to compare differences in technical acceptance between the two groups, and potentially employing paired-sample t-tests or correlation analyses to evaluate students’ progress in learning. The findings indicate that the two groups did not significantly differ in their acceptance of technology. However, the culinary VR curriculum exhibited a positive impact on students’ learning outcomes.

The yellow book material is an important component in a dayah (Islamic boarding school). The yellow book learning material is a program developed in the dayah (Islamic boarding school), both salafi and khalafist dayahs. And to carry out the process of planning the yellow book learning material, the dayah needs to make an efficient plan. This study discusses the management of the yellow book learning planning for the third grade students of the MUDI Dayah Great Mosque of Samalanga, Bireuen Regency. So the author examines, first; the yellow book learning material planning system for the third grade students of the MUDI Masjid Raya Samalanga, second grade; planning method for delivering yellow book learning materials for third grade students of the MUDI Dayah Masjid Raya Samalanga, third; planning evaluation of yellow book learning materials for third grade students of the MUDI Dayah Masjid Raya Samalanga. In this study, the author uses a qualitative type of research that is a phenomenological descriptive analysis with a management approach to the planning of the MUDI dayah institution at the Samalanga Grand Mosque. The research subjects were purposively sampling where the interviewees were only the head of the curriculum, the head of the MUDI Mesjid Raya Dayah education sector, the third grade teacher/guardian, and the third grade student. The results of the first research; shows that the planning system for the yellow book learning material for the third grade students of Dayah MUDI Masjid Raya Samalanga is in accordance with the education level of the third grade students. Where the yellow book learning material is clearly visible based on the results of interviews and documentation that already exists and is neatly arranged, the yellow book that is determined is very systematic according to the education level of third grade students. Second, the form of the yellow material delivery planning method for third grade students consists of the syafahi/bandongan method, the sima'ie/sorongan method and the bahsul matsail. Where the three methods are used by the teacher in delivering the yellow book learning material for third grade students at the MUDI Dayah of the Samalanga Grand Mosque. Third, to determine the ability of students to read the yellow book learning material for third grade students at the MUDI Dayah of the Samalanga Grand Mosque, it can be known through evaluation. Planning the evaluation of the yellow book learning material for third grade students at the MUDI dayah in one year is carried out three times in three semesters. In each semester, the evaluation is scheduled for fifteen days with three examiners, each examiner overseeing the exam for five days. Then for the third grade in particular, the evaluation schedule has three additional days to evaluate the material of the Alfiah temple memorizing book with a supervisor teacher who has been determined by the dayah curriculum.