Adaptive Structure Aware Memory Systems

Impulse is a new memory system architecture that adds two important features to a traditional memory controller. First, Impulse supports application-specific optimizations through configurable physical address remapping. By remapping physical addresses, applications control how their data is accessed and cached, improving their cache and bus utilization. Second, Impulse supports prefetching at the memory controller, which can hide much of the latency of DRAM accesses. In this paper we describe the design of the Impulse architecture, and show how an Impulse memory system can be used to improve the performance of memory-bound programs. For the NAS conjugate gradient benchmark, Impulse improves performance by 67%. Because it requires no modification to processor, cache, or bus designs, Impulse can be adopted in conventional systems. In addition to scientific applications, we expect that Impulse will benefit regularly strided memory-bound applications of commercial importance, such as database and multimedia programs.

Gynecology teaching frameworks in Canada amid the transition to competence by design

Birth and succession of a current of learning in Korean medicine: the supporting yang current of learning

To prevent wide-area disturbances, and enhance power system reliability, various forms of system protection scheme (SPS) have been designed and implemented by utilities. One of the main concerns in SPS deployment is to ensure that the system will fit with the reliability requirement specification in terms of dependability, and security. After major changes in system operating practices, or physical changes of the protected system, a refinement of the SPS decision process may be required. This paper uses a currently operational SPS as an example to demonstrate a refinement study. By incorporating an interval theory, a risk reduction worth importance concept, and a probabilistic risk-based index, the proposed procedure conducts parameter uncertainty analysis, identifies critical factors in the reliability model, performs risk assessments, and determines a better option for the refinement of the studied SPS decision process logic module.

BackgroundThe economic implications of major system change are an important component of the decision to implement health service reconfigurations. Little is known about how best to report the results of economic evaluations of major system change to inform decision-makers. Reconfiguration of acute stroke care in two metropolitan areas in England, namely London and Greater Manchester (GM), was used to analyse the economic implications of two different implementation strategies for major system change.MethodsA decision analytic model was used to calculate difference-in-differences in costs and outcomes before and after the implementation of two major system change strategies in stroke care in London and GM. Values in the model were based on patient level data from Hospital Episode Statistics, linked mortality data from the Office of National Statistics and data from two national stroke audits. Results were presented as net monetary benefit (NMB) and using Programme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis (PBMA) to assess the costs and benefits of a hypothetical typical region in England with approximately 4000 strokes a year.ResultsIn London, after 90 days, there were nine fewer deaths per 1000 patients compared to the rest of England (95% CI –24 to 6) at an additional cost of £770,027 per 1000 stroke patients admitted. There were two additional deaths (95% CI –19 to 23) in GM, with a total costs saving of £156,118 per 1000 patients compared to the rest of England. At a £30,000 willingness to pay the NMB was higher in London and GM than the rest of England over the same time period. The results of the PBMA suggest that a GM style reconfiguration could result in a total greater health benefit to a region. Implementation costs were £136 per patient in London and £75 in GM.ConclusionsThe implementation of major system change in acute stroke care may result in a net health benefit to a region, even one functioning within a fixed budget. The choice of what model of stroke reconfiguration to implement may depend on the relative importance of clinical versus cost outcomes.

Probabilistic Timing Analysis (PTA) reduces the amount of information needed to provide tight WCET estimates in real-time systems with respect to classic timing analysis. PTA imposes new requirements on hardware design that have been shown implementable for single-core architectures. However, no support has been proposed for multicores so far. In this paper, we propose several probabilistically-analysable bus designs for multicore processors ranging from 4 cores connected with a single bus, to 16 cores deploying a hierarchical bus design. We derive analytical models of the probabilistic timing behaviour for the different bus designs, show their suitability for PTA and evaluate their hardware cost. Our results show that the proposed bus designs (i) fulfil PTA requirements, (ii) allow deriving WCET estimates with the same cost and complexity as in single-core processors, and (iii) provide higher guaranteed performance than single-core processors, 3.4x and 6.6x on average for an 8-core and a 16-core setup respectively.

Distributed control of production systems

Future intraplate stress and the longevity of carbon storage

As an afterword to the special issue of JMEMS “Performance beyond Drama,” this essay reflects on the complex ways that premodern performances and their embodied actors are captured in, mediated by, or dependent on the texts that we use to study them, and on the special importance of examining this process across a temporal framework—the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries—that challenges the periodizing schema of modernity. In particular, three major systemic changes impacted European performance practices and their documentation during this era: the more widespread availability and manufacture of paper, which made writing easier and reading cheaper, coupled with the introduction of print technology after 1455; the upheaval of the Protestant Reformation and its Catholic counterpart, and the bloody aftermath of religious wars, persecutions, and witch hunts that (re)shaped performance traditions; and the commodification and policing of entertainment through enclosure and regulation. Taken together, this special issue's contributions reveal fascinating convergences and continuities in performance across the medieval/modern frontier, while also showing how some medieval practices were made to conform with postmedieval political and religious projects, thereby obscuring or blurring the evidence for those earlier practices.

ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of emergency department (ED) visits for motor vehicle injuries in Utah using 2016 syndromic surveillance data.IntroductionMotor vehicle injury is the leading cause of death in injury category in the United States. In 2016, motor vehicle crashes were one of the main causes of death resulting from injury (8.8 per 100,000 population) in Utah. Motor vehicle crashes can lead to physical and economic consequences that impact the lives of individuals and their families. In addition, the treatment of injuries places an enormous burden on hospital Emergency Departments (EDs). Currently; there are no data sources other than syndromic data in the Utah Department of Health to monitor ED visits due to motor vehicle injuries in real time.MethodsUtah participates in the National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP) to which all hospitals in the state submit ED visit data via the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE). ESSENCE was used to analyze 2016 ED visit data. Total population data were obtained from Utah population estimates. Data from 2017 was not included due to major system changes at a major healthcare system that interrupted data feeds resulting in lower than expected data volume.Motor vehicle injury is defined by existing subsyndrome definition in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ESSENCE system. All ED visit data were analyzed by querying key terms in the chief complaint field including any mention of: vehicle, wheeler, motorcycle, motor scooter, motor cycle, motor cross, truck, motorbike etc. Exclusion terms included any mention of: car dealership, hit head and car door. Ages were divided into seven groups for data distribution and comparison: 0–17, 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and ≥ 65 years.ResultsIn 2016, a total of 28,472 ED visits (2% of total visits) were identified using the motor vehicle injury query. The ED visit rate for motor vehicle injuries was highest among persons aged 18–24 years (1,682 per 100,000 population). Rates continued to decline with increasing age after 18–24 years. The rate of females visiting the ED was higher than males (1,040 versus 826 per 100,000 population respectively; p < 0.01) (Figure 1). The majority of injuries (11722(52%)) were reported between 10:00 a.m. and 5:59 p.m. Injuries were highest August-September (5913(22%)).ConclusionsSyndromic data is a robust source of data for analyzing ED visits due to motor vehicle injuries in real time, and providing information to injury prevention programs for targeting interventions. Our data suggest an increased risk of visiting an ED due to motor vehicle injuries by age group (18-24 year olds), sex (females), month (August-September), and time (10:00 a.m. to 5:59 p.m.). These results do not include visits with incomplete or incorrectly coded chief complaints or discharge codes, patients of motor vehicle injuries who do not present to the ED, or not classified as ‘emergency’ patient class.

This chapter addresses the general readership of this book, not only the specialist in comparative systems and socialist economies; therefore, it cannot avoid including information known to the experts. It focuses on phenomena that prevailed throughout the 1968–1985 period and characterize the present state of affairs, with only occasional backward glances. The Hungarian economy has undergone major systemic changes in the past thirty years. The impact of the reform is felt by every Hungarian citizen. The influence of the Hungarian experience, however, does not stop at the borders of this small Eastern European country. Reform is a notion used widely by many parties and political movements all over the world. The modernization of a highly bureaucratic regulation of the economy with the aid of computers is not “reform.”

Looking back on the experience of transition, based on the case study of Slovenia, this article argues that the transformation of the labour market was a major area of transition. It therefore focuses on the topic of the relationship between output, employment, unemployment and inactivity of labour in a transition country. The transition period is from 1980 to 2006. The averages for the whole period 1980–2006 conceal too much. The whole transition period is divided into two sub-periods: the period of the transition crisis and the period of transitional rehabilitation. The thesis is that there were important differences between the two sub-periods as far as the labour market is concerned. Okun's relationships about the responses of employment and unemployment to output changes are valid during both sub-periods. Empirical estimates of the Beveridge relationship and job-matching function do not differ significantly for the first period compared with the second. The conclusion would be that the labour market responded normally during the transition and that the official statistical data do not reflect major systemic changes that the labour market has supposedly experienced during transition.

If the consonants of Older Scots present us with a relatively uncomplicated orthographic system, the Older Scots vowels are a different matter. The geographical and chronological variations we find among different accents of Scots are largely a matter of differing vowel sounds: vowels change more than consonants do, over space and time. In this chapter, we consider why vowels are generally less stable than consonants, sketch out the major systemic changes in the vowel system over the Older Scots period, and explore how the variable and changing systems of pronunciation mapped onto the Older Scots vowel graphemes. The most thorough discussion of this topic is in Aitken and Macafee (2002), and this chapter largely offers a synopsis of the much more extensive descriptions found there. A briefer account is given in Smith (2012: 29–33). Other relevant studies that have informed the content of this chapter include Aitken (1977), Johnston (1997a), Lass (1999) and Macafee and Aitken (consonant

Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel No. 9, located at the White Oak, MD site of the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), has long been recognized as a unique world class ground-test facility. The facility was developed in the early 1970s to provide critical low-altitude, high Mach number data in support of the Navy's reentry development programs. Since its inception, Tunnel 9 has maintained a leading role in hypersonic ground testing by continually expanding its operational capabilities to match the needs of current and projected programs, maintaining data quality, and understanding customer requirements. Tunnel 9 started with a unique design built around a state-of-the-art supply heater that provided a clean, high-pressure, high-temperature nitrogen supply. Initial operation of Tunnel 9 realized a Mach 10 and 14 aerodynamic simulation capability. Additional Mach 7 and 8 high Reynolds number capabilities were subsequently developed. Each upgrade to Tunnel 9 during the past 40 years of operation has been in response to various sponsors or hypersonic basic research requirements. These capability enhancements have helped maintain Tunnel 9's position as a core DoD hypersonic test and evaluation (T&E) ground-test facility, which has been identified as a leading facility in all major hypersonic facility studies. Recent improvements and modernization over the past 10 years have focused on test article measurements and have significantly changed the types, quantity, and quality of test data that are readily acquired in a Tunnel 9 test entry. Recent advancements include major system changes such as a completely new control room and high-speed data system to entirely new measurement capabilities such as global heattransfer measurements using Temperature Sensitive paint technology. These along with other incremental improvements have allowed Tunnel 9 to provide new insights into the physics associated with complex hypersonic flows.

Multi-omics analysis of the effects of dietary changes and probiotics on diet-induced obesity