Advanced materials: Information and analysis needs

In modern buildings, with the continuous development of material science and building technology, the decorative manifestations of traditional building materials are emancipated from conventional restrictions. Supported by new processing techniques and ideas, they are endowed with new interpretations. Besides, many forceful manifestation techniques are thus formed. In particular, in some buildings dotted with intensively regional characteristics, by combining local emotional traditional materials and modern technology, the continuity of traditional materials and technology is highlighted in modern architectural structures. The continuity not only grants traditional materials with modern and artistic decorative functions, but also intensively demonstrates traditional emotions of modern buildings by combining different traditional materials’ properties and new materials, adopting their advantages and avoiding the deficiencies.

The recent study by the National Research Council, entitled Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s—Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials, has identified materials science and engineering as an intellectually exciting field crucial to the success of U.S. industries, economy, and defense. The study surveys the needs of eight industries (aerospace, automotive, biomaterials, chemical, electronics, energy, metals, and telecommunications), which employ more than seven million people and have sales in excess of $1.4 trillion. The survey shows the industries' critical requirements for new, improved, more economical materials and processes. Similar needs are documented in such public sector areas as defense, energy, transportation, space, and health. Despite the fact that their economic performance and technological leadership within the global market vary widely, these industries consistently identify materials science and engineering as vital to their ability to maintain or improve their international competitiveness. In every case, the survey indicates a clear need to produce and fabricate new and traditional materials with improved quality and economy. It is also evident that the United States currently leads in certain materials-related areas, but adequate resources, planning, and training are required to maintain this leadership role.In terms of manpower and educational needs, the study emphasizes the need for more educated personnel to meet current and future opportunities, and recommends basing undergraduate courses and programs in materials science and engineering on the four basic elements of materials science and engineering—synthesis and processing, structure, properties, and performance — and on the relationships among them. The study further recommends that undergraduate materials education be centered in materials departments, and that these departments interact strongly with other science and engineering departments to develop interdisciplinary materials-related educational programs.

In recent years, digital learning materials have increasingly replaced and complemented traditional resources, and they are gradually being standardized to ensure higher levels of accuracy and diversity. Digital educational resources have become an indispensable component of modern education, offering numerous advantages over traditional materials. They allow learners to access content anytime and anywhere, and they can vividly illustrate mechanisms, processes, and natural phenomena that conventional resources often fail to convey effectively. However, the growing integration of digital materials in education also presents significant challenges that require further consideration. Despite growing research interest, comprehensive overviews remain limited. This study aims to address this gap by systematically analysing recent research trends, influential publications, thematic focuses, and future directions in digital learning materials. A systematic review was conducted via the PRISMA framework, with Scopus selected as the primary database for rigorous quality control. The inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed journal articles in English published from 2017 onwards containing “digital learning material” or “digital teaching material” in the title, abstract, or keywords. From an initial pool of 404 articles, 45 met the final selection criteria. The data were cleaned, coded, and analysed via VOSviewer for keyword co-occurrence and network mapping. The findings reveal significant growth in publications, especially after 2020, driven by the global shift toward online learning. Sixteen thematic clusters were identified, with collaborative learning and mathematics serving as key connectors. Fifteen categories of challenges emerged, including limited generalizability and small sample sizes. Five major research directions were proposed: spanning methodology, contextualization, technology integration, teacher training, and assessment. This study provides the first systematic, PRISMA-based synthesis of digital learning materials research, offering a holistic framework to guide future scholarly and practical advancements in the field.

There are now over a dozen low-CTE materials with thermal conductivities between that of copper (400 w/m-K) and over 4X copper (1700 W/m-K). Most have low densities. For comparison, traditional low-CTE packaging materials like copper/tungsten have thermal conductivities that are little or no better than that of aluminum (200 W/m-K) and high densities. There are also low-density thermal insulators with low CTEs. Some advanced materials are low cost. Most do not outgas. They have a wide range of electrical properties that can be used to minimize electromagnetic emissions or provide EMI shielding. Several are now in commercial and aerospace applications, including laser diode packages; light-emitting diode (LED) packages; thermoelectric cooler bases, plasma displays; power modules; servers; laptops; heat sinks; thermally conductive, low-CTE printed circuit boards; and printed circuit board cold plates. Advanced material payoffs include: improved thermal performance, reliability, alignment and manufacturing yield; reduced thermal stresses and heating power requirements; simplified thermal design; enablement of hard solder direct attach; weight savings up to 85%; size reductions up to 65%; and lower cost. This paper discusses the large and increasing number of advanced packaging materials, including properties, development status, applications, increasing manufacturing yield, cost, lessons learned and future directions, including nanocomposites.

Heat dissipation, thermal stresses, and cost are key packaging design issues for virtually all semiconductors, including photonic applications such as diode lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solid state lighting, photovoltaics, displays, projectors, detectors, sensors and laser weapons. Heat dissipation and thermal stresses affect performance and reliability. Copper, aluminum and conventional polymeric printed circuit boards (PCBs) have high coefficients of thermal expansion, which can cause high thermal stresses. Most traditional low-coefficient-of-thermal-expansion (CTE) materials like tungsten/copper, which date from the mid 20^th century, have thermal conductivities that are no better than those of aluminum alloys, about 200 W/m-K. There are an increasing number of low-CTE materials with thermal conductivities ranging between that of copper (400 W/m-K) and 1700 W/m-K, and many other new low-CTE materials with lower thermal conductivities. An important benefit of low-CTE materials is that they allow use of hard solders. Some advanced materials are low cost. Others have the potential to be low cost in high-volume production. High-thermal-conductivity materials enable higher power levels, potentially reducing the number of required devices. Advanced thermal materials can constrain PCB CTE and greatly increase thermal conductivity. This paper reviews traditional packaging materials and advanced thermal management materials. The latter provide the packaging engineer with a greater range of options than in the past. Topics include properties, status, applications, cost, using advanced materials to fix manufacturing problems, and future directions, including composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and other thermally conductive materials.

Purpose This research outlines the development and characterization of advanced composite materials and their potential applications in the aerospace industry for interior applications. Advanced composites, such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers and ceramic matrix composites, offer significant advantages over traditional metallic materials in terms of weight reduction, stiffness and strength. These materials have been used in various aerospace applications, including aircraft, engines and thermal protection systems. Design/methodology/approach The development of design of experiment–based hybrid aluminum composites using the stir-casting technique has further enhanced the performance and cost-effectiveness of these materials. The design of the experiment was followed to fabricate hybrid composites with nano cerium oxide (nCeO2) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as reinforcements in the Al-6061 matrix. Findings The Al6061 + 3% nCeO2 + 3% GNPs exhibited a high hardness of 119.6 VHN. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are 113.666 MPa and 73.08 MPa, respectively. A uniform distribution of reinforcement particulates was achieved with 3 Wt.% of each reinforcement in the matrix material, which is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Fractography revealed that brittle and ductile fractures caused the failure of the fractured specimens in the tensile test. Practical implications The manufactured aluminum composite can be applied in a range of exterior and interior structural parts like wings, wing boxes, motors, gears, engines, antennas, floor beams, etc. The fan case material of the GEnx engine (currently using carbon-fiber reinforcement plastic) for the Boeing 7E7 can be another replacement with manufactured hybrid aluminum composite, which predicts weight savings per engine of close to 120 kg. Originality/value The development of hybrid reinforcements, where two or more types of reinforcements are used in combination, is also a novel approach to improving the properties of these composites. Advanced composite materials are known for their high strength-to-weight ratio. If the newly developed composite material demonstrates superior properties, it can potentially be used to replace traditional materials in aircraft manufacturing. By reducing the weight of aircraft structures, fuel efficiency can be improved, leading to reduced operating costs and environmental impact. This allows for a more customized solution for specific application requirements and can lead to further advancements in materials science and technology.

The exceptional reactivity of the azide group makes organic azides a highly versatile family of compounds in chemistry and the material sciences. One of the most prominent reactions employing organic azides is the regioselective copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes yielding 1,2,3-triazoles. Other named reactions include the Staudinger reduction, the aza-Wittig reaction, and the Curtius rearrangement. The popularity of organic azides in material sciences is mostly based on their propensity to release nitrogen by thermal activation or photolysis. On the one hand, this scission reaction is accompanied with a considerable output of energy, making them interesting as highly energetic materials. On the other hand, it produces highly reactive nitrenes that show extraordinary efficiency in polymer crosslinking, a process used to alter the physical properties of polymers and to boost efficiencies of polymer-based devices such as membrane fuel cells, organic solar cells (OSCs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Thermosets are also suitable application areas. In most cases, organic azides with multiple azide functions are employed which can either be small molecules or oligo- and polymers. This review focuses on nitrene-based applications of multivalent organic azides in the material and life sciences.

Materials science and manufacturing process is one of the significant symbols of modern day’s high-tech revolution. The technological developments in the materials science paves the road for advancements in materials science and manufacturing technology across the world. Materials are the key factor for the emerging industries of all kind. In order for new material to get the actual application, exquisite preparation and manufacturing must be processed. No doubt manufacturing is critical in every walk of life. With rapid development computer technology, communications technology and network technology, traditional manufacturing process has evolved to intelligent manufacturing which is more intelligent, more precision and more efficiency. The Third International Conference on Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology 2021 (ICMSMT 2021) has provided a forum for researchers, scientists, academicians, scholars and practitioners around the world to present papers on recent developments in the broad fields of Materials Sciences and Manufacturing Technology. The ICMSMT series also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Materials Science, Engineering and Manufacturing. The third edition of ICMSMT conference series (ICMSMT 2021) has been organized with partnered by Akshaya College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore and Diligentec Solutions, Coimbatore, India. The conference received potential number of submissions from across the world and the papers have been accepted by the editorial board of ICMSMT after the stringent screening and review process. ICMSMT is an annual technical event and has been aimed to be conducted in the second week of April every year. Due to the COVID-19, outbreak in all over the world followed by the national and international travel restrictions, the conference has been organized in online model. Each presenter were given ten minutes for presentation and three minutes for discussion on the queries. The entire meeting has been conducted using Google meet platform. The conference has been successfully completed with all the presentations and keynote sessions. Being the third edition, ICMSMT 2021 had received submissions from different regions of the world and scholars from 9 countries have registered and participated.List of ICMSMT 2021-Committeess, Executive Committee, Editorial Committee, Review Committee, Technical Program Committee Chairs, Technical Program Committee are available in this pdf.

To solve the problem of low efficiency of traditional network teaching material sharing, a new method of multimedia network teaching digital material sharing based on 5G communication technology is proposed. eXtensible Markup Language (XML) technology is used to design the digital material development model of multimedia network teaching. In order to realise the development of digital materials for multimedia network teaching, the material is packaged in modules. Based on 5G communication technology, a multimedia network teaching digital material sharing platform is developed to construct the shared service protocol and realise the efficient sharing of materials. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher file transfer rate than the traditional method, better practical performance and better application prospect.

The global push for sustainable materials in engineering is driven by concerns about environmental impact, resource depletion, and the negative effects of conventional materials. Traditional materials, such as plastics, contribute to pollution and rely on non-renewable resources. As a result, natural fibers are being explored as sustainable alternatives due to their biodegradability, renewability, and lower environmental impact. This study evaluates the potential of Oyster Nut stem particles as reinforcements in biocomposites using TGA, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. The results indicate that while Oyster Nut demonstrates good thermal stability and contains typical biopolymer components, it is predominantly amorphous with some crystalline regions. These findings suggest significant potential for using Oyster Nut in composite materials, highlighting its promise as a sustainable reinforcement option.

PREFACEThe 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering and Applications 2019 (ICMEA 2019) was held in Da Nang, Vietnam during January 16-18, 2019.ICMEA 2019 had a great success to collect many researchers from various countries, and its academic atmosphere helped participants to enjoy scientific and technological discussions for the development of advanced materials in the field of fundamental and applied materials sciences.ICMEA 2019 provided an entirely real platform for researchers, engineers and academicians to further explore materials engineering and applications. Distinguished professors were also invited to deliver keynote speeches relating to the latest developments and trends in their respective fields, including nano/micro/macro-scale materials sciences and technologies. It is a golden opportunity for students, early-career researchers and engineers to meet the experts and specialists and get their advice or consultation on technical matters, sales and marketing strategies.This set of conference proceedings presents a selection of papers submitted to the conference from various universities, research institutes and industries. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and other international reviewers. The papers were selected according to high standards for technical accuracy, scientific rigor, and presentation quality in this conference. This volume presents recent advances in the field of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Processing Technology, Materials Properties, Measuring Methods and Applications, etc.We sincerely thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume and also to the organizing committee, reviewers, speakers, chairpersons, sponsors and all the conference participants for their significant support to ICMEA 2019.Prof. Takashige Omatsu,Chiba University, Japan

By studying the feature extraction technology of text materials, labelme feature extraction technology of Chinese cultural image materials based on spatial information and Mask RCNN image recognition technology, the classification and recognition method of image materials based on feature selection and combination is established to realize efficient semantic retrieval of text and image materials. Then we construct the material library of Chinese cultural elements. In this way, the material presented in the library can realize its reconstruction and apply in the field of cultural design.

Chapter 6 - Modeling heat transport in nanocomposites through multiple length scales

The rapid technological advancements characterizing the 21st century have profoundly shaped global education systems, including early childhood education. This study examined teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of digital and traditional instructional materials in fostering pupils' creativity among preschoolers in Educational Districts I and II, Lagos, Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey research design, the researchers carefully developed a questionnaire to collect data from 150 randomly selected ECE teachers in Districts I and II, spanning public and private schools. The questionnaire items were validated by experts and yielded a Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.82. The data collected were analyzed using a frequency distribution table and a one-sample t-test at the 0.05 level of significance, using SPSS 21.0. This study found, among others, that teachers regard both digital and traditional instructional materials as essential for promoting preschool creativity, with digital resources augmenting engagement and imagination, while traditional tools are crucial for hands-on exploration and problem-solving. The findings, in accordance with existing literature, indicate that blended approaches, combining digital innovation with traditional methods, produce the most successful results in early childhood education. The study emphasizes the significance of contextual and institutional elements, including teacher preparation, administrative support, and infrastructure, in determining the effectiveness of instructional resources. This study recommends that policymakers must enhance infrastructural support by guaranteeing inexpensive access to digital resources and dependable internet services at educational institutions; educational administrators must offer ongoing professional development programs centered on blended instructional methodologies; and teachers should implement hybrid models that innovatively combine digital and conventional resources to optimize student engagement, etc.

Biological materials (biomaterials) have had a marked increase in interest from the material science and engineering community due to unique characteristics and properties that are typically sought after in traditional engineering materials. During the last few decades, research on biomineralized composites such as abalone shell, fish armor, turtle shell, and human bone revealed that those biological systems possess a carefully arranged multilayered composite structure. Unlike metals, ceramics, and traditional composite materials; biomineralized composites often possess enhanced characteristics such as, penetration resistance high toughness, flaw tolerance energy dissipation, damage mitigation, and delamination resistance all while achieving high strength-to-weight ratios. In this research experimentally driven finite element modeling was used to investigate the elastic response for the biocomposite structure. The Atractosteus spatula (Alligator gar) was used as the model structure for determining the elastic properties.