Adjektive mit Negationspräfixen im heutigen Dänisch

This article focuses on the processes that lead to awareness of our own emotions, which deserve particular attention in contemporary models of emotional consciousness. The subjective component of emotion, or emotional experience, was for a long time the most neglected aspect in the study of emotions although it already constituted the initial point of discussion in the famous William James still asked question : What is an emotion? More than a century later, contemporary theories debate about this heritage. We examine the successive historic contributions to the question of the determinants of our own emotional experience: from James-Lange bodily changes to cognitive appraisal theories, also relating the major role that the fundamental emotions theory attributed to facial expressions. Twenty years after the debate about primacy of cognition or emotion, both physiological-somatic and cognitive components are integrated in contemporary approaches to emotions. However, their respective degree of implication varies according to the different levels of emotional consciousness which are modelized. It is on the last level that present models focus, level that leads to consciousness of our emotional experience, benefiting from the contributions of cognitive neurosciences. Models differ according to the role devoted to neuronal substrates in determining emotional experience, but they converge on the specification of a last level of consciousness, which is the only one that allows the subject to be conscious of emotion as it is experienced (feeling) and that what he is experiencing is an emotion. Then, different models of emotional consciousness account for different varieties of emotion experience and also for various cases of << unconscious >> emotions, that is occurrence of emotion with a lack of awareness.

More than 25 years after Australia received the recommendations handed down by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) Australia’s Indigenous people are still being incarcerated at disproportionate rates compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts, regardless of the attempts made by government to reduce the over-representation of Indigenous people in Australia’s prisons. Scholars have studied prisoner reentry for many years, during which time several risk and protective factors of reincarceration have been identified. However, limited research has examined beyond the question of whether Indigenous people are more likely to return to prison compared to non-Indigenous people. While we know Indigenous people are over-represented at the back-end of the criminal justice system, as more Indigenous people return to prison, and return faster than non-Indigenous people, we have little empirical understanding as to why –Why are Australia’s Indigenous people compared to non-Indigenous people more at risk of reincarceration? The present thesis seeks to unpack this question and develop a better understanding of why Indigenous people are more at risk of reincarceration post-release than non-Indigenous people. In total, three studies using a combination of descriptive, Cox proportional hazard regressions, logistic regressions, chi-square and t-test analyses were conducted with 1238 Queensland Indigenous (n = 303) and non-Indigenous (n = 935) people. The first study (Chapter 3) expands our understanding by: (a) examining group differences in characteristics within and between reincarcerated and successfully reintegrated people post-release for both groups; (b) identifying whether Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous people are more likely to be reincarcerated post-release; and (c) identifying whether any difference in risk of reincarceration can be partially explained by Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples’ social experiences prior-to-prison, and/or their prison-life experiences. Results suggests that while there are group differences in characteristics between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, prison-life experiences can explain little to none of the difference in risk of reincarceration that exists between the two groups. Instead, evidence indicates the difference in risk of reincarceration can largely be explained by Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples’ static risk factors—those that occurred before incarceration (i.e. demographic, prior criminal history, and social experiences prior-to-incarceration). However, considering risk factors can potentially affect other risk factors, it is possible that by using a single statistical model that controls for Indigenous status any interactive effects with Indigenous status may have been masked. Study two (Chapter 4) expands on current empirical evidence in four ways. First, study two examines whether racial specific and racial neutral risk factors of reincarceration are present for Indigenous and/or non-Indigenous people. Results found evidence of racial specific risk factors of reincarceration being present for both groups. With evidence suggesting prisoner visitation is a racial specific protective factor against reincarceration for non-Indigenous people only. Study two further explored the visitation-reincarceration relationship to identify (a) if group differences in who gets visited exist; (b) whether there were differences in time to reincarceration for visited prisoners compared to non-visited prisoners; and (c) whether differences in visitation could be explained by social demographic circumstances prior-to-prison, criminal history, and travel distance for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Evidence showed differences between groups in the amount people w ere visited, time to reincarceration for visited and non-visited prisoners, and in the likelihood of who got visited. Study three (Chapter 5) further develops our understanding of why Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous people are more at risk of reincarceration in three ways: (a) by examining whether risk of reincarceration for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people differ by residential location (i.e. city/urban vs rural/remote); (b) identifying how community disadvantage, remoteness, and accessing services post-release effects Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples’ risk of reincarceration; and (c) by exploring what support services are accessed post-release and by who. Results indicated that residential location does not affect risk of reincarceration for either group and no relationship was identified between community disadvantage and reincarceration for non-Indigenous people. However, results showed community disadvantage to be a protective factor against reincarceration for Indigenous people. Finally, evidence also indicated there are group differences in who accessed services post-release. Collectively, the three studies presented in this thesis make a significant contribution to existing empirical knowledge of Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples’ risk of reincarceration. Each study builds on the previous, adding a new piece of the puzzle to what is a complex and multifaceted problem. Overall, the evidence presented in this thesis further demonstrates why it is important for re-entry programs to not only be individually tailored, but also tailored to one’s local environment and culture. The dissertation concludes with a discussion and synthesis of the overall research findings, limitations, and suggestions for future reentry research with Indigenous people in Chapter 6.

This research aimed at investigating the quantitative adjectives and semantic types of quantitative adjectives in Kulisusu language. The scope of this research was quantitative adjectives and semantic types of quantitative adjective meaning color, size, form and taste. The research questions of this study were "what is the form quantitative adjectives in Kulisusu language" and "what is the semantic type of quantitative adjectives in Kulisusu language. This research used qualitative descriptive by applying some techniques of collecting data such as : (1) translation, (2) introspection (3) elicitation and interview. Instrument of Indonesian word of adjective. After the data being collected, the data were analyzed by using the following steps : (1) identify the form of adjectives, (2) determine the form of adjectives, and (3) determine the meaning of adjectives.The result of the research showed that Kulisusu language had six kinds of quantitative adjective gathered in this research namely ompole, sade’ete, samentonga, malingumo and o’opa. And there are seven kinds of semantic types of quantitative adjectives meaning color namely , mea, kuni, bula, yijo, kangura, and wungu. Furthermore adjective meaning in term could be seen of lines that make it consist of shapes that have straight lines, shapes that have curved lines, and shapes that have mixed lines, namely straight lines and curved lines. After that adjective meaning the size in detail twelve types of subordinates namely (1.) distance size, (2,) long size, (3.) high, size (4.) broad size, (5.) depth size, (6) thickness size, (7.) content size (8.) amount size, (9.) time size, (10.) heavy size, (11) big size, and (12.) age size. The last adjective meaning of taste includes (1.) a state that symbolizes the ambiences of the mind (2.) a taste that symbolizes of the mood, and (3.) a taste that symbolizes the senses.

This thesis documents my attempts (as a playwright, director and process drama worker) to understand 'tension of intimacy'. It focuses on the questions: What is 'tension of intimacy' in drama? How might it be created? Does the experience of 'tension of intimacy' offer the possibility of new knowledge emerging for the participants and spectators of drama? The methodology (articulated in Chapter Two) involves reflective practice. This chapter incorporates discussion of the nature of knowledge claims and the way they might be judged. The need for criteria of openness is asserted. The research plan and the reflective journey are outlined. Problems associated with the approach are discussed. In Chapter Three, the premises informing O'Toole's (1992) naming of different types of dramatic tension are discussed. Ryle's and Koestler's (1975) models of emotional response are briefly outlined. The difference between emotional response to life and art, and claims regarding the roles of conflict and expectation in the creation and experience of dramatic tension are considered. The suggestion that dramatic tension relates to questions of identity, power and control is questioned. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the potential links between the experience of emotional engagement in response to drama and the emergence of changed awareness or understanding. In Chapter Four, I discuss 'the nature of intimacy' drawing in particular on the theory developed by Malone and Malone (1987) who (unlike other theorists discussed) separate the notions of intimacy and closeness and consider the way it might be experienced as people encounter, not just humans, but other aspects of existence including art. The defining characteristics of intimacy are articulated as connection, animation and heightened awareness. The 'qualities of intimacy' are defined as free choice, personal integrity, acceptance, personal surrender, self-responsibility, attentiveness, risk-taking, presence, participation and systemic detachment and playfbl engagement. Chapter Five incorporates reflection on dramatic works and real-life situations. This is followed by Chapter Six where I document several unsuccessfbl attempts to create script driven by a 'tension of intimacy'. I conclude by questioning my earlier assumptions. In Chapter Seven, the labels applied by O'Toole (1992) and Haseman & O'Toole (1986) to a range of different types of dramatic tension are reconsidered. Following this, I conclude that my earlier theoretical assumptions about the creation and naming of tensions: (a) are inadequate to account for the way people respond differently to the same dramatic moment (b) fail to recognise that tension is created through aspects other than narrative and determine that: (a) dramatic tension is not contained in the drama but in the spectators and participants as they experience it (c) every source of contrast is a potential cause of dramatic tension and these can emerge from within and external to the work I conclude that 'tension of intimacy' might be created if the defining characteristics and 'qualities of intimacy' are present in a spectator's or participant's response to the experience of contrast. In Chapter Eight, my focus shifts to consider structural devices which offer the possibility of the 'qualities of intimacy' being experienced in response. Irony; figure- ground contrast; ritual; and devices intended to distance, alienate or prolong perception are discussed. In Chapter Nine my process of working as a writerldirector to group devise the play's action is documented. The resultant play, Umbilical Cords and Metronomes, is included as Chapter Ten. The exegesis contained in Chapter Eleven is informed by participant and spectator interviews as well as my own response to the process and product. In conclusion, I discuss the terms connection, animation and heightened awareness as they apply in the experience of drama. Significant aspects influencing 'tension of intimacy' including playful response, trust, perceptions of integrity and individual 'reading' processes are discussed. The link between risk-taking, heightened awareness and the possible emergence of new knowledge is considered. Chapter Twelve begins with a summary of the study. Constraints and implications are then briefly discussed. The chapter (and thesis) concludes by returning to answer the questions originally posed. In conclusion I claim that 'tension of intimacy' names the experience of spectators or participants when the defining characteristics of intimacy (connection, animation and heightened awareness) characterise their response and is created when they experience: a feeling of invigoration or animation as they respond to a contrast or metaxis between the stage action and their real world existence (and) reduced conscious focus on the stage action and heightened awareness of their response to the juxtaposition (and) challenge, rather than affirmation, of earlier assumptions and beliefs. I conclude that trust, perceptions of integrity in the action (and in personal response to it) and playful engagement are prerequisites for this experience.

(1994). Reflections on SASB and the Assessment Enterprise. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 317-319.

Since Jeffrey Masson published The Assault on Truth (1984) some twenty-seven years ago, popular media representations of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy have taken on a number of guises. These encompass a full spectrum of perspectives on the values and pitfalls of psychoanalysis as both a mode of therapeutic intervention and a tool for the scrutiny of the self. Such representations include both those premised on profound suspicion (seen, for example, in print media coverage of ‘false or repressed memory’ debates) and others grounded in a mode of reification (for example, the idealised images of therapy seen in TV dramas such as The Sopranos [HBO, 1999-2007]). This article considers the shifting cultural contexts surrounding the emergence of such representations of psychotherapy in order to offer a genealogy of its popular media images. It draws on the work of D.W. Winnicott to explore what such a genealogy suggests about the role of psychoanalysis in shaping the emergence of a culture of feeling in this period. It considers debates about notions of ‘therapy culture’ and discusses the over-arching preoccupation with matters of emotion that appears to dominate media images on the contemporary Western cultural scene. How are such cultural developments linked to the rise of ‘mediatisation’ and its impact on notions of selfhood and subjectivity? Arguing that the media have now come to function as objects of our internal worlds, this article explores what can be learnt from object relations psychoanalysis in attempting to grapple with such shifts in experience, and it deploys a psycho-cultural approach to the ideas that emerge when such questions are posed.

This thesis explores how the medicalization of negative emotions impacts political agency. Mental suffering apparently abounds in the modern world. Diagnoses of and medical prescriptions for mental disorder have for decades been surging among liberal democracies, including the UK. Critics argue that this is partly because negative emotions are increasingly being understood and treated as symptoms of mental disorder; that is, they are being medicalized. This has wide-ranging political implications. Negative emotions, such as anger, sadness, and fear, alert us to and drive us to address perceived wrongs. If we are able to relate our emotions to issues that we share with others, they can engender political action. But labelling an emotion as a mental disorder frames it as a medical problem, potentially foreclosing the possibility of comprehending the emotion as an understandable reaction to something that could and should be addressed politically. The medicalization of negative emotions, thus, appears to threaten our political agency as liberal-democratic citizens. To explore whether, and, if so, to what extent this is the case, I draw on the political thought of Hannah Arendt to construct a theoretical framework explicating the relationship between political agency, its sources, and negative emotions. Within this framework, political agency is defined as the individual’s capacity to act in concert with other people to shape or respond to public issues. I then apply this framework to a series of historical and contemporary case studies of political action by people whose emotional and mental fitness for public life has been called into question. I argue that the medicalization of negative emotions has generated factors that can be and have been used to undermine people’s political agency. However, I also contend that the disempowering effects of medicalization are more uneven and less severe than many critics have suggested.

The study explores the practice, meaning and significance of invective and insults in political discourse among Ghanaians. It examines the use of such language forms against people of higher social status in online discourse in Ghana, a country where it is traditionally unacceptable to openly criticize the elderly and authority figures, let alone insult them. Data was sourced from GhanaWeb [www.ghanaweb.com], the most patronized online news website in Ghana that ensures anonymous citizen participation in issues of national interest. The data involved invective and insult-filled online reader comments on news reports about the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner involved in the 2016 general election in Ghana. Metapragmatic comments (reader reactions) which portray Ghanaian sociocultural perspectives on the use of abusive language against these individuals were also gathered. These two sets of comments were used to build the Corpus of GhanaWeb Comments on Ghana’s 2016 Election (CGCGE16). In addition to CGCGE16, the data for the study included comments from social media platforms, native speakers’ intuitions and the views of Ghanaian anthropological linguists and cultural specialists obtained from interviews, and evidence from scholarly works. The qualitative meaning analysis method is used along with the quantitative discourse analysis method. The study adopts an ethnopragmatic approach, combining corpus-based searches with semantic explications and cultural scripts, following the principles of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach (Wierzbicka, 1992, 1996; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014). The findings indicate that most of the comments in CGCGE16 are personal attacks that violate the Ghanaian communicative norms towards the elderly and people in authority and, furthermore, do not conform to the expected displays of verbal respect. Instead of expressing their views on on-going socio-political issues, the commenters often draw on past socio-political occurrences, their public and sociocultural knowledge to engage in negative emotional characterizations and evaluations of the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner, thereby, showing disapproval of them. By means of name-calling expressions, derogatory adjectives, and derogatory interjections, these commenters attack the intellectual abilities, moral behaviour, social competence, and physical characteristics of their targets. This negative communicative behaviour is attributed to the fact that on GhanaWeb, like on many online communities, interactants are not obliged to uphold communicative norms. The anonymity of GhanaWeb shields commenters from the repercussions such speech behaviours would otherwise necessitate. It is also attributed to the right to freedom of speech, the repeal of the criminal libel law, and the fact that traditionally, there are some specific settings that allow the use of insults against authority. The study demonstrates that although the practice of using insults against political leaders in online commentary appears to be “normal” in the online context, it is a transgression when one considers the Ghanaian sociocultural norms of communication. Consistent with this, although the interaction on GhanaWeb is asynchronous, some commenters play the role of regulatory figures and traditional gatekeepers of appropriate communicative behaviour by posting disapproving metapragmatic comments. The study identifies many ways in which interactions on GhanaWeb are culturally shaped. These include first, commenters do not only rely on English slang terms and swearwords, they also employ some local language insulting expressions (e.g. kwasea ‘fool’, yaka gbɔmɔ ‘worthless person’) due to the ‘weight’ such expressions carry for Ghanaians. Secondly, the metapragmatic comments do not employ certain key terms such as “offensiveness” that can be found in the literature on online studies related to the speakers of Inner Circle Englishes. Instead, they highlight the clear position of the Ghanaian culture on respect for elders and people in authority. These metapragmatic comments also stress the fact that the exchange of invective and insults in politics can result in violence which may have adverse effects on the development of the nation. Overall, the study is inclined towards the view that instead of generalizing the results of studies on abusive language use in online interactions, there is a need to draw out what distinguishes Ghanaian online interactants from, let’s say, Western countries, Asian countries, African countries, or from interactants elsewhere. The key claim is that understanding the sociocultural backdrop for the speech practices of online interactants is crucial to understanding their language use, as interactants draw on existing communicative repertoires which influence their language choices. Also, the study draws attention to news websites in Ghana as a platform where the use of unmitigated invective and insults against people of higher social status is increasingly becoming the norm, despite the fact it violates Ghanaian communicative values. Thus, this study serves as a springboard for future research into abusive language use in online interactions among Ghanaians.

In migrant communities, parents and children not only represent two diverse generations, but two different languages and cultures. As migrants who still carry memories of their homeland and culture close to their hearts, many are tied linguistically, culturally, and emotionally to their native country and culture. Language maintenance in migrant families assists parents and their children not only to communicate but to also understand cultural values better, which are crucial to their identity and worldview. Although research on community languages has flourished since Michael Clyne’s pioneering work on community language maintenance in the 1960s, there is limited understanding of the role of migrant families in maintaining and transmitting a community language and its influence on identity in Australia. Specific research on Rioplatense Spanish language maintenance and Argentinean identity within the Argentinean community has remained largely unexamined in the contemporary global landscape. In particular, we lack research on how and why first and second generation Argentineans maintain the Spanish language, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish and the consequences this has for their experience of Argentinean identity. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap for Australia and elsewhere by examining and discussing the following four themes. First, the central role of the family (as opposed to governments) in conceptualising and implementing language maintenance and identity practices. Second, the influence of familial (endogamous and exogamous unions, extended family, siblings, and language strategies) and extra-familial factors (social networks, travel, language status, and institutions) in augmenting the development and maintenance of community language literacy skills and identity. Third, how linguistic strategies and attitudes are dynamic and play a role in the process of language learning and maintenance, and last, the role and consumption of media (print, audio, audio-visual, and digital communication technologies), and technology in community language maintenance and identity. This thesis analyses the results of a two-step study, drawing upon data derived from mixed-methods research. First, a community-based survey of first and second generation Argentineans from Australia’s three largest cities — Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane — examined respondents’ use and maintenance of the Spanish language and the influence this has on their experience of Argentinean identity. Second, semi-structured interviews with first and second generation Argentineans were conducted to verify and triangulate survey findings and develop insights derived from the survey data. The analyses of the survey and interview data in this thesis provide insights into how the attitudes and actions of first generation Argentineans since the 1970s have influenced intergenerational ethnolinguistic vitality in Spanish language maintenance. This thesis illuminates our understanding by demonstrating how Argentineans in contemporary Australia maintain and transmit the Spanish language, their dialect Castellano Rioplatense [Rioplatense Spanish], and the implications this has for their experience of Argentinean identity. It also demonstrates that although the Argentinean community pertains to the broader Latin American community in Australia, they signal their uniqueness via their use of Rioplatense Spanish. The principal finding of this thesis is that despite Australia’s dominant monolingual landscape, first and second generation Argentineans continue to transmit and maintain Spanish, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish. Moreover, their use of Rioplatense Spanish allows them to maintain a distinct Argentinean identity in a multicultural context that otherwise publicly renders them as ‘Latin Americans.’ This thesis identifies four key elements in community language maintenance and identity. First, the family is the most salient factor in language maintenance and transmission. Second, the heterogeneity of the Argentinean community compared to other Latin American communities in Australia is reflected by their distinct use of Rioplatense Spanish, which maintains and ameliorates ethnolinguistic vitality, framing their Argentinean identity. Third, positive language attitudes within families further aids in the transference and maintenance of Rioplatense Spanish in various domains, at both micro and macro levels. Fourth, the consumption of media and digital communication technologies influences how the community language is used and experienced. This is achieved by individuals participating in diverse spaces that use and sustain not only the Spanish language, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish, and Argentinean identity. Hence, the use and maintenance of Spanish creates a sense of an imagined community, with individuals sensing that they mentally belong ‘here’ in Australia and ‘there’ in Argentina. The findings of this thesis have implications for promoting intergenerational language and identity within families, communities, pedagogical programming, educational and linguistic policies to facilitate language maintenance and identity opportunities.

Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Since the inception of modern bureaucracy, several theories and paradigms were created to explain the factors affecting the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor. Each of these theories emphasized on the role of different factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources. One of the effective variables on the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor, which has attracted the attention of scientists in recent years, is family wellbeing in family or job performance and occupational health. The new management has found that programs that are designed to strengthen family health and increase job satisfaction and employee empowerment, increase their productivity and job performance, and in turn, improve productivity and performance levels and economic health of organization. Family well-being is defined as emotional, social and economic health of children, parents and families, generally, as well as physical health, mental health, quality of relationships between parents and family members, and also the quality of relationships between parents and children. The researchers showed that the family relation index is strong predictors of quality of occupational life of employees, and there is a mutual relation between the quality of working life and quality of life and relationships among family members. Based on family systems theory and ecological theory about the family, some researchers have indicated that the employee's experience is probably a reflection of the experiences of their families. The aim of this study was to examine the two questions: First, how is the status of family relation index as an indicator of the health of the families of the police? Second, do the police staffs families health influence their job performance? 2- Theoretical Framework Several theories have emerged about the family well-being and its impact on other spheres of life, including job issues in literature related to the quality of family life. In literature related to the health of the family, three theories are more well-known and useful. These theories include: 1. Human Ecological Systems Theory: this theory leads the different levels of systems that make up probable unit of observation and provides the basic assumptions about the exchanges between human resources and the environment; 2. Resources Theory: this theory guides definition of the content of family life, conceptualize the interpersonal resources of exchanges in family relationships, expand the scales, and interprets the results; and 3. Facet Theory: this theory helps translate theoretical concepts into operational measures, and provides data analysis methods consistent with research purposes. 3. Methodology This study was a survey and cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 38 police centers in Yazd province in June and July 2013. The population consisted of Yazd police employee's families and their spouses and managers from different units of Yazd police. Using Cochran formula, 300 people (100 employees, 100 spouses of employees, and 100 officials and commanders) were selected. Measuring instruments were Paterson's job performance questionnaire, and Family Relation Index. Data were analyzed using independent t-test comparison of means and Hierarchical multiple regression. 4- Results & Discussion The results showed that the prevalence rate of deficiency in quality of relation indicator in Yazd selected police families was high. The results showed that 59% of selected families said there was not a favorable relationship among members and their families did not have the favorable characteristics regarding family relations. Also, 41% of police families reported that they had the indicators and criteria of a good family regarding to quality of relationships within the family. There was a significant difference among families with problems in family relationships and family without problems in terms of the quality of employee performance. Also, hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that family relation index explained for 23.2% of the variance of job performance. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The signs of failure in family relations, such as lack of concern for the members for each other, lack of enjoyment of family relations, differences and disputes in relationships, feel like a stranger in the family, lack of mutual understanding, and so on was observed among Yazd selected police families. According to these results, the police should increasingly strengthen family relations through the interventional actions, such as the workshops, aimed at enabling people.

Coastal communities are becoming increasingly aware of the risks to local infrastructure from more frequent and severe flooding, more extreme storm surges, and sea-level rise. As local governments are responsible for the lion’s share of land use decision-making and infrastructure development in coastal communities in the United States, local governments in the coastal zone will play a key role in adapting to the changing climate. Local decision-makers are facing hard questions about whether to build new infrastructure, adapt existing infrastructure to new standards, continue maintaining existing infrastructure as is, or abandon infrastructure altogether. Monroe County, Florida, for example, has begun to factor sea-level rise considerations into decisions related to road improvement projects, creating specific design standards addressing elevation and working to weigh the benefits and costs of different adaptation options such as elevating roads. Local governments are making these decisions in the context of increasingly unreliable and aging road systems, all while meeting current stormwater criteria which may require drainage improvements. Local decision-makers also are recognizing that crucial infrastructure decisions that directly affect their adaptation success are sometimes out of their control. In the case of the City of Tybee Island, Georgia, for example, tidal flooding restricts access to U.S. Highway 80 on an ever-increasing basis—yet the highway, the only road leading to the island, is not under the city’s jurisdiction but that of the Georgia Department of Transportation. To further complicate matters for local governments, both taking action and failing to act could result in either tort or “takings” liability in cases where a poorly maintained road results in harm to life or loss of property value from diminished access. Using the duty of state and local governments to maintain roads as a focus, this Article explores the complexity of adaptation at the local level as the impacts of climate change become more pronounced. Specifically, this Article presents an analysis of coastal communities in four South Atlantic states—Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina—that are currently facing questions about how to protect property and infrastructure as sea levels rise and flooding increases. This Article distills the findings of an interdisciplinary research project funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”), Florida Sea Grant, Georgia Sea Grant, South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, and North Carolina Sea Grant. It also consists of a regional analysis comparing how tort and local government law can both further and hinder climate change resilience planning and climate adaptation efforts across these four states. Given that the federal government has offered little in terms of legislation, policy, or funding to direct or support climate adaptation activities, local efforts—and the litigation that inevitably results—are on the forefront of establishing the framework for defining adaptation policy more broadly and influencing the contours of tort and land use law. This Article, therefore, fills an important research gap in existing climate change literature, as it discusses how increased flooding at the local level is putting pressure on traditional conceptions of government duties, immunities, and authorities. This Article also uses roads as a case study to explore how sea-level rise is altering planning, maintenance, and funding for public infrastructure. This discussion focuses on local duties and responsibilities to build, rebuild, modify, or maintain existing roads for two primary reasons: (1) it is a widely shared function among jurisdictions and is the most obvious and visible type of infrastructure to the public, and (2) roads and highways, which are crucial to trade, defense, and nation-building, have long been under the purview of government regulation and funding in the United States. Recently, roads have also become a focal point in local government efforts to address rising sea levels and increased flooding. While sea-level rise may seem like a distant threat, many of its effects are being felt now, as low-lying coastal areas such as Norfolk, Virginia; Brunswick, Georgia; and Monroe County, Florida are experiencing increased nuisance or “sunny day” flooding occurring during seasonal or average high tides. Such flooding typically affects roads, temporarily closing them and increasing maintenance and repair costs. Residents who rely on these roads, often find themselves cut off from their homes, businesses, workplaces, schools, and local hospitals. In this way, sea-level rise and the flooding associated with it have become increasingly familiar and imminent, making roads the “climate change canary in the coal mine” for local governments. Part I of this Article briefly discusses recent sea-level rise issues and coastal science most relevant to the South Atlantic states—North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Part II analyzes and compares each state’s road ownership and maintenance duties, first by addressing the threshold question of ownership and jurisdiction, and then by explaining the multi-step analysis that governments must take to evaluate their duties to maintain roads in order to avoid liability. Part II also outlines the wide differences among the four states in our study area and observes a common thread, namely, that in almost each instance, local governments are faced with conflicting pressures that are likely to reward inaction over action and favor short-term political compromises over strategic investments in adaptation. This Part then details how counties and municipalities can discontinue their duties to maintain roads through the process of abandonment and how abandonment can lead to takings liability. Part III offers three proposals for encouraging coordinated adaptation action and protecting local governments that take action to address climate impacts: (1) redefining the scope of the duties that define reasonable conduct for governments in making decisions about public infrastructure in an era of rising sea levels; (2) defining the scope of sovereign immunity protections in a way that encourages innovative and creative decision-making in an era of climate uncertainty; and (3) calling for consistent adaptation duties and authorities at the state level as a crucial first step in mending the regulatory patchwork that currently exists at the state, county, and city levels in our four-state study area. Part IV concludes with a summary of observations and recommended next steps.

This paper offers a general overview of the conceptualization of 'ordinary theology', first developed in 2002, together with an apologia for its study and for its relevance for theological and ecclesiastical debate. Ordinary theology is first defined, located and explicated, and the use of the adjective 'ordinary' defended, along with the significance of the ordinary for Christian theology and spirituality. The nature of ordinary theology is then briefly portrayed in terms of its linguistic style or form (rich in story and metaphor; aphoristic, autobiographical and unsystematic), its posture (midway between kneeling and sitting theology) and its voice (on Ursula Le Guin’s account, closer to the mother tongue than to the father tongue). The notion of ordinary theology is further related to Edward Farley’s delineation of the early understanding of theologia, as well as to the popular accounts of John Cobb, Stanley Grenz and Roger Olson. The paper then discusses the understanding of ordinary theology as lay theology, noting three possible meanings of that phrase (to designate a theological theme, the theology of a group within the Church, or theology that is non-expert). It goes on to argue for the significance of ordinary and lay theology both within the wider theology of the Church and in dialogue with academic theology. In this context, it makes particular reference to the relevance of ordinary theology to the concept of the consensus fidelium, in dialogue with some aspects of George Lindbeck’s work; and concludes with an argument for the importance of theological listening in ordinary theological research, and therefore in more general theological discussion in Church and academy. This includes an argument for a two stage process for a fuller study of ordinary theology, which comprises both theological listening and description, on the one hand; and a (separate) critical appraisal of the resulting data, in which the normative criteria of academic and ecclesiastical theology are employed, on the other. The importance of this latter process is acknowledged, but the author contends that it should never disable the empirical stage of listening to ordinary theology (which enables others to learn from it) by silencing or side-lining the voices of ordinary theologians.

Feast and music have been key elements of black culture of Valle del Patia (Cauca, Colombia), even before that day in 1749, when the free brown Fabian Hernandez gave the curia El Guabito ranch, to built a village in it (the current Patia). Since that time, the place has become a reference of freedom and pride for its inhabitants, who have had to endure, throughout history, stigmatization and adjectives that payanesa society -white and mestizo-, has deployed to them. In this article, after presenting fundamental aspects of the history of this community, from an analysis of several old bambucos, a native rhythm also known as patiano bambuco or currulao, born in the slave plantations of the Great Cauca at the eighteenth century, a recovery of key aspects of their culture and thought is done.

This article provides a meta-theoretical overview of the central research questions, concepts, and lines of conflict at the nexus between media and emotions. It interrogates key terms such as affect and emotion, discusses a variety of influential approaches in emotion research, and identifies debates and tensions in the field of study. Within this vast and complex interdisciplinary field and the broad range of affective phenomena it covers, we concentrate primarily on various types of media-induced emotions, with a focus on the development of ideas about screen media and spectatorship.

In her novel White Teeth, Zadie Smith famously writes not only about the everyday multicultural lives of the denizens in a hybridized community in Willesden, North London in 1975 but also forefronts their identity crisis in Multicultural England Drawing on the concept of hybridity in The Location of Culture by Homi K. Bhabha, the proposition of identity crisis in “The Question of Cultural Identity.” Modernity: an Introduction to Modern Societies by Stuart Hall, and the definition of Orientalism in Orientalism by Edward Said, this thesis aims to discuss the key issue, identity crisis found in White Teeth and argues that it is attributable to the racially charged colonial discourse, prevalent nationalism, the opposing strivings of the desires for ethnic authenticity and for cultural assimilation. Hence, each of the three main chapters is aimed at dealing with an individual root cause that gives rise to identity crisis. Chapter One is dedicated to discussing how the unfading colonial discourse has contributed to antagonizing the inhabitants of Great Britain, including both the migrants and the dominant white natives as a whole. To bolster the argument, I maintain that it is racial stereotype that plays a starring role in empowering colonial discourse which, in turn, inferiorizes the non-white. Chapter Two deals with how the eclipsing nationalism in Great Britain functions to subjugate its ethnic groups and eventually alienate them from the world around them. This chapter argues that in the nationalist’s appeal to the homogeneity of the nation-state, the immigrants are ostracized as the threats to the security of the nation-state, Great Britain. Accordingly, the characters in this novel doomed to such adversities suffer from their identity crisis. Chapter Three is dedicated to discussing a paradoxical identification as the immigrants oscillate between an allegiance to ethnic authenticity and an irresistible desire for assimilation into the dominant culture. The paradox can never be solved because for a disaporic subject, the two disparate cultures are irreconcilable in nature. And it is hardly surprising that this has resulted in disorienting his or her cultural identification. Through the discussions in the three chapters, this thesis argues that some of the characters in the novel suffer from identity crisis due to their inabilities to cope with the challenges a hybridized multicultural England poses to them. Keywords: identity, multicultural, hybridized, Englishness, racism, nationalism.