Adaptive processing rate based container provisioning for meshed Micro-services in Kubernetes Clouds

The effect of recurrent selective sweeps is a spatially heterogeneous reduction in neutral polymorphism throughout the genome. The pattern of reduction depends on the selective advantage and recurrence rate of the sweeps. Because many adaptive substitutions responsible for these sweeps also contribute to nonsynonymous divergence, the spatial distribution of nonsynonymous divergence also reflects the distribution of adaptive substitutions. Thus, the spatial correspondence between neutral polymorphism and nonsynonymous divergence may be especially informative about the process of adaptation. Here we study this correspondence using genomewide polymorphism data from Drosophila simulans and the divergence between D. simulans and D. melanogaster. Focusing on highly recombining portions of the autosomes, at a spatial scale appropriate to the study of selective sweeps, we find that neutral polymorphism is both lower and, as measured by a new statistic Q(S), less homogeneous where nonsynonymous divergence is higher and that the spatial structure of this correlation is best explained by the action of strong recurrent selective sweeps. We introduce a method to infer, from the spatial correspondence between polymorphism and divergence, the rate and selective strength of adaptation. Our results independently confirm a high rate of adaptive substitution (approximately 1/3000 generations) and newly suggest that many adaptations are of surprisingly great selective effect (approximately 1%), reducing the effective population size by approximately 15% even in highly recombining regions of the genome.

Extracellular recordings of action potentials were made from directional neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the wallaby, Macropus eugenii, while stimulating with moving sine-wave gratings. When a grating was moved at a constant velocity in the preferred direction through a neuron's receptive field, the firing rate increased rapidly and then declined exponentially until reaching a steady-state level. The decline in response is called motion adaptation. The rate of adaptation increased as the temporal frequency of the drifting grating increased, up to the frequency that elicited the maximum firing rate. Beyond this frequency, the adaptation rate decreased. When the adapting grating's spatial frequency was varied, such that response magnitudes were significantly different, the maximum adaptation rate occurred at similar temporal frequencies. Hence the temporal frequency of the stimulus is a major parameter controlling the rate of adaptation. In most neurons, the temporal frequency response functions measured after adaptation were shifted to the right when compared with those obtained in the unadapted state. Further insight into the adaptation process was obtained by measuring the responses of the cells to grating displacements within one frame (10.23 ms). Such impulsive stimulus movements of less than a one-quarter cycle elicited a response that rose rapidly to a maximum and then declined exponentially to the spontaneous firing rate in several seconds. The level of adaptation was demonstrated by observing how the time constants of the exponentials varied as a function of the temporal frequency of a previously presented moving grating. When plotted as functions of adapting frequency, time constants formed a U-shaped curve. The shortest time constants occurred at similar temporal frequencies, regardless of changes in spatial frequency, even when the change in spatial frequency resulted in large differences in response magnitude during the adaptation period. The strongest adaptation occurred when the adapting stimulus moved in the neuron's preferred direction. Stimuli that moved in the antipreferred direction or flickered had an adapting influence on the responses to subsequent impulsive movements, but the effect was far smaller than that elicited by preferred direction adaptation. Adaptation in one region of the receptive field did not affect the responses elicited by subsequent stimulation in nonoverlapping regions of the field. Adaptation is a significant property of NOT neurons and probably acts to expand their temporal resolving power.

In a WLAN subject to variable wireless channel conditions, rate adaptation plays an important role to more efficiently utilize the physical link. However, the existing rate adaptation algorithms for IEEE 802.11 WLANs do not take into account the loss of frames due to collisions. In a WLAN with coexistence of multiple stations, two types of frame losses due to (a) link errors and (b) collisions over the wireless link can coexist and severely degrade the performance of the existing rate adaptation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new automatic rate fallback algorithm that can differentiate the two types of losses and sharpen the accuracy of the rate adaptation process. Numerical results show that the new algorithm can substantially improve the performance of IEEE 802.11 WLANs.

Persons with chronic stroke (PwCS) have a decreased ability to ambulate and walk independently. We aimed to investigate the differences between the motor adaptation process for two different perturbation methods: split-belt treadmill walking and unilaterally applied resistance to the swing leg during walking. Twenty-two PwCS undergo split-belt treadmill walking and unilaterally applied resistance to the swing leg during walking, each one week apart. The test included three phases: the baseline period, the early-adaptation period and the late-adaptation period, as well as the early-de-adaptation period and the late-de-adaptation period. The average step length, swing duration, double-limb support duration, and coefficient of variance (CV) of these parameters were measured. During the split-belt treadmill walking, PwCS showed an adaptation of double-limb support duration symmetry (p = 0.004), specifically a trend between baseline versus early-adaptation (p = 0.07) and an after-effect (late-adaptation compare to early-de-adaptation, p = 0.09). In unilaterally applied resistance to the swing leg during walking, PwCS showed lower swing phase duration CV, in the adaptation period (baseline compare to adaptation, p = 0.006), and a trend toward increased variability of gait in the de-adaptation period compare to the adaptation periods (p = 0.099). The rate of adaptation and de-adaptation were alike between the two perturbation methods. Our findings show that the learning process happening in the central nervous system of PwCS may be dependent on the nature of the perturbation (mechanical resistance vs. split-belt) and that PwCS are able to adapt to two types of errors.

Despite the importance of adaptation in shaping biological diversity over many generations, little is known about populations' capacities to adapt at any particular time. Theory predicts that a population's rate of ongoing adaptation is the ratio of its additive genetic variance for fitness, , to its mean absolute fitness, . We conducted a transplant study to quantify and standing for a population of the annual legume Chamaecrista fasciculata in one field site from which we initially sampled it and another site where it does not currently occur naturally. We also examined genotype-by-environment interactions, G × E, as well as its components, differences between sites in and in rank of breeding values for fitness. The mean fitness indicated population persistence in both sites, and there was substantial for ongoing adaptation at both sites. Statistically significant G × E indicated that the adaptive process would differ between sites. We found a positive correlation between fitness of genotypes in the "home" and "away" environments, and G × E was more pronounced as the life-cycle proceeds. This study exemplifies an approach to assessing whether there is sufficient to support evolutionary rescue in populations that are declining.

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Deterministic and stochastic evolutionary processes drive adaptation in natural populations. The strength of each component process is determined by the population size: deterministic components prevail in very large populations, while stochastic components are the driving mechanisms in small ones. Many natural populations, however, experience intermittent periods of growth, moving through states in which either stochastic or deterministic processes prevail. This growth is often countered by population bottlenecks, which abound in both natural and laboratory populations. Here we investigate how population bottlenecks shape the process of adaptation. We demonstrate that adaptive trajectories in populations experiencing regular bottlenecks can be naturally scaled in time units of generations; with this scaling the time courses of adaptation, fitness variance, and genetic diversity all become relatively insensitive to the timing of population bottlenecks, provided the bottleneck size exceeds a few thousand individuals. We also include analyses at the genotype level to investigate the impact of population bottlenecks on the predictability and distribution of evolutionary pathways. Irrespective of the timing of population bottlenecks, we find that predictability increases with population size. We also find that predictability of the adaptive pathways increases in increasingly rugged fitness landscapes. Overall, our work reveals that both the adaptation rate and the predictability of evolutionary trajectories are relatively robust to population bottlenecks.

The magnitude of gut adaptation is a decisive factor in determining whether patients are able to live independent of parenteral nutrition after massive small bowel loss. We previously established that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21(waf1/cip1) is necessary for enterocyte proliferation and a normal adaptation response. In the present study, we have further elucidated the role of this CDKI in the context of p27(kip1), another member of the Cip/Kip CDKI family. Small bowel resections (SBRs) or sham operations were performed in control (C57/BL6), p21(waf1/cip1)-null, p27(kip1)-null, and p21(waf1/cip1)/p27(kip1) double-null mice. Morphological (villus height/crypt depth) alterations in the mucosa, the kinetics of enterocyte turnover (rates of enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis), and the protein expression of various cell cycle-regulatory proteins were recorded at various postoperative times. Enterocyte compartment-specific mRNA expression was investigated using laser capture microdissection. Resection-induced adaptation in control mice coincided with increased protein expression of p21(waf1/cip1) and decreased p27(kip1) within 3 days postoperatively. Identical changes in mRNA expression were detected in crypt but not in villus enterocytes. Adaptation occurred normally in control and p27(kip1)-null mice; however, mice deficient in both p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(kip1) failed to increase baseline rates of enterocyte proliferation and adaptation. The expression of p21(waf1/cip1) protein and mRNA in the proliferative crypt compartment is necessary for resection-induced enterocyte proliferation and adaptation. The finding that deficient expression of p27(kip1) does not affect adaptation suggests that these similar CDKI family members display distinctive cellular functions during the complex process of intestinal adaptation.

A clustering-based adaptive undersampling ensemble method for highly unbalanced data classification

The complexity of learning tasks and their variety, as well as the number of different neural networks models for sequence learning is quite high. Moreover, in addition to architectural details and training algorithms peculiarities, there are other relevant factors which add complexity to the management of a neural network for the adaptive processing of sequences. For example, training heuristics, such as adaptive learning rates, regularization, and pruning, are very important, as well as insertion of a priori domain knowledge. All these issues must be considered and matched with the complexity of the application domain at hand. This means that the successful application of a neural network to a real world domain has to answer to several questions on the type of architecture, training algorithms, training heuristics, and knowledge insertion, according to the problem complexity.

A new method of partially adaptive constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detection is introduced. The processor implements a novel sequence of orthogonal subspace projections to decompose the Wiener solution in terms of the cross-correlation observed at each stage. The performance is evaluated using the general framework of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for the cases of both known and unknown covariance. It is demonstrated that this new approach to partially adaptive STAP outperforms the more complex eigen-analysis approaches using both simulated DARPA Mountain Top data and true pulse-Doppler radar data collected by the MCARM radar.

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radars have been intensively studied for their superior performance merits compared to conventional radars including improved spatial resolution and parameter estimation. To achieve these merits, the transmitted waveforms from the MIMO transmitting antennas should be mutually orthogonal. Herein, the orthogonality is attained in the Doppler domain, namely Doppler division multiple access (DDMA), as it enjoys the simplest structure among other orthogonality schemes. Heretofore, the research in MIMO radars has focused on optimizing MIMO radar performance from different aspects including efficient waveform design, antenna beam-forming, and adaptive processing techniques. However, MIMO radars have been also a target of deliberate jamming scenarios. In this paper, the focus is turned to the evaluation of the detection performance of DDMA MIMO radars in jamming environments by creating a two-sided engagement scenario. On the jammer side, a jamming technique is proposed, Doppler-range block jamming (DRBJ), to deny the detection of a DDMA MIMO radar equipped with a moving target detector (MTD). On the radar side, a comparative detection performance analysis of two different MIMO radar detectors, normalized adaptive matched filter (NAMF) and fast 3D constant false alarm rate (CFAR), is conducted using Monte Carlo simulations. This analysis unveils divergent design philosophies of the two detectors, with each prioritizing distinct performance objectives.

In universal media access (UMA) environment, because of the heterogeneous networks and terminals, flexible video adaptation, that is performed according to the network conditions and terminal capabilities as well as user preferences, is required to maximize consumer experience and ensure Quality of Service (QoS). MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) support an interoperable framework for effective and efficient video adaptation. Among MPEG-21 DIA tools, utility function that describes the relations among the feasible adaptation operation, resource constraint, and utility plays the most important role in adaptation process because the optimal adaptation operation is decided among the feasible adaptation operations with given constraints. Therefore, in this paper, the overall concept of MEPG-21 DIA based adaptation framework and formulation of utility function are presented. In addition, the feasibility of the adaptation framework is presented by applying it to a few use cases for generating utility function and applications to specific adaptation scenarios involving nonscalable and scalable video.

The impact of sexual selection on the adaptive process remains unclear. On the one hand, sexual selection might hinder adaptation by favouring costly traits and preferences that reduce nonsexual fitness. On the other hand, condition dependence of success in sexual selection may accelerate adaptation. Here, we used replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster to artificially select on male desiccation resistance while manipulating the opportunity for precopulatory sexual selection in a factorial design. Following five generations of artificial selection, we measured the desiccation resistance of males and females to test whether the addition of sexual selection accelerated adaptation. We found a significant interaction between the effects of natural selection and sexual selection: desiccation resistance was highest in populations where sexual selection was allowed to operate. Despite only selecting on males, we also found a correlated response in females. These results provide empirical support for the idea that sexual selection can accelerate the rate of adaptation.

The auditory system operates over a vast range of sound pressure levels (100–120 dB) with nearly constant discrimination ability across most of the range, well exceeding the dynamic range of most auditory neurons (20–40 dB). Dean et al. (Nat. Neurosci. 8:1684, 2005) have reported that the dynamic range of midbrain auditory neurons adapts to the distribution of sound levels in a continuous, dynamic stimulus by shifting towards the most frequently occurring level. Here we show that dynamic range adaptation, distinct from classic firing rate adaptation, also occurs in primary auditory neurons in anesthetized cats for tone and noise stimuli. Specifically, the range of sound levels over which firing rates of auditory-nerve (AN) fibers grows rapidly with level shifts nearly linearly with the most probable levels in a dynamic sound stimulus. This dynamic range adaptation was observed for fibers with all characteristic frequencies and spontaneous discharge rates. As in the midbrain, dynamic range adaptation improved the precision of level coding by the AN fiber population for the prevailing sound levels in the stimulus. However, dynamic range adaptation in the AN was weaker than in the midbrain, and not sufficient (0.25 dB/dB on average for broadband noise) to prevent a significant degradation of the precision of level coding by the AN population above 60 dB SPL. These findings suggest that adaptive processing of sound levels first occurs in the auditory periphery and is enhanced along the auditory pathway.