Adaptive Transmission Control based Secured Multimedia Data Traffic Distribution Scheme over Integrated Wireless Networks

The current deployment of wireless mesh networks requires mobility management to track the current locations of mobile nodes around the network without service interruption. To do so, the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 protocol has been chosen, which minimises the required signalling by introducing a new entity called the mobile anchor point to act as a local home agent for all visiting mobile nodes in a specific domain. It allows a mobile node to register its local/regional care-of addresses with a mobile anchor point by sending a local binding update message. However, the local binding update is quite sensitive; it modifies the routing to enable mobility in the wireless mesh networks. When a local binding update message is spoofed, an attacker can redirect traffic that is destined for legitimate mobile node either to itself or to another node. This situation leads to an increased risk of attacks. Therefore, this paper contributes to addressing this security issue based on wireless mesh networks by cryptography generation and verification of a mobile node’s local and regional care-of addresses, as well as the application of a novel method to verify the reachability of mobile node at claimed local care-of address. This is called the enhanced mobile anchor point registration protocol. The Scyther tool has been used to ensure the proposed protocol accuracy. Furthermore, the performance, in terms of the mobile anchor point registration delay and signalling overhead, is evaluated by using the OPNET modeller simulator.

We present a new method to improve the bandwidth of HMIPv6 networks called HMIPv6-BI. This approach proposes a modification to the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 protocol. The goal of HMIPv6-BI is to minimize the Bandwidth usage of the Radio Link between the Access Router (AR) and the Mobile Node (MN). Currently, in HMIPv6 a tunnel is established between the Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) and the MN. By contrast, the principle used by HMIPv6-BI is to move the Tunnel End Point until the AR. In consequence, this method decreases the number of bytes traveling over the wireless interface due to the absence of the tunnel headers required in the original approach. Furthermore, HMIPv6-BI allows the usage of Multicast Tunnel (this approach is named TMCast+HMIPv6-BI) in order to reduce the Handover Latency. Finally, modeling and simulation results indicate that HMIPv6-BI provides better performance as compared to the standard approach.

In the context of heterogeneous networks and diverse communication devices, real person-to-person communication can be achieved with a universal personal identification (UPI) that uniquely identifies an individual and is independent of the access networks and communication devices. Hierarchical mobility management techniques (MMTs) have been proposed to support UPI. Traditional replication methods for improving the performance of such MMTs are threshold-based. We present optimal replication algorithms that minimize the network messaging cost based on network structure, communication link cost, and user calling and mobility statistics. We develop our algorithms for both unicast and multicast replica update strategies. The performance of these replication algorithms is studied via large scale network simulations and compared to results obtained from the threshold-based method.

In the context of heterogeneous networks and diverse communication devices, real person-to-person communications can be achieved with a universal personal identification (UPI) that uniquely identifies an individual and is independent of the access networks and communication devices. Hierarchical mobility management techniques (MMT) have been proposed to support UPI. Previously proposed profile replication algorithms for improving the performance of such MMT are either threshold-based or off-line. In contrast to an off-line algorithm that assumes perfect knowledge of user calling and mobility statistics, we propose in this paper on-line replication algorithms that decide whether to distribute new replicas or delete existing replicas after serving each request, all based on the input sequence seen so far. The performance of our on-line profile replication algorithms is studied via large scale network simulations.

A hierarchical IP-based mobility management mechanism is proposed for VoIP applications. The suggested mechanism uses the DMA (dynamic mobility agent) architecture, based on IDMP (intra-domain mobility management protocol), for managing intra-domain mobility and the dynamic binding mechanism of SIP (session initiation protocol) for managing global mobility. This combination of network and application layer mobility management reduces the global signaling load, provides fast handoff for ongoing conversations, enables efficient global transport and supports IP-layer paging.

To improve the local mobility performance of a wireless network, we present a new framework, namely Efficient Framework for Local Mobility (EFLoM). In EFLoM, we introduce three entities: Local Anchor Router (LAR), Wireless Access Gateway (WAG) and Mobile Node (MN). LAR is a router that is in charge of MN's IP mobility management. It keeps track of MN's movement, and delivers the MN's packets to its current location. AWAG is an access router that is responsible for managing the traffic flows within the same local mobility domain. In EFLoM, when Corresponding Node (CN) and MN connect to the same local mobility domain, packets are sent directly between CN and MN by WAG, without suffering sub-optimal routing problems. A MN is a mobile host which updates its data packets' header with its current location address before packets are sent out. To evaluate our new framework, we compare EFLoM with Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management (HMIPv6) [4] which is an existing protocol that has good performance for local mobility. Both analytical analysis and simulation result show that EFLoM can attain substantial improvements over HMIPv6 in terms of handover delay, end to end delay, traffic overhead, which therefore presents EFLoM as a new engineering alternative to existing MIPv6 based techniques.

Objective To explore the status quo of workload in primary nurses at different levels and to provide a basis for hierarchical management over nursing staff. Methods Totally 45 wards of a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Yantai City were selected by cluster sampling from February 20th to March 19th, 2017, including 23 from internal medicine departments and 22 from surgery departments. Nursing workers were divided into 5 levels ranging from N0 to N4 according to hierarchical management protocols. The self-designed workload questionnaire was used to investigate all primary nurses at different levels in terms of patients in charge, direct and indirect nursing items and walking distance during work. The workload of totally 7 113 nurses at different levels was investigated. Results There was statistical difference in the number of patients in charge, critical patients, high-risk patients with pressure ulcers, high-risk patients with pressure falls and severely dependent patients between nurses at different levels (P<0.05) . The top 3 time-consuming nursing items in primary nurses at different levels were identical, which were drug therapy, severity assessment and observation and health education. Primary nurses at N0 and N1 levels needed more time for therapy-related preparation than primary nurses at N2 and N3 levels (P<0.05) . There was statistical difference in number of steps per shift during work between nurses at different levels (P<0.01) . Conclusions The number of patients in charge and the patients' severity correspond to the levels of primary nurses. The nursing work of these primary nurses at different levels are basically the same except for clinical teaching items. Nursing managers shall explore a hierarchical management model over nurses, properly configuring nurses at different levels, giving full play to the force of the nursing team, and managing the nursing team scientifically according to clinical practice in China. Key words: Nurses; Nursing management research; Nursing workload; Hierarchical management

Two enhancements to a recently published hierarchical encryption key management protocol for end-to-end secure communication in internet environments are outlined. The first one concerns a more reliable authentication of the principals which can be realized by a modification of the message structures being exchanged, while the second one concerns a modified protocol that permits the implementation of the hierarchical key management approach in the widely employed TCP/IP-based network interconnections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

To facilitate seamless Internet connectivity to mobile nodes, we earlier proposed SIGMA, a transport layer mobility management protocol. However, frequent handoff of the mobile nodes produce excessive signaling overhead in the bandwidth-limited air interfaces and cause large handover delay, thereby degrading the performance. Hierarchical mobility management for SIGMA aims at resolving this problem by introducing micro-mobility agents in the hierarchy. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive cost and efficiency analysis of the key mobility management entities of Hierarchical SIGMA taking into account all possible costs. We present numerical results comparing Hierarchical SIGMA with standard hierarchical mobility protocol. Our results demonstrate that Hierarchical SIGMA requires less cost and yields better performance. Our analysis can be used as a framework to compare performance and signaling overheads of mobility protocols for next generation networks.

In Mobile IP, the signaling traffic overhead will be too high since the new Care-of-Address (CoA) of the mobile node (MN) is registered all the way with the home agent (HA) whenever the MN has moved into a new foreign network. To complement Mobile IP in better handling local movement, several IP micro protocols have been proposed. These protocols introduce a hierarchical mobility management scheme, which divides the mobility into micro mobility and macro mobility according to whether the host's movement is intra-domain or inter-domain. Thus, the requirements on performance and flexibility are achieved, especially for frequently moving hosts. This paper introduces a routing protocol for multicast source mobility on the basis of the hierarchical mobile management scheme, which provides a unified global architecture for both uni- and multicast routing in mobile networks. The implementation of multicast services adopts an improved SSM (Source Specific Multicast) model, which combines the advantages of the existing protocols in scalability and mobility transparency. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better performance than the existing routing protocols for SSM source mobility.

This paper proposes a hierarchical mobility management architecture providing adaptive QoS control to improve the performance during mobile handovers, especially break-before-make handovers. In the proposed scheme, the information for QoS configuration and location management is carried by the same set of messages. The interactions between the QoS Agents (QA) enable smooth handover, with better performance in terms of IP layer handover latency and QoS configuration latency when the MN is away from the home network.

mcMTC is starting to play a central role in the industrial Internet of Things ecosystem and have the potential to create high-revenue businesses, including intelligent transportation systems, energy/ smart grid control, public safety services, and high-end wearable applications. Consequently, in the 5G of wireless networks, mcMTC have imposed a wide range of requirements on the enabling technology, such as low power, high reliability, and low latency connectivity. Recognizing these challenges, the recent and ongoing releases of LTE systems incorporate support for lowcost and enhanced coverage, reduced latency, and high reliability for devices at varying levels of mobility. In this article, we examine the effects of heterogeneous user and device mobility -- produced by a mixture of various mobility patterns -- on the performance of mcMTC across three representative scenarios within a multi-connectivity 5G network. We establish that the availability of alternative connectivity options, such as D2D links and drone-assisted access, helps meet the requirements of mcMTC applications in a wide range of scenarios, including industrial automation, vehicular connectivity, and urban communications. In particular, we confirm improvements of up to 40 percent in link availability and reliability with the use of proximate connections on top of the cellular-only baseline.

One inevitable problem in Ad Hoc networks is the limited battery capacity, which explains why portable devices might shut down suddenly when the power of hardware is depleted. Hence, how to decrease the power consumption is an important issue in ad hoc networks. With the development of wireless technology, mobile devices can transmit voices, surf the Internet, download entertaining stuffs, and even support some P2P applications, like sharing real-time streaming. In order to keep the quality stable, the transmission must be continuous and it is thus necessary to select some managers to coordinate all nodes in a P2P community. In addition to assigning jobs to the staffs (children) when needed, these managers (ancestors) are able to reappoint jobs in advance when employees retire. This paper proposed a mechanism called Cluster-based Power Management (CPM) to stabilize the transmissions and increase Time to Live (TTL) of mobile hosts. In our new proposed method, we establish the clusters according to every node's joining order and capability, and adjust their sleep time dynamically through three different mathematical models. Our simulation results reveal that this proposed scheme not only reduces the power consumption efficiently, but also increases the total TTLs evidently.

Maintaining optimal consistency in a distributed system requires that nodes be always-on to synchronize information. Unfortunately, mobile devices such as laptops do not have adequate battery capacity for constant processing and communication. Even by powering off unnecessary components, such as the screen and disk, current laptops only have a lifetime of a few hours. Although PDAs and sensors are similarly limited in lifetime, a PDA's power requirement is an order-of-magnitude smaller than a laptop's, and a sensor's is an order-of-magnitude smaller than a PDA's. By combining these diverse platforms into a single integrated laptop, we can reduce the power cost of always-on operation. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Turducken, a Hierarchical Power Management architecture for mobile systems. We focus on a particular instantiation of HPM, which provides high levels of consistency in a laptop by integrating two additional low power processors. We demonstrate that a Turducken system can provide battery lifetimes of up to ten times that of a standard laptop for always-on operation and three times for a system that periodically sleeps.

High-throughput solutions and automation systems are commonly used in bioscreening tasks. In the last years, automation has become more and more important in the field of elemental and structural chemical analysis. A high amount of data points is generated, what requires a fast and ideally fully automated data processing and evaluation. Analytical laboratories involve a multitude of analytical devices with different measurement principles from various vendors with a heterogeneous control software environment often with different export data formats. This results in one of the main tasks in laboratory automation: the integration of various devices to increase the applicative flexibility. Therefore, homogenous communication protocols and data formats are required. Furthermore, to increase the mobility and a spatial independence of the operator modern mobile devices such as tablet PCs and mobile phones can be involved in laboratory processes. In this study, a data evaluation software is presented, which enables an effective data processing of measurement data acquired with various instruments for elemental and structural analysis. The raw data are imported from the device software and the processed data are saved using Excel files. The software Analytical Data Evaluation (ADE) was implemented according to a modular concept as a web application, what enables a simple adjustment to different devices using individual settings stored in filter and calculation methods. Hence, a maximum in flexibility related to the various raw data structure and the required statistical parameters to be calculated can be provided. The cross-platform data evaluation software is independently usable from the user's location with stationary PCs or mobile devices. The integration into an existing hierarchical workflow management system provides a maximum of automation applied both in method development and in routine tasks using various types of analytical principles in a fully automated environment.