ADHD Diagnosis Using TQWT-Based Analysis of EEG Signals

Background: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders in childhood. Recently, several studies showed the high suicide risk of patients with ADHD; however, most of these studies had a cross-sectional design.Aims: The aim of the current research is to complete a systematic review of published studies which investigate the suicide risk of ADHD patients with longitudinal design.Methods: The systematic search was made on OVID Medline, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms were (ADHD OR attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) AND (suicide OR suicidal OR suicidality) AND (follow-up OR longitudinal study OR prospective study). The inclusion criteria were as follows: written in English; the participants were under 18 years at baseline; longitudinal, prospective studies; ADHD population at baseline and at follow-up; and suicide behavior as a primary outcome. The exclusion criteria were as follows: the study did not contain empirical data and reviews/meta-analyses and studies which aimed to investigate the drug treatment efficacy of ADHD.Results: After the screening process, 18 papers were included in the systematic review. Ten articles were altogether published in the last 5 years. The range of follow-up periods varied between 2 and 17 years. Several different assessment tools were used to investigate the symptoms and/or the diagnosis of ADHD and the suicidal risk. Nine studies enrolled children aged under 12 at baseline, and three studies used birth cohort data, where there was no strict age-based inclusion criteria. A total of 17 studies found a positive association between ADHD diagnosis at baseline and the presence of suicidal behavior and/or attempts at the follow-up visits.Limitations: The main limitation of this review is the methodological heterogeneity of the selected studies. A further limitation is the relatively low number of studies that examined a population with balanced gender ratios. Additionally, only one study published data about the treatment of ADHD. Finally, though we carefully chose the keywords, we still may be missing some relevant papers on this topic.Conclusions: In spite of the methodological diversity of the included studies, the results of the current systematic review highlight the importance of screening suicidality in the long term in patients with ADHD. Therefore, further studies that compare the suicidal risk of treated and untreated groups of ADHD patients in the long term are needed.

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Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not restricted to children. Abundant evidence from follow-up studies accumulated since the 1970s supports the concept of ADHD in adulthood. Genetic research points to a heritability of 76%, and neuroimaging studies have reported structural and functional brain abnormalities in patients with ADHD. Contrary to popular belief, ADHD is not a culturally bound disorder and has been described worldwide. ADHD has a cost for society, as adults with this disorder suffer from increased rates of unemployment and psychiatric comorbidity, including substance use disorders. Studies undertaken in forensic populations describe high rates of ADHD in these groups, particularly amongst young offenders. One of the main issues in the diagnosis of ADHD in the adult is the fact that most clinicians have not been educated to diagnose and treat ADHD. Effective pharmacological treatments for ADHD are available and should be prescribed for these patients. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) guidelines established a benchmark for service development required to treat ADHD adequately in the adult population. However, the implementation of new services has been slow. More resources are needed to effectively assess and treat ADHD in the adult.

Sleep architecture disturbances in children with bipolar disorder versus attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study

ObjectiveA high rate of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in patients undergoing obesity treatment. It is controversial whether ADHD solely or its comorbid disorders account for eating behaviors associated with obesity.MethodsAfter presurgery psychiatric assessment, 100 severely obese patients (50 with ADHD and 50 without ADHD) were administered Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self‐Report Scale(ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale(WURS), Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire(TFEQ), and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI).ResultsPatients with obesity and ADHD had significantly greater emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger, depression, and anxiety but less restraint of eating scores than those without ADHD. Disinhibition of eating scores and presence of Binge Eating Disorder(BED) did not differ significantly between ADHD and non‐ADHD groups. Obese patients with major depression had significantly higher ASRS, WURS, TFEQ, BAI scores, disinhibition of eating control, emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger, and diagnosis of BED than nondepressed ones.ConclusionsMajor depression and anxiety disorder have associations with disinhibition of eating control, emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger and BED, ADHD. Disinhibition of eating and BED did not differ according to the presence of ADHD; thus, depression was associated with eating control on more constructs than ADHD in our study.

By considering the impact of Attention
\nDeficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
\nto the future children education, the
\nexploration of intelligence test result characteristic
\nof children with ADHD is needed.
\nThe purpose of the explanation is to help
\nchildren with ADHD to cope their obstacle
\nin actualizing their intelligence potency
\nthrough appropriate educational guidance.
\nIntelligence test result characteristic with
\nWechsler Intelligence Children Scale (WISC)
\ntest is explored on 10 boys with ADHD aged
\n6 - 12 years old in Surabaya. The data is
\ninterpreted .according to Glasser and
\nZimmerman, Ogdon Sattler, and Jose/
\nGoewens reference and is described with the
\nadditional data quantitatively. Children with
\nADHD have low score ill some WlSC subtests.
\nThe rank of the scores from the lowest
\nis object assembly, picture arrangement,
\ninformation, comprehension, digit span, and
\nblock design. The subtests reflect the limited
\ncapacity of childrm with ADHD in visual motor coordination, visual perception
\norganization, visual-spatial relationship and
\nfield dependence, sequence ability, planning
\nability, effects of uncertainty, and social sensitivity. By knowing these limitations, it
\nis understandable why children with ADHD
\nhave problems in behavior, social, cognitive,
\nacademic, and emotional. The limitations of
\nADHD children in actualizing their
\nintelligence potency is related to the
\ndisfunction of the right hemisphere

Amac: Cocukluk caginin en sik gorulen noropsikiyatrik rahatsizligi olan dikkat eksikligi ve hiperaktivite bozuk- lugu (DEHB), hastaligin siddetine gore bireyin sosyal yasama uyum becerileri ve benlik saygisini olumsuz yonde etkilemektedir. Bu calismada, DEHB'li cocuklarin annelerinin gercek yasamda problem cozme ya da stresli yasam olaylariyla basa cikabilme kapasiteleri ile cocuklarin sosyal yasama uyum becerilerinin karsilas- tirilmasi amaclanmistir. Yontem: Arastirma, Gazi Universitesi Cocuk Noroloji ve Cocuk Psikiyatrisi polikliniklerine basvuran, yaslari 6 ile 10 (8.11±1.34) arasinda degisen, DSM-IV tani olcutlerine gore DEHB tanisi konmus 49 erkek cocuk ve annesi uzerinde yurutulmustur. Cocuklar; Kovacs Depresyon Olcegi, Cocuklar Icin Spielberger Surekli-Durumluk Kaygi Olcegi ve Wechsler Cocuklar Icin Zeka Olcegi (WISC-R) ile degerlendirilirken, annelerine Problem Cozme Envanteri uygulanmistir. Bulgular: WISC-R'nin sozel, performans ve toplam zeka bolumleri acisindan DEHB alt tipleri arasinda bir fark gorulmemistir. Alt tipler acisindan, hem cocuklarin yargilama hem de annelerin problem cozme becerileri arasinda bir fark gozlenmemistir. Yine, annelerin problem cozme becerileri ile cocuklarin yargilama becerileri arasinda bir iliski gozlenmemistir. Annelerden elde edilen sonuclarda, problem cozme yeteneginin guven ve kisisel alt parametrelerinde, annelerin kendilerini yetersiz olarak algilamalari ile cocuklarin yargilama becerileri arasindaki iliskinin anlamli oldugu gorulmustur. Tartisma: DEHB olan cocuklar, yikici davranislari, sosyal iliskilerdeki zorluklari, problem cozme konusundaki yetersizlikleri nedeniyle cevrelerinden olumsuz karsilik almakta ve cogunlukla cezalandirilmaktadirlar. Cogu zaman ne yapmalari gerektigi konusunda bilgi sahibi olmakla beraber, bu bilgiyi uygulamaya dokememeleri nedeniyle agir elestirilere maruz kalmaktadirlar. Sonuc: Cocuklara model olabilecek uygun eriskin davranislarinin olmasi, cocuklarin surekli elestirilmemeleri, problem cozumune dahil edilmeleri DEHB'lilerin benlik saygisini yukseltip, uygun davranislarda bulunmalarini ABSTRACT The relationship between WISC-R scores of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and problem solving skills of their mothers Objective: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder which is commonly seen in childhood. Depending on the severity of the disease, ADHD effects negatively in terms of harmony in social life events and self esteem. The aim of this study is that to compare adaptation skills of children with ADHD and their mothers' capacity of coping with stressful events or problem solving in the real life. Method: The Kovacs Depression Scale, the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) were applied to the children while the Problem Solving Inventory was applied to the mothers. The sample was consisted of 49 ADHD children, diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria, aged 6 to 9 years (8.11±1.34) and their mothers. Results: There were no significant differences among ADHD subtypes in terms of WISC-R Verbal, Performance and Total Intelligence sections. In terms of subtypes, there were no significant differences in both children' ability of judgement and their mothers' problem solving skills. Besides that, a high relationship hasn't been observed between problem-solving skills of the mothers and their children's ability of judgement. The relationship between the judgement ability of the children and their mother's perception about feeling insufficient, which was obtained from result of subparameters of the Problem Solving Inventory (confidence and personal) was meaningful. Discussion: Because of disruptive behaviors, difficulty in social relationship and lack of problem solving skills, children with ADHD get negative reactions from their environment and mostly they are punished. Children with ADHD often get criticized, because they actually know what to do but they can not put that into practice. Conclusion: In order to improve the self esteem of children with ADHD, there should be appropriate adult behavioral model, also these children should be included in problem solving and should not be criticized constantly. These will allow children with ADHD to adapt themselves to social life.

Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to experience peer problems compared to their non-ADHD peers, though ADHD-specific symptoms only partially explain this association. This study examined whether sleep difficulties and motor coordination problems are additional predictors of peer problems in an ADHD population. An ADHD sample of 72 participants aged 6-14years (M=9.86years, SD=1.79years) was evaluated for an association of peer problems with measures of motor coordination, sleep difficulties as well as ADHD and comorbidity symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMRA) was used to test the current study aims. Motor coordination, but not sleep difficulties, predicted additional variance in peer problems after controlling for inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalizing problems, oppositionality, and conduct problems. Poor motor coordination predicts peer problems beyond ADHD symptoms. Clinicians seeking to improve peer functioning in children with ADHD should also consider motor coordination difficulties in addition to existing treatment strategies. Statement of contribution What is already known Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience greater peer problems (i.e., making friends, being victimized, participating in play) than their typically developing peers. Previous studies have attributed this association between ADHD and peer problems to the symptoms of ADHD (i.e., inattention and/or hyperactivity) disrupting the typical trajectory of social development. However, quantitative studies have identified that symptoms of ADHD predict only portion of the variance in a child's peer problems - highlighting that there may be other unique factors that contribute to the higher incidence of peer problems typically observed in this population. What this study adds This study tested whether additional theoretically relevant factors could predict levels of peer problems in children with ADHD beyond the primary symptoms of the disorder. Internalizing symptomatology, conduct problems, oppositionality, motor coordination, and sleep difficulties were added to a regression model already including inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. These factors explained 51% of the variability in peer problems. In this sample of 72 ADHD children, the results of the final model highlighted that only motor coordination and conduct problems remained significant predictors of peer problems - highlighting two potentially important target areas for screening and intervention.

abstractPurpose:In this article, we propose current source density (CSD) as a marker for diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children for the first time.Materials and methods: A source localization method (sLORETA) was used to find the source of abnormality in the CSD in electrical distribution of different frequency bands in resting state EEG for the ADHD children in comparison to the normal children using statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) test. Resting-state EEG in eye-open (EO) condition was recorded from 13 ADHD and 15 age-matched normal children (aged between 6 and 13).Results: Significant differences were found in the CSD of three frequency bands: delta, theta, and alpha in the parietal lobe, between ADHD and normal groups.Conclusions: Higher CSD in the parietal lobe for ADHD children was found which suggests that an abnormality exists in the parietal lobe of children with ADHD which can be related to the attention shifting problem in these children.

Introduction: Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) are a group of volatile organic compounds previously linked to adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development. This study aimed to determine if early-life exposure to BTEX in the ambient air was associated with behaviors suggestive of attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Using residential ZIP Code at 9 months of age, annual average estimates of BTEX compounds from the 2002 U.S. EPA’s National Air Toxics Assessment were linked to parent and teacher interviews for 4,900 children who participated in the Early Child Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). The ECLS-B is a nationally-representative sample of U.S. children born in 2001 and followed from 9 months of age through kindergarten. Kindergarten teachers rated children on six behaviors related to ADHD symptomology using a 5-point likert scale. After summing across the six behavior scales, children with summary scores in the bottom decile were classified as displaying behaviors suggestive of ADHD symptomology. Multivariable logistic regression models, accounting for the complex study design and adjusted for maternal race, age, marital status, household language, socioeconomic status, a neighborhood deprivation index, and home environment were constructed. Results: Children exposed to the upper quartile of benzene had 1.45 times the odds of displaying behaviors suggestive of ADHD-related symptomology than children with lower levels of exposure (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.11, 1.89). No associations were observed with other BTEX compounds or with parent-reported behaviors. Only 2.4% of children had a parent-reported diagnosis of ADHD, but children exposed to the highest quartile for all BTEX compounds had 1.88 times the odds of having an ADHD diagnosis than other children (95% CI 1.03, 3.42). Conclusions: These findings add to a growing literature that air pollution may impact children’s neurobehavioral development.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly occurring developmental disorders of childhood, which can often be present after adulthood. The main symptoms of ADHD are distraction, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which are common in childhood, and for this reason, the diagnosis is usually delayed. At the same time, in several cases, the problems caused by ADHD (such as behavioral and social adjustment problems and problems in school performance) are considered as results of other co-existing situations (such as family problems, environmental change, and developmental pathologies). For this reason, ADHD often remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and even when it is accurately diagnosed, a comprehensive model of a combination of therapeutic approaches that are required to treat it, is not always applied. Today, there are a plethora of tests used to assess specific deficits presented by both children and adolescents with ADHD. The purpose of this literature review was to present tools and tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD. Search was performed on PubMed until February 20, 2021, without time limit for the publication of scientific papers. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English language, were conducted on animals and were case studies, editorials, and letters to the editor. Of the scientific papers retrieved, 15 were included in the systematic review. Some of the specialized tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD are the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Conner's' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Testing (IVA-CPT), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the 30-item Semi-Structured Interview with Parents (CAPA- RAD), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS). In conclusion, there are a number of evaluation tools that can be used to evaluate specific deficits presented by children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as to evaluate the course of treatment, but also to distinguish children and adolescents with ADHD from those with other types of cognitive and learning disorders.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood disorder that is often maintained throughout the development and persists into adulthood. Established etiology models suggest that deficient inhibition underlies the core ADHD symptoms. While experimental evidence for impaired motor inhibition is overwhelming, little is known about the sensory inhibition processes, their changes throughout the development, and the relationship to ADHD symptoms. Here, we used the well-established binocular rivalry (BR) paradigm to investigate for the very first time the inhibitory processes related to visual perception in adults with ADHD. In BR, perception alternates between two dichoptically presented images throughout the viewing period, with shorter dominant percept durations and longer transition periods indicating poorer suppression/inhibition. Healthy controls (N = 28) and patients with ADHD (N = 32) were presented with two dissimilar images (orthogonal gratings) separately to each eye through a mirror stereoscope and asked to report their perceptual experiences. There were no differences between groups in any of the BR markers. However, an association between transition durations and symptom severity emerged in the ADHD group. Importantly, an exploratory multiple regression analysis revealed that inattention symptoms were the sole predictor for the duration of transition periods. The lack of impairments to sensory inhibition in adult, but not pediatric ADHD may reflect compensatory changes associated with development, while a correlation between inhibition and inattention symptoms may reveal an invariant core of the disorder.

Parents have reported emotional regulation problems in cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The first objective of this research was to explore the differences between the parents' ratings on CDS, ADHD, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, anxiety, depression and emotional dysregulation. The second one was to compare the predictive capacity of CDS and ADHD over anxiety, depression and emotional regulation problems. The third one was to analyze the mediation of emotional dysregulation in CDS, ADHD, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and anxiety and depression. The sampling used was non-probabilistic. The final sample consisted of 1,070 participants (484 fathers and 586 mothers) who completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) and the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI). In relation to the first objective, first, mothers reported more emotional regulation problems in children than in fathers. Second, emotional regulation problems were more strongly correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. Significant differences were found in all father scores, except for anxiety and the emotional regulation subscale. Regarding mothers, significant differences were only observed in ADHD scores, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and depression. Both parents reported more problems in older children, except for hyperactivity/impulsivity scores and ADHD rated by mothers. According to the second objective, CDS scores were found to significantly predict anxiety and depression scores, but not those of inattention or emotional regulation problems. Finally, in relation to the third objective, emotional regulation problems mediated the relationships between CDS, ADHD, and anxiety and depression. In conclusion, the data support the importance of emotional regulation problems in understanding CDS and its relationship with ADHD, anxiety, and depression.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder disrupts selective mechanisms of action

Étude des mouvements oculaires dans les troubles hyperactifs avec déficit de l’attention chez l’enfant