Adaptive Communication System with Renewable Energy Source

The paper considers the implementation of adaptive video communication systems. The analysis of the current state of models of color perception is presented on the basis of which conclusions are drawn and further ways of solving problems of correct color representation in adaptive systems are proposed. The results of using the mesopic and scotopic vision apparatus in the framework of one color perception model are presented. Recommendations for further modernization of the color perception model, as well as expansion of the functionality of adaptive video communication systems are given.

This paper evaluates at the various modulation and coding techniques suitable for adaptive data communication system. The techniques evaluated are applicable to HF spectrum. Examples of modulation and coding scheme that are evaluated include PACTOR I, PACTOR II, PACTOR III, GTOR and STANAG 4285. Analysis of system performance is made in the presence of AWGN with future extension for multipath fading conditions. Comparison will be made based on the bit-error rate (BER), packet-error rate (PER) and the throughput. In addition, the effective data rate for all the schemes is compared with the Shannon capacity limit to ensure the optimal utilization of the given channel bandwidth. The modulation and coding scheme that meets all of the above requirements will be used for future adaptive data communication system.

This paper presents capacity limits of novel position aware adaptive cellular communication systems exploiting channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter (CSIT). The position aware adaptive communication systems are benchmarked against state-of-the-art adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) systems that use only feedback or predict CSIT in addition to the feedback CSI. We analyze the position aware adaptive communication systems both with perfect and imperfect position information. Numerical results demonstrate that position aware adaptive systems operate close to the channel capacity over a large range of feedback delays and channel variability with perfect position information. Further, position aware adaptive communication systems can outperform state-of-the-art AMC systems for Gaussian distributed position errors with standard deviations smaller than 2.5 m by more than 0.6 bits/s/Hz.

ABSTRACTThe growing demand for energy in developing societies, coupled with dwindling conventional resources, necessitates the adoption of renewable energy (RE) sources. A comprehensive understanding of these sources and their optimal utilization is crucial. The awareness of the users plays a very important role in the effective utilization of different energy sources. Hence, this study examines the level of RE awareness in Palestine, identifying factors influencing public perception and exploring potential strategies for promoting RE adoption. This awareness depends on different factors related to the users' education level, community type, and type of building. Different factors that affect the willingness and attitude to gain knowledge about RE are presented. In addition, various practices highlighting the increasing level of awareness regarding the adoption of RE sources are investigated. In addition, the status of RE education and its potential impact on engineers have also been discussed. Various individual and institutional efforts are highlighted in the study as strategies to bridge the gap and overcome obstacles to adopting RE sources. Suggestions for better use of these resources have been highlighted. Thereafter, recommendations for effective RE implementation in Palestine are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The main challenges in integrating RE into Palestine's existing energy grid and system include infrastructure limitations, resources and financial constraints, and political issues. Still, there are possibilities in the form of international collaboration and investment. A flexible and modular RE grid could also address some of these challenges by integrating small‐scale systems that can be scaled up as needed.

An adaptive rate communication system based on the new DECT standard is evaluated. One of the three modulated signals, namely /spl pi//2-D2PSK, /spl pi//4-D4PSK and /spl pi//8-D8PSK, is chosen for transmission, according to the channel conditions estimated by the Euclidean distance between the received and detected signals. The simulations show that the adaptive rate DECT system tracks a slowly varying fading channel with Rayleigh distribution in the case of low mobile unit speed. The achieved data throughput is up to three times higher in comparison to the fixed rate DECT communication system. It is shown also that in the presence of cochannel interference, the Euclidean distance switching approach is superior to the RSSI approach.

On a theoretical and practical level, the benefits and environmental impacts resulting from the use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources have been mostly accepted, understood, and calculated. In addition, infrastructure construction studies have been conducted, studied, and implemented for the utilization of most energy sources. The cognitive processes for processing information about processable energy sources are not directly involved with renewable or non-renewable energy sources but refer to each of the energy sources that make them up separately. The aim of the present paper is to carefully select the best or most suitable landscaping design, phytotechnical planning, phytotechnical material, and phytotechnical method for the arrangement of renewable energy sources (RES) environment. The methodology that will be used will be as follows: Collection of findings from data sources and data collection such as literature review. Consideration of alternative solutions for findings. State whether the hypothesis or theory is supported or not supported and/or can answer the research questions. Consideration of the generalizability of the findings. There are specific factors for a phytotechnical method in photovoltaic energy power generating stations that need to be considered and analyzed in the present paper. Such as planting surfaces that are safe for planting, planting species to be used and related to the soil morphology or physiology, plants’ height, preparatory interventions to create suitable conditions at planting sites, and growing methods and maintenance of the planting. These factors are defined according to the classification of photovoltaic station work (A1, A2, B, exempt from environmental licensing). The results include the selection of the necessary plant species according to the principles of phyto-technical arrangement and the necessary specifications.

Diffusion of innovation model of consumer behaviour – Ideas to accelerate adoption of renewable energy sources by consumer communities in India

The transition to a low carbon society is dependent on renewable energy-based electrification. Nevertheless, energy programs have resulted in growing societal polarization in several regions. Therefore, around the globe, government and legislative authorities at the local, regional, national, and international levels are highly concerned about the environmental impacts and risk factors that influence the energy paradigm. Thus, to minimize and/or limit the environmental insecurity issues, the world needs swift and effective actions to secure the climate for a better tomorrow. Moreover, there is a dire need to look for new energy alternatives, along with reducing the complete dependence on petro-based energy sources. Keeping this burning issue in mind, herein, an effort has been made to present the potential of several renewable energy sources, including wind-based renewable energy, solar-based renewable energy, hydro-based renewable energy, and biomass-based renewable energy. Following a brief introduction of energy-related problems and opportunities, a comparative overview is given to renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources. Then, several renewable energy sources, including wind, solar, hydro, and biomass, along with the worldwide energy capacity of each energy source are given with suitable examples and statistics. Finally, risk factors, concluding remarks, and future guidelines are discussed towards the end.

Promotional policy and perspectives of usage renewable energy in Lithuania

The work presents a new approach to the concurrent optimization and design of transmitting and receiving parts of the adaptive communication systems (ACS). There is shown that optimal ACS used in the threshold mode provide, under given BER, a bit rate equal to the capacity of the forward channel.

Researchers have found that despite a wide range of renewable energy sources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), renewable energy pricing policies have focused extensively on metered electricity energy, an early source of renewable energy. Supply, access, and regulation of price for metered electricity energy is mostly controlled by the governments across SSA. There is an increasing use of other renewable energy sources including portable electricity, solar power, and wind power. However, in SSA, the pricing for domestic renewable domestic renewable power such as portable electricity, rechargeable cookstoves, and portable solar power sources are left to the market to legislate, with energy prices dependent on forces of demand and supply and seldom on clear scientific models. This commercially focused energy market means businesses operating in the energy industry are more interested in profits and set prices relative to their market perceptions. The main problem with the energy market in SSA is the lack of a participatory approach where customers, businesses, the government, and other stakeholders are involved in the pricing for energy. We further note that lack of a participatory approach in energy pricing is a major challenge in uptake and demand for the domestic renewable energy sources. Through a systematic literature review, including a review of peer-reviewed journals, documents from energy utility companies, and published information on the websites for energy companies, this review analyzes the current application of energy price modeling and hypothesizes that mobile technology and a participatory pricing approach can improve pricing for domestic renewable power. Our initial literature review showed that energy price modeling had received little attention in SSA, especially for domestic renewable power energy sources. This paper, therefore, fills this gap by using a systematic literature review to consolidate knowledge on how energy price modeling has been applied in the SSA context. The systematic literature review results reveal four commonly used models: time series, artificial neural network, hybrid iterative reactive adaptive, and hybrid models. These energy pricing models are mainly applied to metered electricity power, the predominant source of energy in SSA. The literature hypothesizes that applying mobile technology to energy pricing and a participatory approach involving the consumers and energy supply businesses can move SSA closer to transitioning to renewable energy. Although other factors have hindered this transition, a participatory energy pricing approach incorporating relevant pricing models and market information creates potential solutions to these challenges. In the discussion, we hypothesize that a participatory approach to price modeling with the incorporation of mobile technology can be used at the household level to improve energy decision-making. For this to work, energy price modeling for domestic renewable sources should be simplified, user-friendly, and accessible to households. In conclusion, we recommend that SSA governments develop a more holistic view of energy price modeling to better harness the potential for domestic renewable energy sources.

Prioritization of renewable energy sources for Turkey by using a hybrid MCDM methodology

Energy crisis and environmental safety has become a thing of global concern, Nigeria inclusive. This is due to the increasing energy prices and environmental impact. Energy generated from the non-renewable energy sources has been linked up with this energy crisis and non-friendly environment. Research is therefore been geared towards harnessing renewable energy resources as alternative sources of energy generation. Renewable energy sources such as hydropower, wind, geothermal and solar just to mention a few are environmentally friendly. This study therefore aims at exploring renewable energy sources and thus designing a small hydropower plant using Ikere gorge Dam as case study. A survey was conducted through personal interview and probing of previous records of the site. Basic parameters such as flow rate of 31.8 m3/s and a head of 30 m were obtained. These parameters were used together with the standard equations for the design of the small hydropower plant. Costing analysis of the plant was carried out in other to estimate the cost of the plant. The comparative analysis of the renewable and non-renewable energy sources was also carried out. The theoretical power obtained for small hydropower project is 9.36 MW. The initial cost of the project is estimated at N63,343,970 with an estimated annual maintenance cost of N500,000. The annual energy output is 3.6 × 107 kWh and the project has estimated annual revenue of N579,960,000. When compared with other renewable energy sources, the cost of small hydropower plant is low and when compared with dwindling oil prices and environmental effects of non-renewable energy sources, small hydropower stands second to none. The study established that Ikere gorge Dam is a feasible site for a small hydropower plant and a small hydropower plant has also been designed; hence small hydropower plant is therefore recommended.

The efficient use of existing energy sources along with the development and widespread use of alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources becoming important issues. At this point, the energy content of municipal solid wastes (MSW) can be considered a renewable energy source. MSWs contain a large fraction of renewable material and are continuously produced as a result of human activity. Therefore, international authorized institutions such as the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) assess MSWs as renewable and sustainable energy sources. Incineration is one of the options for energy recovery from MSW as a waste-to-energy (WTE) approach. The R1 energy efficiency is a criterion introduced by the European Union Waste Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) to differentiate waste operation by incineration as either disposal or energy recovery. The paper focused on the evaluation of the MSW incineration potential of İzmir province in consideration of R1 energy efficiency criteria. According to the R1, the MSW energy recovery (both heat and electricity) potentials were investigated considering the amount, composition, and calorific value of MSW generated in İzmir province. The population growth, MSW generation, and calorific value alternation up to 2026 were estimated for İzmir. Based on MSW future projections of İzmir province, overall energy recovery potential was assessed. It is forecasted that the average net calorific value (NCV) of MSW generated in İzmir will exceed 6 MJ/kg. This NCV will be suitable for energy recovery from the İzmir MSW. Assuming R1=0.65, it is predicted that a minimum of 2231 GWh/year of heat energy or 932 GWh/year of electricity can be produced annually in the next years 2022.

Indonesia is working hard to fulfil the quantity, quality, and reliability of the electricity supply in eastern Indonesia. The geographical condition of eastern Indonesia, which consists of thousands of islands with a scattered population and relatively low density, makes it challenging to electrify this region economically. This region still relies on fossil fuels to produce electricity. This dependency becomes a primary problem due to cost production, security of fossil supply and not being environmentally friendly. An option to reduce fossil fuels dependency and ensure the sustainability of electricity supply and reach the economic production cost is to replace fossil energy with renewable energy (RE) sources. However, no research in this area focuses on finding the most economical and sustainable RE sources. Therefore, this research focuses on finding RE sources based on local energy resources, guaranteeing sustainability, supporting local economic growth, and operating at a reasonable cost. The research's results show that the biomass sources potential in eastern Indonesia is immense, distributed over a vast area. The projected electricity demand in Eastern Indonesia towards 2050 will reach 15.9 TWh, and it needs to be supported by more than 4,200 MW of generating capacity. Suppose it is targeted that by 2050 electrical energy from RE will reach 31%. In that case, it is projected that the aggregate biomass required will reach 5.86 million tons, with the average conversion of wood biomass to produce calories ranging from 4,200 to 4,600 kcal/kg. The volume of forest products will supply the Biomass power plant to reach 1.28 GW. These potential needs can be met by energy plantations covering 1,130,738 ha spread across various islands in Eastern Indonesia. In addition, the sustainable preparation of biomass forests will also drive people's economy in this region.