Actors (Media policy/ Meta journalism)

Disinformation, the deliberate spread of false or misleading information, has become an increasingly pressing issue in today’s society. The media industry, which plays a critical role in providing reliable and accurate information to the public, has been significantly impacted by the rise of disinformation. This IBERIFIER Report provides an analysis of the effects of disinformation on the media industry and the challenges it poses for journalists, media organizations, and the public. It highlights the erosion of public trust in the media, the need for journalists to verify information more rigorously, and the creation of a market for sensationalist and biased news. The researchers from IBERIFIER surveyed the Spanish and Portuguese population to analyze their response to disinformation and misinformation, their trust in media outlets, and their perception of media verification procedures. Data shows that both countries had high trust in health institutions, and both achieved high rates of complete vaccination among all population groups, especially the elderly and most vulnerable. Respondents from both countries trusted researchers, scientists, and experts the most, followed by journalists and doctors. However, respondents in Spain were skeptical about media paywalls and whether they prevented the dissemination of fake news. In Portugal, respondents showed a higher concern for disinformation in politics than among family members, colleagues, or friends. The survey analysis in Spain showed that gender influenced the loss of trust in media outlets that publish fake news, while the degree of trust in the media depended on the political party they voted for in the last elections. Media editors in both countries confirmed the importance of verification procedures, although there were differences in their approach. The report also suggests several solutions to combat disinformation, such as investing in media literacy programs, regulating online sources of disinformation, and promoting transparency and accuracy in reporting. By reading the report, policymakers, media organizations, and the general public can gain a better understanding of the effects of disinformation on the media industry in Spain and Portugal and the steps that can be taken to address this growing problem.

Augmented Reality (AR) glasses separate dyadic interactions on different sides of the lens, where the person wearing the glasses (primary user) sees an AR world overlaid on their partner (secondary actor). The secondary actor interacts with the primary user understanding they are seeing both physical and virtual worlds. We use grounded theory to study interaction tasks, participatory design sessions, and in-depth interviews of 10 participants and explore how AR real-time modifications affect them. We observe a power imbalance attributed to the: (1) lack of transparency of the primary user’s view, (2) violation of agency over self-presentation, and (3) discreet recording capabilities of AR glasses. This information asymmetry leads to a negotiation of behaviors to reach a silently understood equilibrium. This paper addresses underlying design issues that contribute to power imbalances in dyadic interactions and offers nuanced insights into the dynamics between primary users and secondary actors.

This chapter analyses how courts and their case law have developed the law of securities liability, or liability for misstatements in securities offerings in the US, and are in the process of doing so in the EU. First, the chapter analyses how US courts ‘implied’ a private right of action in securities’ regulatory provisions, like section 10b of the Exchange Act, and how they shaped a doctrine of liability and its elements, including materiality, causation and reliance, with the ‘fraud-on-the-market’ theory, the respective role of federal and state levels, and the limited role of insider trading rules in civil liability. Secondly, the chapter analyses the incipient state of case law in the EU on liability for misstatements, centred in prospectus liability, and the initial obstacles, such as the need to remedies that vary by jurisdiction, or the different approaches to ‘causation’ and ‘reliance’, as well as the role of other provisions, notably insider trading, as a basis for civil liability. Thirdly, the chapter analyses the specialties of the liability of ‘secondary actors’ or ‘gatekeepers’, such as underwriters, auditors or rating agencies, including its constitutional dimension (free speech and opinions), private law dimension, with the different approaches to limit damages, and regulatory dimension, with the possibility that gatekeepers may be responsible for the statements by listed companies, and/or under specific rules on secondary actor liability.

VCI 1. Is the Nutcracker Syndrome the Most Important Actor in the Presence and Presentation of the Pelvic Congestion Syndrome?

PurposeDynamic capabilities (DCs) help media firms adapt to rapidly changing environments. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive literature review of studies of DCs in strategic management research with a view to understanding its implications for the management of media organizations. Essentially, it fertilizes on the idea that the concept of DC is useful and vital for answering various critical questions regarding the challenges that media organizations are currently facing.Design/methodology/approachThis study builds on a systematic literature reviewing design as the research methodology. It aims to identify, critically evaluate, and integrate factors, dimensions, and findings on studies of DCs in strategic management research and builds knowledge transfers to the field of strategic management research in the media industry.FindingsThe study shows that the DC framework helps media firms effectively respond to changing environments. The conceptual DC framework has implications for media strategy practice. Results indicate a considerable growth in the number of papers published related to the DCs in media organizations from 2003 to 2018.Originality/valueThe study qualifies the relevance and validity of the DC framework in strategic management research for the field of strategic media management. It explores a research agenda in this domain by precisely explaining the significant trends in the theory of DC to shape managerial strategies in the media industry.

ABSTRACTThis study contributes to emerging research on management of organisational tensions in the media industry. We approach the topic by utilising the concept of ambidexterity, which has hardly been applied to media organisations. The goal of this study is to provide a capability-based approach to organisational ambidexterity. Thus, we offer a new approach for analysing media management by operationalising ambidexterity with operational and dynamic capabilities.The study analyses what kinds of tensions ambidexterity creates between managerial operational and dynamic capabilities. The empirical analysis is based on interviews with top-level managers at the Finnish Broadcasting Company, Yle, during 2013/14. The approach is qualitative. The results are presented by using our theoretical approach of combining exploration and exploitation (ambidexterity) with sensing and seizing (dynamic and operational capabilities).

This exploratory study examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the Philippine media industry, particularly in news media, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. It utilizes a qualitative research method that includes desk reviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions with representatives of news media organizations, journalism and communication departments of universities, professional associations, a law firm, and an AI consulting firm. AI adoption in Philippine news media is a relatively recent phenomenon, with most news organizations adopting AI in the early 2020s and private entities leading the way. Some organizations have developed internal AI policies, while others are either crafting or refining their guidelines, indicating self-regulation initiatives. While AI is increasingly used across many newsroom tasks, human oversight and transparency are considered essential to maintain journalistic integrity. It is generally perceived as an augmentation tool rather than a replacement for human work. While there have been no reported job losses linked to AI, concerns persist. Key drivers of AI adoption include having young, tech-savvy staff, a culture of innovation, bottom-up adoption, cost-effectiveness, faster content production, digital competitiveness, and skills enhancement. However, concerns such as inaccuracies in AI-generated output, job displacement, subscription costs, and resistance from older staff and those who prefer traditional methods limit adoption. The perceived risks associated with AI are multifaceted and include hallucinations and biases in AI outputs, the exacerbation of misinformation, and job displacement. Other concerns include cybersecurity breaches, copyright issues, AI over-reliance that could diminish human capacity, the adverse impacts on the sustainability of news media, and environmental consequences. While AI improves operational efficiency, enhances productivity, and boosts audience engagement, it has also posed complex challenges that threaten the sustainability, integrity, and intellectual property of news media organizations. These challenges include declining revenues due to AI-powered platforms that deliver news summaries directly to audiences, diverting traffic away from news sites; the content scraping by platforms and AI tools, which raises serious copyright issues on top of the revenue losses experienced by news publishers; the low accountability of platforms and content creators for the content they circulate, especially when it involves copyrighted materials and false information; and the difficulties that small media organizations face to adapt to the digital age. To address these challenges and promote ethical and responsible use of AI, the study proposes several measures for AI governance. These include developing compensation policies for the media content used in AI training and on various platforms, exploring sustainable business and funding models, holding platforms accountable, enhancing the enforcement of existing laws, supporting small media organizations, developing localized AI models and tools, enhancing media self-regulation, making journalism education responsive to an AI-driven media landscape, enhancing media and information literacy, and addressing digital and AI gaps. Collaboration among all stakeholders is crucial to managing risks and leveraging AI’s potential to strengthen the Philippine news media industry’s role in society.

Disruption in the global media and publishing industry is prevalent due to digitalization and new business models. The Scandinavian media market have already for a decade experienced disruptive technology and digital changes. The old highly profitable two-sided business model of both selling newspapers and adds has evaporated. Remaining is a freemium or even worse – a free content and a small margin from selling online advertisements. To compensate for revenue reduction the media organizations digitalize, and consequently have made a lot of media workers redundant. To create competitive advantage in this digital landscape, the players in the media industry needs to utilize big data analytics to make better decisions and to learn. It requires media organizations to gather, process, and act on a lot of information by combining digital multisided platforms. To know customer preferences and behavior there is a strong need to analyze, learn and explore rich information sources. They also need to be better at knowledge management to transform insight from data to organizational changes. To date there is limited empirical research detailing this learning process involving big data analytics and knowledge management. We offer insight from a case study of one of Norway’s larger publishing houses, with ownership in several newspapers and online media platforms. The case study was conducted during 2021 and is based on 10 different interviews with newspaper editors, journalists, commercial managers, and business analysts. Learning is an essential part of developing dynamic capabilities and this study is built on frameworks developed on knowledge development by applying the 4Iorganizational learning framework as an analytical lens. Our findings reveal important triggers and barriers for use of digital analytical tools and organizational learning processes. Especially intuiting, by providing more granularity to this dimension of the 4I framework corresponding better to the contemporary digitalized organizational reality. From this in-depth study of big data we gain insight into organizational learning from the intuition process. What triggers information retrieval can be categorized in three different areas: Strategic, Development and Cooperative aspects. In terms of strategic, availability of analytical tools is a crucial factor for a data-driven publishing business. From a development perspective, hypothesis-testing, developing new business models and new services is the core of big data analytics. The last dimension identified is cooperation as it is easier to find a common ground and direction for the organization. Big data analytics creates a coordination element in the organization. Although big data is a frequent business concept, relatively few articles address the challenges of using business analytical tools for understanding how organizations convert knowledge and learn and from big data.

Utilization of computer technology to improve the quality of public services in Ciburuy village cannot be carried out optimally if it is not supported by the readiness of human resources as the parties who use it. readiness of human resources in using computer technology is one of the important factors in terms of public services.Therefore we need a computer technology transfer process that is adequate, right on target and appropriate for Ciburuy village staff, as the main actor in this activity, namely service to the community.Methods of implementing human resource improvement through computer skills training activities through the Microsoft Word Application Program, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, databases and networks are carried out through several stages. resulting in an average value of being satisfied and quite satisfied so that public services in Ciburuy village must improve service quality. but the unique thing is seen in the ability of village staff in the service. so that respondents have started to feel satisfied with the services carried out by Ciburuy village staff.

This chapter offers a critical review of formative research on the changing organization of communication industries and production as this was developed in Britain and Europe from the mid-1960s – when academic study of media gained significant academic momentum – to the mid-1990s. It presents the resulting work as a set of Russian dolls nested within each other with a synoptic political economy of the changing communications landscape providing essential framing context for intermediate analyses of specific media industries, organizations and occupations, and grounded ethnographies of cultural production. It notes the role of Pierre Bourdieu and Jurgen Habermas in providing conceptual resources and foci for analysis and explores the ways research engaged with a series of transformations in media industries and production. These include: television’s reorganization of the public sphere; the gathering crisis of representation prompted by the failure of experiments in popular program making and the continuing self-enclosure of professional enclaves around occupational ideologies and preexisting social networks; and the increasing impact of the neoliberal promotion of marketization and the ideology of consumption on both the strategies pursued by commercial media industries and on the ideal of communication as a public good providing resources for active and informed citizenship.

This volume considers how media firms, as well as entire industries, exist and persist over time despite what often seems to be intense competition for such resources as audiences and advertisers. Addressing competition within and among media organizations and industries, including broadcasting, cable, and the Internet, author John W. Dimmick studies the media industries through the niche theory lens, developed by bioecologists to explain competition and coexistence. He examines the targets of the different media--audience, advertisers, money--and how they compete, using examples from a variety of studies. Each chapter incorporates relevant economic constructs into the analytic framework. This approach includes the use of economics of scale to explain selection and firm mortality in newspapers and movie theaters; the application of the transaction costs concept to explicate the rise of advertising agencies; the employment of the strategic group concept in analyzing the niche breadth strategy; and the measurement of gratifications-utilities. A comprehensive overview of the determinants of media competition and coexistence, Media Competition and Coexistence: The Theory of the Niche offers unique insights for scholars, students, researchers, and practitioners in media economics, management, and business.

Journalists are working in an ever-changing environment (where precarity has become commonplace). Reporters are increasingly required to multi-task, as news has become ubiquitous. This includes writing and editing copy, posting content online and on social media, sourcing images, recording and editing audio and recording pieces to camera: the traditional television, radio and print reporter all rolled into one. Yet, additional duties are not matched by increased pay; in some instances resources have been cut, and management cite reduced advertising revenue as the main reason. This research examined the impact of those changes to work practices on journalists, the media industry, and on wider society in Ireland, where multi-tasking has become more prevalent in the past 10 to 15 years and the pressures faced by journalists have intensified in the aftermath of COVID-19. Twelve journalists working in the media in Ireland were interviewed as part of this research. Their perceptions on the main influences on their work practices were explored. The findings of this research argue that due to the relentless drive for profit maximization, the result is that insufficient time and resources are made available to run newsrooms adequately and this is particularly prevalent in the regional press. This means ‘desk’ journalism is prioritized over ‘field’ reporting, while the battle between accuracy and immediacy is placing journalists under immense pressure and this also affects the quality of content produced and disseminated. Also, there is insufficient focus by media organizations on time intensive journalism i.e., investigative journalism—which potentially impacts everyone’s lives—and this influences how ordinary citizens understand the world around them. This research argues that the ability of journalism to hold the powerful to account is diminishing. Journalism, in its current trajectory, does not fulfil its Fourth Estate or ‘watchdog’ function, and critically, this influences people’s understanding of society, as this research outlines.

This chapter argues for an industrial perspective in media studies. Such a perspective was adopted by several founding fathers of media research. An industrial approach can draw upon relevant research traditions in several fields of social science; the insights of organizational studies are one example. Contemporary media are characterized by large, complex organizations. An occupational sociology perspective reveals that media organizations have characteristic occupational strata. In the middle are the "professionals" and technical/production work force, and at the bottom there is a layer of unskilled extras. At the top of media organizations are entrepreneurs, baronial executives, and celebrity performers. Media research has tended to leave these starry individuals to the popular press, but, in doing so, has ignored much that is important to, and characteristic of, the media industry. Comparative studies between national media industries can be instructive. This chapter reviews a number of recent British studies and points to the need for an agreed-upon conceptual framework suitable for comparative and other studies of the world media industry.

The media industry is undergoing a comprehensive change due to media convergence and the diffusion of the internet. However, there is a lack of research in the field of 
\nInformation Systems on how these technological phenomena impact work practices in broadcasting and media organizations.
\nUsing the BBC’s Digital Media Initiative (DMI) as a case study, I provide a detailed description and analysis of the implementation of DMI in news and long-form 
\nproductions. The empirical evidence was gathered from BBC Northern Ireland (BBC NI), where a large-scale digital video production infrastructure based on DMI was 
\nimplemented.
\nMy point of departure is the study and impact of digitalization in work practices associated to the production of video as an image-based artefact, which complements previous studies that focus on information tokens such as electronic text. I seek to 
\nassess how work practices at BBC NI were affected by the use of digital video throughout the DMI workflow. In this context, my case study analyzes: 1) DMI’s technical infrastructure and its impact on work practices for the purpose of searching and organizing video content, and how this affected news and long-form productions 
\ndistinctively; and 2) the domain of video craft editing brought about by the digitization of the video production process.
\nMy contribution demonstrates the importance of a semiotic approach to the study of the digitalized image-based artefact, particularly when analyzing the construction of a video narrative. Video narratives are based on work practices that originate not only from particular occupational cultures, but also from the technological characteristics of digital video information. I address the importance of the semiotic character of digital video, in both syntactic and semantic dimensions, and acknowledge its role as a constitutive element for understanding the impact of digitalization and work in the information age.

Business models of news media organisations are currently undergoing profound transformations as the ability of traditional news media to effectively monetise their audiences is eroding (Napoli 2011). Since the beginning of the global economic crisis the news industry is facing not only problems of trust in journalism, but also of increasing financial difficulties resulting from declining numbers of readers, listeners and viewers, lower advertising revenues and failed technological innovations in the sphere of journalistic production (e. g. Jones and Salter 2012; Grieskin et al 2012). While online news production has often been studied from the perspective of audience participation in the creation and distribution of news or the impact of digital technology on newsgathering routines, it has less frequently been examined how business models of news organisations are being transformed in the digital age. Different authors (e.g. Napoli 2011; Fuchs 2011; Turow 2012; Allmer 2012) emphasize that digital technologies enable increased surveillance of internet users; it remains to be answered to what degree media industries (beyond biggest Internet corporations) in fact utilize these possibilities in their daily business and in what ways "economic surveillance" influences their decisions. It is therefore of key importance to study the changes in these industries that occurred in the recent years because of technological developments and the economic squeeze. In short, these transformations must be analysed from a critical political-economic perspective as well. While Slovenia has been especially hit by the global capitalist crisis (e.g. Vobič et al 2014) and Slovenian media industries have undergone transformations similar to other capitalist countries, Slovene media have also been under pressure from holders of social power during the last 20 years in the form of unstable ownerships, unstable management and frequent changes of editors, making it hard to balance journalistic and business goals. (Vobič 2012) The transition to online has in part because of this troubled history been quite problematic. In Slovenia detailed analysis of business models of digital media are available only for online editions of newspapers (e. g. Vobič 2013) and they find they are adapting to deteriorating financial circumstances mainly by reducing production costs, especially the costs of labour. Using the methods of content analysis, document analysis and in-depth interviews with journalists, editors, and advertisers, the authors analyse the three most visited Slovene news sites (24ur.com, Planet Siol and MMC RTV SLO) to examine: a) how these organisations are adapting to changing circumstances (particularly decreasing advertising revenues); b) how relationships between media organisations and advertisers are being transformed; and c) how is the availability of online audience metrics impacting the work process in newsrooms, relationships between different parts of news organisations (particularly the editorial and marketing of advertising space) and relationships between news organisations and advertisers.