Adding Friction to Mandatory Reporting: The Case for Survivor‐Centered Research

Written by Khadijah Alavi and Ann Wan Seng, this book contains the complete background of cases of abuse and neglect of children in Malaysia. This is due to cases of abuse and neglect of children increased dramatically and it became one of the very worrying social problems. The book includes studies that have been made regarding cases of abuse, including physical, emotional, sexual and neglect of children whose interaction model of child abuse used as a frame of the study. Also included in this book is a causal factor of abuse such as socioeconomic status, marital relations were cracked, cultural norms and behavioral factors other than the abuser’s own personality. Abuse and neglect of children increased dramatically these days and it’s one of the very worrying social problems of society and government. The incidence of abuse and neglect of children in Malaysia need to be studied and researched. The basic objective of this study was to examine four categories of abuse was physical abuse, sexual abuse and neglect of children and to identify factors that lead to abuse. The uniqueness of this study is that it is conducted in the pediatric ward of the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur for one year, namely January to December 1994. Children under 13 years are admitted to the pediatric ward as sample. The length of time the victim lived in the ward is two days or more depending on the seriousness of the case. This study is quite different from previous studies because it uses anthropological approach. Model interaction of child abuse used as a frame of the study. This is because it is an approach that encompasses all factors as a whole to study the problem of abuse and neglect of children. External and internal factors such as socioeconomic status of the family system, marital rift parents, actors personality, social networks, cultural norms and behavioral factors are also considered victims in analyzing cases of abuse and neglect of children. Personality actors and the lack of interaction in the family system were found to be the underlying factors that lead to child abuse. However, no one single factor is the main cause in cases of abuse and neglect of children. All the factors mentioned above are interconnected so that they form a social problem that is complicated and complex to be diagnosed, whether this incident was an accident, illness or injury inflicted. What is even more distressing abuse of children has reached a critical level where people have lost a sense of humanity and concern in providing education to children who are still toddle in life. Children born in a state of pure and the one who shaping the children into good or evil is the guardian. Children are like a piece of white cloth and are the responsibility of parents to make sure it is not contaminated. It is the responsibility of all to protect them from negative elements that were attacking contemporary society. Found to be 2 to 15 cases of abuse are reported every week in Malaysia. These figures show how serious the problem of child abuse in Malaysia. Since 1990 the number of cases reported to the authorities increased between 10-15 percent per annum. During 1985 to 1992 a total of 935 cases of child abuse have been referred to the police and this number continues to rise until it reaches into the thousands. It should be noted this number does not include cases that have not been reported or referred to the authorities. It is estimated that this number will continue to increase over time. Over a period of eight years, namely 1985 to 1992, a total of 47 children who are abused have died after suffering severe injuries and had to endure throughout his life. Statistics released by the Social Welfare Department showed an increase of 27 per cent of cases in the whole country except for Sabah and Sarawak. In 1992, a total of 852 cases were reported and this number continues to increase to 1084 cases in 1993. In the past five years, from 1989 to 1993 a total of 3693 cases were reported. The figures show this is far more than a decade ago where in 1981 the number of cases reported in Peninsular Malaysia only amounted to 93 cases. This figure is then increased to 970 cases 10 years later. It shows over the last decade the number of cases increased by 877 cases. The number of cases of child abuse is higher in the Federal Territory and Selangor due to the density of population which largely comes from rural areas. Pressure and high cost of living in the Klang Valley area causing many social problems such as living conditions uncomfortable, placement and traffic congestion, crime and so on.

Time to Make a Call? The Ethics of Mandatory Reporting

Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers a concise guide to mandatory reporting in provincial and territorial jurisdictions with specific attention to the context and unique realities of northern Canada. As an introduction to mandatory reporting, the book opens with an exploration of the historical rise of the child welfare system, mandatory reporters’ ethical duties around reporting, types of abuse and neglect, risk and protective factors, and the ascendancy of child abuse in an online environment. The latter half of the book first explores decision-making factors (legal, clinician, situational, professional, and relationship) to assist human service professionals with their decision-making. This section then explores the reporting process and offers relationship repair strategies (reporting, information, affect regulation, advocacy, resource, and cultural). The book culminates in a comprehensive, empirically based conceptual framework to assist human service professionals with decision-making and maintaining the relationship. Predicated on the author’s dissertation research Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers students a comprehensive framework for fulfilling their professional, fiduciary obligations and provides educators with accessible teaching tools to further their students’ understanding of this area.

Children have been recognized as victims of violence, neglect, abandonment and slavery throughout recorded history. Infanticide was an accepted practice for dealing with unwanted children in pre-Islamic cultures in the face of scarce resources. Islam began to preach against infanticide and intentionally inflicted injuries, and has considered them a capital offense, necessitating punishment to assailants. Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) affirmed in his sayings that children should be welltreated, fed, educated and gently disciplined in order to create a godly society on earth.

본 연구는 아동학대와 신고의무제에 대한 보육교사의 인식과 경험을 파악하기 위해, 아동학대에 대한 인식, 신고의무제도에 대한 법과 절차, 아동학대 발견과 신고에 대한 경험 등에 관한 자기보고식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 아동학대와 신고의무제도에 대한 보육교사의 인식은 매우 높게 나타났다. 특히 개정된 아동복지법과 아동 학대 특례법에 대한 이해수준도 높게 나타났다. 아동학대 발견시 신고해야 하는 규정과 절차 등 이론적 이해수준은 매우 높게 나타났는데, 아동학대와 관련된 지식은 대중매체와 아동학대 훈련 프로그램을 통해서 얻은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 아동학대와 관련된 인식은 보육교사의 연령, 어린이집 유형, 교사기간, 교육수준에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 실제 아동학대를 발견했을 때 신고한 경험은 매우 낮게 나타났다. 보육교사는 아동학대에 대한 높은 인식에 비해 낮은 신고인식을 가지고 있어서 실제 아동학대 예방에 기여하지 못하고 있었다. 본 연구결과에 근거하여 보육교사의 신고비율을 높일 수 있는 프로그램 개발을 위한 시사점을 제안하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify childcare teachers' self-reported perception of child abuse and neglect, reporting procedures, and reporting experience in Korea. The total average score of knowledge in child abuse and neglect was relatively high and most childcare teachers consider child abuse and neglect as a highly serious problem. About eighty six percent daycare teachers perceived reporting legislation toward child abuse and neglect, and most teachers in the study population perceived themselves as mandatory reporters. As the Child Welfare Act included a clause on mandated reporters, childcare teachers' role in intervening in child abuse cases has become more critical. In order to increase childcare teachers' reporting, education program should be designed for childcare teachers to effectively involve them in reporting child abuse and neglect.

Family physicians are uniquely positioned to identify and manage child abuse and neglect (CAN) cases in primary care. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, case‐based training programme designed to enhance family physicians' knowledge and perceived competence in recognizing and managing CAN cases. A quasi‐experimental study was conducted in Istanbul, Türkiye, between January and October 2023. A full‐day, face‐to‐face training with theoretical and case discussions was provided to volunteer family physicians. Participants completed ‘Diagnosis Scale of the Risks and Symptoms of Child Abuse and Neglect’ (DSRSCAN) pretraining, posttraining and 6 months later and the ‘Perceived Competence Scale in the Management of Child Abuse and Neglect Cases for Family Physicians’ (PCS‐RM‐CAN) pretraining and 6 months later. Data were analysed using SPSS 26, employing Mann–Whitney Test, Wilcoxon, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman and Spearman tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Thirty‐eight family physicians (76% female; mean age: 33.1 ± 8 years) participated. The average DSRSCAN score increased from 4.07 ± 0.35 pretraining to 4.50 ± 0.36 posttraining and 4.40 ± 0.40 at 6 months ( p < 0.001). PCS‐RM‐CAN scores improved from 29.7 ± 8 pretraining to 42.7 ± 5 at 6 months ( p < 0.001). The programme significantly improved family physicians' CAN‐related knowledge and competence. Periodic training is recommended for skill retention and long‐term impact.

Every state includes nurses as mandated reporters of suspected child maltreatment, and each state has its own law and policy regarding what is reportable and reporting requirements. These differences mean that generic training on child abuse and reporting needs to be augmented by practical state-specific information. In nearly every study of nurses, participants report having inadequate child abuse training. This paper presents an analysis of the information states post on their websites to educate nurses to appropriately identify and report suspected child abuse or neglect. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: (1) how do mandated reporting laws that apply to nurses vary by state, (2) what information do states provide on their child protection and Board of Nursing websites about child maltreatment and mandatory reporting, and (3) what training resources do states make available on their websites to educate nurse mandatory reporters to ably fulfill their obligation? Data on state-by-state practices regarding mandated reporting of child abuse were gathered from the Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network (RAINN) database, review of state statutes, Child Welfare Information Gateway, Board of Nursing sites, and the Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC) website. This analysis found that states provide little guidance or education about their child maltreatment laws, and few have resources targeted for nurses. Given rising membership in the NLC it is critical for nurses to have education about state specific mandated reporting requirements. States should consider adding mandatory reporting training as a requirement for licensure and for continuing education.

Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Substantiated Child Maltreatment: A State-Level Analysis of U.S. Incidence Rates.

Child maltreatment is considered a global problem that has serious consequences for a victim's physical and mental well-being. Nurses interact with children and their families at different levels of health care. All nurses must be able to identify children who are at risk of harm or abuse, and act accordingly. The purpose of the study was to investigate barriers that inhibit reporting suspected cases of child abuse and neglect by nurses at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. One hundred and forty-five nurses from all paediatric settings participated in the study using non-probability "convenience" sampling technique and a descriptive design was used. A structured self-report data collection method was applied to elicit data about the participants' knowledge and circumstances that prevent them from reporting child abuse. It was found that only one fifth (20.7%) of nurses had attended either a lecture or workshop on child abuse and neglect (CAN). Two fifths (40.7%) of participants had a knowledge score on CAN more than 75% while one third (33.1%) had a knowledge score ranging from 50% to 75% with a median score of knowledge of 63.10 ± 25.48. Furthermore, more than half (51%) of participants were aware of the Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) team in the hospital. When participants were asked about the circumstances when they would not report suspected CAN cases, "I was not certain that the child was abused" was reported by 78.6%. Other barriers that inhibit reporting of child abuse and neglect are ignorance about how to report, in addition to having previous negative experiences after reporting. The findings of the current study indicated that there exist barriers for not reporting suspected cases of child abuse and that availability of training and educational programmes are needed. Establishment of a clear and structured child protection policy to enable nurses to report abuse victims is recommended.

United States mandated reporters' perspectives on reporting child maltreatment: A systematic scoping review.

With increasing attention to racism embedded in child protective services (CPS) in the United States, mandated reporting laws remain entrenched in historically racist systems and policies. The potential biases of mandated reporters coupled with their failure to consider the sociopolitical and socioeconomic contexts of Black families continue to shape decisions to report and investigate families for possible child abuse and neglect. Black parents avoid interacting with people compelled to report out of an abundance of caution, the threat of professional penalties, or inattention to biases. Employing mixed methods, this phenomenological study design elicited the lived experiences of Black mothers impacted by CPS in the United States. Participants completed a qualitative, voice-recorded electronic survey about the impact of surveillance related to child neglect. Deductive analyses resulted in identified themes related to the impact of mandated reporting.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to validate measures of professional self-efficacy for detecting and responding to child abuse and neglect presentations, and then evaluate a clinical training programme for health professionals in a tertiary-level hospital in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach A prospective, cohort design was used and professional self-efficacy was measured immediately prior to, and shortly after, training 116 nurses and doctors in emergency settings. Longer-term follow-up was measured six months later. Findings Linear mixed modelling showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in efficacy expectations for both suspected and known cases of child abuse and neglect between the pre- and post-test measures at zero and six weeks. These improvements did not persist to the six-month follow-up. Research limitations/implications The training succeeded in improving detection and clinical response to child abuse and neglect presentations but not faith in the provision of ongoing support for children and families. Practical implications Practice change in emergency settings in Vietnam can be achieved using a sustainable theoretically driven training programme. Social implications Building the capacity of health professionals to respond to cases of child abuse and neglect relies on the strength of the community and support services within which the hospital is located. Originality/value Measures of self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations for responding to child abuse and neglect presentations in emergency settings in Vietnam are now validated.

Child abuse and neglect have reached epidemic proportions. State and federal laws mandate that allied health professionals report suspected child abuse and neglect. Academic and continuing education programs could assist allied health professionals to be legally responsible, mandated reporters of child abuse and neglect. This study examined the training needs of allied health students to be legally responsible in reporting child abuse and neglect. A questionnaire was administered to 236 students enrolled in 5 allied health programs. The questionnaire addressed the knowledge base and perceptions of allied health students in regard to child abuse and neglect. Results revealed that most allied health students felt inadequately prepared academically in the topic of child abuse and neglect. Only half of the students knew they could be charged with a crime for failure to report suspicions of child abuse and neglect. Nursing students, female students, and students older than 25 years were those likely to report child abuse and neglect. Students appear to have insufficient preparation in the areas of knowing how to report child abuse and neglect as well as their responsibilities to do so as allied health professionals.

Building workforce capacity to detect and respond to child abuse and neglect cases: A training intervention for staff working in emergency settings in Vietnam

A review of project ‘12-ways’: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect