Adaptive Lighting in Outdoor Security Applications

Lighting control with distributed wireless sensing and actuation for daylight and occupancy adaptation

Studies have shown that illuminance and correlated colour temperature (CCT) are strongly correlated with body responses such as circadian rhythm, alertness, and mood. It is worth noting that these responses show a complex and variable coupling, which needs to be solved using accurate mathematical models for the regulation of indoor light parameters. Therefore, in this study, by weighing the evaluations of visual comfort, alertness, valence, and arousal of mood, a multi-objective optimisation mathematical model was developed with constraints conducive to the healthy rhythm. The problem was solved with the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on the decomposition differential evolution (MOEA/D-DE) algorithm. Taking educational space as the analysis goal, a dual-parameter setting strategy for illuminance and CCT covering four modes was proposed: focused learning, comfortable learning, soothing learning, and resting state, which could provide a scientific basis for the regulation of the lighting control system. The alertness during class time reached 3.01 compared to 2.34 during break time, showing a good light facilitation effect. The proposed mathematical model and analysis method also have the potential for application in the lighting design and control in other spaces to meet the era of intelligent, highly flexible, and sustainable buildings.

This paper presents a road lighting control system that uses a light-dependent resistor sensor cooperating with an Internet protocol camera to the lower energy consumption during unnecessary use of a lighting system. A microcontroller was used as a control circuit to automatically control the brightness of a light-emitting diode (LED) luminaire, increasing or decreasing the brightness depending on traffic density. The proposed lighting control system was integrated into a nanogrid solar road lighting system and analysed through an experimental setup. Furthermore, nanogrid solar road lighting systems in LED solar stand-alone and grid-connected operations, with and without the proposed lighting control, were investigated and compared with a conventional existing road lighting system in terms of economic feasibility, based on the following indicators: discounted payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. The results indicate that the use of the Internet protocol camera with the LED sensor can automatically control the on/off state or illuminance levels of the LED luminaire, thereby lowering the energy consumption of the road lighting system when lighting is not required. The economic assessment results indicate that the nanogrid solar road lighting system in LED solar stand-alone and grid-connected road lighting modes exhibit feasibility for investment; the latter provides more economic feasibility. However, when the proposed lighting control is included, the nanogrid solar road lighting system in both modes have lower initial investment costs and save more energy. Consequently, the economic results are improved. The use of the proposed lighting control is thus economically feasible for road lighting systems.

We consider the problem of controlling a smart lighting system of multiple luminaires with collocated occupancy and light sensors. The objective is to attain illumination levels higher than specified values (possibly changing over time) at the workplace by adapting dimming levels using sensor information, while minimizing energy consumption. We propose to estimate the daylight illuminance levels at the workplace based on the daylight illuminance measurements at the ceiling. More specifically, this daylight estimator is based on a model built from data collected by light sensors placed at workplace reference points and at the luminaires in a training phase. Three estimation methods are considered: regularized least squares, locally weighted regularized least squares, and cluster-based regularized least squares. This model is then used in the operational phase by the lighting controller to compute dimming levels by solving a linear programming problem, in which power consumption is minimized under the constraint that the estimated illuminance is higher than a specified target value. The performance of the proposed approach with the three estimation methods is evaluated using an open-office lighting model with different daylight conditions. We show that the proposed approach offers reduced under-illumination and energy consumption in comparison to existing alternative approaches.

<p>Incorporating different technologies and lighting techniques in the illumination of structures has allowed us to portray fantastic night time vistas of our cities. However, the success of the selected technique or technology is frequently assessed based on what the lighting does to the overall environment. At present, it is a common practice for the client or architect to require an illuminated night view of the building. These views are often used as part of the marketing strategy to promote building facilities. Alternatively, on a large scale, they can help promote buildings as city icons. The illumination of building facades requires an appropriate selection of one or more floodlighting techniques and light sources to achieve the desired lighting effect. This selection, often driven by lighting standards and design considerations, will heavily influence the way in which that the overall lit environment will be portrayed at the end of the lighting project. Currently, tables and floodlighting techniques exist to select the recommended quantity of light and the most suitable luminaire arrangement to illuminate a façade. There is however, no direct indication of how the surrounding area will be affected when the recommended light levels are achieved on the façade. Despite the increased importance of the floodlighting technique, the design of a good illuminated façade does not have a tradition on which to base parameters for the lighting design. This is often individually approached based on the knowledge, understanding, experience and proficiency of the lighting designer. Considering the diversity of buildings in urban environments, the selection of uncoordinated design parameters could have a significant impact on the area where the building is located. This could affect the occupant comfort and good energy management. In light of the considerations presented above, it is only with a methodological approach that the lighting designer will be able to provide predictable and consistent results in any number of different situations. This presents an opportunity to develop a methodology to identify whether a façade is over-lit or if the proposed lighting solution is adequate for the area where it is situated. The proposed methodology will provide a tool to estimate the potential lighting results while considering the effect on the overall environment where the building is located. When a façade is illuminated, the degree of the light experienced at street level is very much dependent upon the reflected light from the primary lit surface. This allows for a relationship based on light levels received at the surrounding street and the average illuminance level achieved on the façade. Considering that lighting parameters such as lamp lumen output, the reflective qualities of the surface and the luminaire position are intrinsically connected to light reflections, a mathematical expression is formulated to link the relationship mentioned above with lighting design parameters through a set of nomographs. This method provides a good foundation to systematically approach lighting designs with a comprehensive procedure to link the practical lighting considerations with the lighting requirements that will provide occupant comfort and good energy management. This method will help designers to compare different lighting alternatives by analysing the lighting impact of different lit facade options at the very early stage of the lighting design process.</p>

<p><b>How can the unique qualities that 3D printing offers generate surprise through visual-tactile incongruities in lighting design?</b></p> <p>Designs that surprise us challenge our expectations and impact the experience and perception of our surroundings. Surprise is a useful tool for designers and can elevate a product from mundane to memorable; drawing attention and inviting engagement. Existing strategies have explored surprise in product design through the exploration of sensory incongruities, most notably visual-tactile incongruities (Ludden, 2008; Ludden, Schifferstein, & Hekkert, 2008). 3D printing is an evolving technology that has capabilities traditional manufacturing is unable to achieve, including: building internal and complex structures, building with multiple materials simultaneously, and creating material gradients. Lighting design has been explored with 3D printing, attaining previously unachievable patterns, moving structures and light permeation control. Lighting design has also investigated surprise and sensory incongruities. However, research has not yet been done to investigate how visually-tactually incongruous 3D printing can offer new strategies for eliciting surprise in lighting design.</p> <p>This research addresses this identified gap by assessing the applicability of Ludden’s (2008) strategies to 3D printing. This was done through the design of a series of experimental objects and lights that sought to surprise through the use of visual-tactile incongruities. Developing and testing these experiments aided the development of new approaches to designing that addressed the unique opportunities of 3D printing. The potential of the proposed approaches are expressed through the final designs of the interactive lamps; objects designed to inspire delight and enjoyment through their unique interactions and surprising qualities.</p>

ABSTRACTAs one of the most prominent architects of the twentieth century, Louis I. Kahn aspired to use natural light to shape his architecture. The lighting designer Richard Kelly, one of his close collaborators, had significant influence on modern architectural lighting design in the twentieth century. Kahn and Kelly designed the luminous environments in three art-gallery and museum buildings, The Yale University Art Gallery, the Kimbell Art Museum and the Yale Center for British Art. Collaboration between the architect and the lighting designer resulted in well-resolved lighting solutions. This research investigated the collaboration between Louis I. Kahn and Richard Kelly from both theoretical and pragmatic perspectives. In terms of the theoretical perspective, a detailed overview of their collaborative work is provided through literature review. In terms of the pragmatic perspective, the background of their cooperation and the technical details are presented. In addition, daylighting performance analysis of these three buildings through digital modelling was undertaken. This study found that the lighting design solutions produced together by Louis I. Kahn and Richard Kelly, especially the way of using daylight, have had significant impact on architectural space and the luminous environment. More importantly, this kind of collaborative working method could provide a useful reference and guidance for contemporary architecture and lighting design.

The problem of energy saving in outdoor lighting systems is important, as they consume a significant part of electricity used by the city economy. An approach to the energy-efficient adaptive control of street lighting proposed in this article enables reduction of outdoor lighting electricity consumption by dimming of light lines and individual lighting fixtures. The adaptive lighting control model makes it possible to modify the dimming time dependency curve in real time based on roads’ actual luminance readings. The result of application of this model is a considerable decrease of power consumption while ensuring a required level of luminance. The energy savings achieved by reducing the costs of lighting also leads to lessened CO2 due to electric power generation.

Lighting system control techniques in commercial buildings: Current trends and future directions

Lighting design in indoor environments is of primary importance for at least two reasons: 1) people should perceive an adequate light; 2) an effective lighting design means consistent energy saving. We present the Invisible Light Switch (ILS) to address both aspects. ILS dynamically adjusts the room illumination level to save energy while maintaining constant the light level perception of the users. So the energy saving is invisible to them. Our proposed ILS leverages a radiosity model to estimate the light level which is perceived by a person within an indoor environment, taking into account the person position and her/his viewing frustum (head pose). ILS may therefore dim those luminaires, which are not seen by the user, resulting in an effective energy saving, especially in large open offices (where light may otherwise be ON everywhere for a single person). To quantify the system performance, we have collected a new dataset where people wear luxmeter devices while working in office rooms. The luxmeters measure the amount of light (in Lux) reaching the people gaze, which we consider a proxy to their illumination level perception. Our initial results are promising: in a room with 8 LED luminaires, the energy consumption in a day may be reduced from 18585 to 6206 watts with ILS (currently needing 1560 watts for operations). While doing so, the drop in perceived lighting decreases by just 200 lux, a value considered negligible when the original illumination level is above 1200 lux, as is normally the case in offices.

While visualisation software has transformed the profession of lighting designer, these tools are neither complete nor photorealistic.So why not turn to video game engines, which provide better capacities?Unreal Engine has recently taken this step by creating a plugin that allows control of lights from the game engine: What potentials do such programs offer to reshape the work of the lighting designer?Unless otherwise indicated, this and all further translations from non-English-language sources are by the author.

Research and development on aspects of daylighting fundamentals

This paper addresses the lighting design strategies and advanced technologies used in the design of the Masdar Headquarters, an office building set within Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. The building, which is now under construction, is expected to have 103% net-positive energy use. The work emphasizes design goals centered on human visual needs and investigates lighting conditions related to sustainable and climatically responsive architecture. The optimization of the daylighting design strategies is presented, including a shading trellis with integrated photovoltaic cells, the conical courtyards, and the sawtooth facade. The study highlights electric lighting concepts predicated on available daylight and advanced lighting controls that incorporate digital dimming ballasts, programmed and user operable controls, daylight harvesting, and occupancy monitoring. Simulation was utilized to investigate parameters such as daylight factor, daily radiant energy including photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and average daily total (ADT), and sunlight patterns. These analyses informed the daylighting design, electric lighting design, and the specific lighting controls. Such lighting components supplemented by other design strategies contribute to the energy-use goals while providing high quality luminous environments that meet end-users' visual needs.

Sensors are an important part of intelligent lighting. They can sense the sound and brightness of the environment, the movement and presence of the human body, and sense the temperature, humidity and air quality of the environment. After sensor detection, it can further control the movement of lighting products, switch light and shade, color temperature, switch and scene changes, achieve the lighting effects of functional lighting, scene lighting, and environmental protection requirements for energy saving and emission reduction. The application of sensors and light sensors in intelligent lighting control has increased the level of intelligence in lighting control and saved a lot of energy.

Forecasting room utilization based on indoor environmental conditions offers a novel approach, which improves energy efficiency and also delivers the personalized indoor comfort. This study investigates whether parameters such as CO2 concentration, illumination, humidity, and temperature which can reliably predict the room occupancy. This work introduces a new deep learning-augmented predictive energy modeling (DL-PEM) framework combined with multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) for real-time, occupancy-based energy management in intelligent buildings. In contrast to conventional linear predictive or rule-based systems, DL-PEM utilizes a deep feedforward neural network (DNN) that can extract non-linear relationships between indoor environmental variables (CO2, lighting, humidity, temperature) and occupation patterns. Using a Pareto-optimal approach to manage trade-offs, this real-time system minimizes energy consumption (kWh), reduces CO2 concentration (ppm), and maximizes the occupant thermal comfort index. It does this by adjusting adaptive HVAC and lighting control via MOPSO. The combined framework illustrates enhanced adaptability under changing conditions and scalability towards wider deployment. Experimental results indicate that the method proposed here attains 99.8% accuracy and at most 85% optimization efficiency, outperforming KNN, DT, AO-ANN, and even LSTM baselines for prediction and control tasks. Empirical evaluation using real building data demonstrates that the proposed DL-PEM-MOPSO framework significantly outperforms traditional models, enhances decision-making transparency, and offers a scalable, future-ready solution for smart building energy management. It improves occupancy data analysis and adapts to seasonal fluctuations, which also optimizes the thermal comfort and enables the accurate power demand forecasting, and enhances overall energy utilization.