Adapting Cognitive Radio Technology for Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network Devices

This paper introduces a new IEEE standard, IEEE 802.15.5,which provides mesh capability for wireless personal area network (WPAN) devices. The standard provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. It is composed of two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh. In this paper, we present only low-rate WPAN mesh because it is designed to support wireless sensor networks. IEEE 802.15.5 low-rate part is a light-weight scalable mesh routing protocol that caters well to the requirements of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. By binding logical addresses to the network topology, IEEE 802.15.5 obviates the need for route discovery. This eliminates the initial route discovery latency, saves storage space and reduces the communication overhead and energy consumption. A distributed link state scheme is further built atop the block addressing scheme to improve the quality of routes, robustness, and load balancing. The routing scheme scales well with regard to various performance metrics. The standard also provides enhanced functions such as multicast, reliable broadcast, power saving, time synchronization, route tracing and portability. We also present the performance evaluation of major functions performed with a 50-nodes tested deployed over a whole floor (100 × 140 ft2) at CUNY Engineering building. The results testify that the IEEE 802.15.5 will serve well for wireless personal area networks and wireless sensor networks.

With the rapid development of technology and application for Internet of Things (IoT), Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (LoWPAN) devices are more popularly applied. Evaluation of power efficiency is important to LoWPAN applications. Conventional method to evaluate the power efficiency of different LoWPAN devices is as follows: first measure the current of the devices under working/idle/sleep state and then make an average and estimation of the lifetime of batteries, which deeply relied on the accuracy of testing equipment and is not that accurate and with high cost. In this work, a low-cost, real-time power measurement platform called PTone is proposed, which can be used to detect the real-time power of LoWPAN devices (above 99.63%) and be able to determine the state of each module of DUT system. Based on the PTone, a novel abnormal status diagnosis mechanism is proposed. The mechanism can not only judge abnormal status but also find accurate abnormal status locating and classify abnormal status accurately. According to the method, each state of Device Under Test (DUT) during wireless transmission is estimated, different abnormal status can be classified, and thus specific location of abnormal module can be found, which will significantly shorten the development process for LoWPAN devices and thus reduce costs.

The throughput of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) based on Bluetooth was decided by the interference of Bluetooth piconets in the network. The interference was decided by the hamming correlation of Bluetooth FH (Frequency Hopping) selected sequence. In order to improve the WPAN throughput, the WPAN model and data packet collision model were built and the relations about WPAN throughput, the maximum hamming correlation of FH selected sequence, the numbers of Bluetooth piconets and the SNR of channel were analyzed. The functions of WPAN throughput were deduced. After analyzing the performance of Bluetooth FH selected sequence, the original algorithm was replaced by the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. The theoretical analysis proved that the AES FH sequences selected algorithm could improve the WPAN throughput. The simulation results proved the theoretical analysis. The test result with ARM926EJs SoC (System on Chip) + RF (Radio Frequency) chip nRF2401 and CSR's Bluecore4 Bluetooth module got the same conclusion. All of these could prove that the AES algorithm can improve the WPAN throughput efficiently.

Multimedia applications place high demands on resources in wireless networks. The 60GHz frequency band has been adopted to support high data rate applications in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). In the IEEE 802.15.3c standard for millimeter-wave-based high-rate WPANs, devices are allocated a dedicated transmission time called a CTA (channel time allocation) based on their request to transmit. While the duration of a CTA may be adjusted, the standard does not specify how resource allocation should be achieved. High-Definition (HD) video with variable bit rate (VBR) is a potential application for the WPAN. In this work, an IEEE 802.15.3c network is simulated and the throughput losses due to static resource provisioning for a series of H.264/SVC (MPEG-4 Part 10) HD video sources are identified. It is demonstrated that the high data rates proposed for the 60GHz frequency band will not be achieved without dynamic resource allocation.

Wireless networks of future generation are envisioned to be a combination of diverse networks environment and access technologies that can give us convenient wireless environment. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a low cost, low-rate, low-power wireless personal area network technology. IP for smart objects (IPSO) seeks to extend the use of IP networking into resource-constrained devices over a low-power network. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) is specified by the IETF Working Group, and advanced by the IPSO alliance. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector routing (LOAD) is based on ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), and simplifies the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. Although the LOAD simplifies the AODV for 6LoWPAN mesh network, but the broadcasting route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is still caused whole network overhead. In this paper, we would like to use the concept of Ad Hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) for LOAD to find multipath during the route discovery. If the path fail, we still have alternate path can be used for reducing the overhead of route discovery for the network.

The wireless personal area network (WPAN) is an emerging wireless technology for future short range indoor and outdoor communication applications. The IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed to coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, especially for short range and high data rate applications in home networks. In this paper we use analytical modeling to study the performance analysis of WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) MAC in terms of throughput, efficient bandwidth utilization, and delay with various ACK policies under error channel condition. This allows us to introduce a K-Dly-ACK-AGG policy, payload size adjustment mechanism, and Improved Backoff algorithm to improve the performance of the WPAN MAC. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the impact of our improvements on network capacity. Moreover, these results can be very useful to WPAN application designers and protocol architects to easily and correctly implement WPAN for home networking.

As the wireless personal area network (WPAN) gets utilized by more individuals, the interference that collocated WPANs cause to each other, termed self-interference, will be one of the major sources that degrade WPAN's communication performance. The conventional adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) strategies avoid frequency-static interference by reducing the hopset, but this deteriorates the performance if there is also self-interference. In this paper, we propose dynamic AFH (DAFH) mechanisms that are concurrently employed by collocated WPANs in order to avoid the self-interference. With DAFH, WPAN adaptively self-allocates a subset of frequency channels to be hopped, such as to minimize the experienced interference. The packet error rate is the only input to the proposed mechanisms, which enables DAFH to also avoid interference from frequency-static interferer. The optimization of the throughput should not be the sole target of the DAFH because WPAN operates in unlicensed spectrum and arbitrary adaptation of the FH pattern may be harmful to proximate non-WPAN devices. Therefore, we define and adopt an etiquette rule to characterize the behavior of the collocated WPANs with DAFH as a single collective entity that produces interference. The operation of DAFH is robust and adaptive to the dynamic changes in the environment and to the noise errors in the channel. Simulation results show that DAFH significantly increases the throughput of the WPANs in presence of both self-interference and frequency-static interference, while the WPANs employ best effort to minimize changes in the overall interference pattern

Developing cost-effective solutions to deliver broadband connection to undeserved or under-connected communities using fixed wireless access technology can be achieved by canopy networks. The former can be implemented using MIMO-OFDM technique. The implementations of MIMO-OFDM in systems have shown promising results in terms of system performance improvement. This paper presents high-speed FFT algorithms for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications which uses high data rate. In WPAN, the FFT/IFFT block plays the major role. To eliminate the huge burden of the computational requirement of the FFT/IFFT process, the divide and conquer algorithm is employed here. This method not only improves the efficiency but is also easy to implement. In this work, the concept of Discrete Fourier Transform is discussed and the same is implemented using MATLAB for the MIMO-OFDM process.

A common radio technology used in wireless sensor networks is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Wireless sensor networks have so far used custom, light-weight, and application specific network protocols on top of IEEE 802.15.4, often optimized for resource constrained low power hardware. In order to achieve interoperability at the network layer, the Internet Engineering Task Force published a standard for the transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless personal area networks, which provides an additional layer adapting the IPv6 network layer to the low power and resource constrained IEEE 802.15.4 link layer. This paper provides an evaluation of several independent implementations of the IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We describe the characteristics of the implementations and the protocol features supported. Our interoperability tests, carried out using two different hardware platforms, show that at least three implementations are to a large extend compatible with each other. At the end of the paper, we summarize recent work in the IETF to improve the IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 technology.

Background & Objective: The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the connection of smart electronics devices to the Internet which enables these devices to collect and exchange data. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are effectively connected in an ad-hoc manner which consists of collaborative sensing devices that have limited resources capabilities. The sensor nodes can work together to organize real-time monitoring, sensing, and collecting information about the various environments within the event area. Method: Connecting WSNs to the internet will allow new generations of WSN applications to appear. One of the main standards of Internet of Things (IoT) over WSN is IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) which has been designed to enable low-power wireless personal area network devices to integrate with IPv6 networks. This paper presents a 6LoWPAN test bed which has been conducted using MICAZ and TELOSB platforms. It implements TCP/IPv6 layers using Berkeley IP (BLIP) in TELOSB and MICAZ platforms. Conclusion: The finding in this paper opens up new Internet applications over WSNs. Keywords: Internet of Things, 6LoWPAN, WSNs, BLIP, electronic devices, sensor nodes.

Scatternet formation is one of the most important issues of emerging wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Numerous papers pointed out that the performance of a WPAN highly depends on the scatternet structure; however, for next generation WPANs (IEEE 802.15.3 and 802.15.4) the issue of scatternet formation is not discussed in the literature so far. This paper presents the techniques, constraints and effects of scatternet formation. First, the theoretically based problem is formulated in integer linear programming (ILP) framework. Two heuristic methods are proposed for high-rate WPANs (802.15.3), which can be extended for low-rate WPANs (802.15.4) as well. The constructed networks are analyzed based on two metrics: (1) total network load, (2) amount of piconets. We show that network performance highly depends on the used algorithm: the network load can be reduced by up to 30% by using a proper scatternet formation algorithm. Furthermore, the scatternet can be optimized depending on the actual network traffic and individual objectives

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) provides wireless links among proximate devices,usually carried by an individual.As WPAN gains momentum in ubiquitous usage, the interference that collocated WPANs cause to each other, termed self-interference, becomes one of the major sources that degrade the communication performance of WPAN. This paper in roduces the Frequency Rolling (FR), a particular instance of frequency hopping (FH) that enables he collocated WPANs to cooperate and avoid the self-interference. The FR uses as input solely the observed packet error rate (PER) and it does not require any exchange of information among he collocated WPANs. The effect of the FR over a longer time in erval is hat the WPANs use he complete set of disposable channels in an implicit time-division and cooperative manner. The parameters of he FR are chosen such that a WPAN which uses FR never occupies the channels in the unlicensed spectrum more than what is permitted by the current regulation. We compare the goodput offered by FR to the goodput of the collocated piconets when conventional pseudorandom FH is used. Our simulation results show that FR has superior goodput performance. In addition, he design of FR is made robust owards the errors due to the channel noise. Some guidance for practical fault-toleran design and future extensions of FR are given. All hese features promote the great potential of FR as a coexistence mechanism for unlicensed operation.

This paper proposes several extensions to IEEE Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) MAC protocol in order to enable a more robust and flexible solution to WPANs and sensor networks. Specifically, four extensions are proposed: a priority access period is added to handle emergency data transmission needed in some use cases, a scheduling protocol to resolve beacon transmission conflict between multiple WPANs operating in the same vicinity, a resource reservation protocol for interference- free data communication in a tree-topology WPAN, and a network alignment method to coordinate multiple coexisting unsynchronized WPANs.

In mobile wireless personal area networks (WPAN), the position of each node changes over time. A new network protocol that is able to dynamically update its links in order to maintain strong connectivity is said to be self-reconfiguring. In this paper, we propose mobile wireless personal area networks' (WPAN) design method with self-reconfiguring protocol for power efficiency. The WPAN is self-organized to clusters using an unsupervised clustering method, fuzzy c-means. A fuzzy logic system is applied to master/controller election for each cluster. A self-reconfiguring topology is proposed to manage the mobility and recursively update the network topology. We also modify the mobility management scheme with hysteresis to overcome the ping-pong effect.

Bluetooth Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) is a new standard for low distance communications. In the WPAN, the time delay and bandwidth utilization are the bottleneck of network development. In this paper, an on-demand scheduling algorithm for time-sensitive transactions in the area of WPAN has been proposed. The algorithm referred in this paper is mainly composed of two important parts. On one hand, four final factors referred in the scheduling will be defined including data arrival rate, link load factor, data model factor and time factor. On the other hand, in order to meet the strict requirement of time delay, generally, the cluster identifier (CID) is a good aspect to be utilized to reduce the negative effect of time delay. However, different kinds of CID may have different priorities. The biggest advantages of this algorithm are low time delay and high band utilization. The feasibility of the algorithm can be demonstrated through the simulation.