Advances in multiscale image processing and its effects on image quality in skeletal radiography

Introduction: With the advancement of conventional radiography to digital, digital radiography of the chest is commonly performed these days. The role and importance of diagnostic quality of radiographs are to help the radiologists and the clinicians in the diagnosis of diseases and their management, as well as to prevent the misdiagnosis of any pathology. This study was an attempt to quantify the diagnostic quality of chest radiographs by evaluating the quality of depiction of the anatomical details as well as other technical factors. Method: A total of 450 chest radiographs, produced at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, were selected for study over two months period. Five image quality criteria i.e. anatomical coverage, rotation, adequate penetration, adequate inspiration, and scapula out of lung fields were evaluated and tabulated. Results: Out of the 450 radiographs taken for study, only 22.2% of the radiographs fulfilled all the image quality criteria, the rest 77.8% either lacked one or more of the quality criteria. Conclusion: Many technical factors affect the image quality of digital chest radiographs. However, the radiographer/technologist should always try to maintain adequate image quality of the radiographs.

Background: Image quality has a significant effect on the accuracy of radiographic diagnosis, and without optimal image quality many vital information might be missed and that will affect patient management negatively. This work is aimed at assessing the image quality of plain abdominal radiographs, which is one of the most frequent emergency radiographic examinations done, using the radiographic technical parameters and the guidelines of image quality criteria set by the European Commission (EC) as the measuring criteria for the development of quality assurance program. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey of anteroposterior erect and supine plain abdominal radiographs of adult patients produced at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital from August 2019 to October 2019 was conducted assessing its quality based on the radiographic technical parameters and the guideline set by the EC for assessing image quality using a data capture sheet. Results: Plain abdominal radiographs of 92 adults comprising, 55.4% male, 44.6% female, 42.4% erect, and 57.6% supine, were evaluated. The finding of the study revealed that image quality criteria on radiographic technical parameters were optimal in 2%, suboptimal in 50%, and poor in 48%. The image quality based on the EC guideline result shows that only 3% of the reviewed plain abdominal radiograph were optimum, 63.0% were suboptimal, and 34% were poor. Furthermore, the study proves that gender has no significant effect (P = 0.985) on the image quality based on radiographic technical parameter, whereas image quality based on the EC guideline is significantly influenced by gender (P = 0.023). Conclusion: The quality of plain abdominal radiographs produced at this center during this period was abysmal; hence, rigorous quality control programs, familiarization of the radiographers with the guidelines for assessing image quality, and total replacement of obsolete equipment need to be instituted.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of beam quality on the image quality (IQ) of ankle radiographs of paediatric patients in the age range of 0-1 year whilst maintaining constant effective dose (ED). Lateral ankle radiographs of an infant foot phantom were taken at a range of tube potentials (40.0-64.5 kVp) with and without 0.1-mm copper (Cu) filtration using a Trixell Pixium 4600 detector (Trixell, Morains, France). ED to the patient was computed for the default exposure parameters using PCXMC v. 2.0 and was fixed for other beam qualities by modulating the tube current-time product. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured between the tibia and adjacent soft tissue. The IQ of the phantom images was assessed by three radiologists and a reporting radiographer. Four IQ criteria were defined each with a scale of 1-3, giving a maximum score of 12. Finally, a service audit of clinical images at the default and optimum beam qualities was undertaken. The measured CNR for the 40 kVp/no Cu image was 12.0 compared with 7.6 for the default mode (55 0.1 mm Cu). An improvement in the clinical IQ scores was also apparent at this lower beam quality. Lowering tube potential and removing filtration improved the clinical IQ of paediatric ankle radiographs in this age range. There are currently no UK guidelines on exposure protocols for paediatric imaging using direct digital radiography. A lower beam quality will produce better IQ with no additional dose penalty for infant extremity imaging.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tube current reduction on image quality using medium and regular intensifying screens as well as a digital system for panoramic radiography. A total of 150 panoramic images of 75 patients were obtained in the study. The initial images were taken at standard exposure settings, and secondary images were exposed with the tube current reduced at different rates. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the two exposures for Group 3 (the rate of dose reduction 25%) while a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found in Group 4 (the rate of dose reduction 50%) using medium intensifying screens for all observers. No statistically significant difference was found between the two exposures on digital panoramic images. According to the results of this study a dose reduction of 25% was achieved for medium intensifying screens and for digital panoramic images without any loss of image quality. A substantial reduction in radiation exposure can be achieved in conventional panoramic radiography using a medium intensifying screen and in digital panoramic radiography without any loss of image quality needed for radiological evaluation of anatomical structures and pathological conditions.

Purpose:To evaluate the image quality of semi-anatomical chest radiographs acquired using low radiation doses from seven different flat-panel detector (FPD) systems.Materials and Methods:Radiographs of a semi-anatomical chest phantom were acquired at 70 and 110 kVp using 7 different FPDs from 5 vendors. Radiation doses were measured using a dose-area-product (DAP) meter. To standardize measurements across all FPDs, DAP value of 51.05 μGym2 obtained at 70 kVp and 9.43 μGym2 at 110 kVp was used as reference in this study. Radiation doses were reduced by manually adjusting mAs for both tube potentials in all FPD systems to achieve acceptable image quality. Contrast-to-noise ratio, signal-to-noise ratio and figure of merit (FOM) in lung, heart, and diaphragm for all images were analyzed.Results:In comparison with set standard protocol, radiation dose reduction of 20%, 21%, 21.6%, 59.5%, 60.7%, 62.2%, and 67.6% with optimal image quality was observed in Prognosys Prorad, GE Definium 8000, Siemens Fusion, Fujifilm FGX, Fujifilm FGXR, Philips Digital Diagnost and Siemens Aristos at 70 kVp. At 110 kVp, dose reduction of 15.7% and 34.8% was possible only for Philips Digital Diagnost and Siemens Aristos. FOM was high at 110 kVp even when radiation doses were reduced by a factor 2 when compared to 70 kVp in all digital radiography systems.Conclusion:This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a semi-anatomical chest phantom in the optimization of radiation dose and image quality. The FOM was a good indicator in assessing image quality between different detectors.

The quality of radiographic images recorded by screen-film systems depends on the contrast and shape of the image detail which is of diagnostic interest. As a first approximation, the complex world of radiographic detail can be divided into two categories, one containing high contrast, inherently sharp detail (Class I), and the other containing low contrast, inherently unsharp detail (Class II). It is shown from test object and clinical radiographs that the image quality of Class I detail is affected mainly by the optical properties of the system and the image quality of Class II detail by quantum mottle. Therefore, the system MTF as well as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are needed to evaluate radiographic image quality.

The research on the influence of exposure factor on radiographic image quality has been conducted. This research uses phantom, water in plastic container as human substitute with focus film distance (FFD) 100 cm and broad field of irradiation 15 cm × 15 cm. The exposure conditions are given by exposure factors including variations in tube voltages of 60 kV, 65 kV, 70 kV, 75 kV, 80 kV called standard techniques or routine voltage techniques and the time flow is as big as 20 mAs, 25 mAs and 30 mAs. The results showed that the image quality will decrease with the use of current and time high. Image quality can be seen on gray-level histogram using java Image-J Basics version 1.38 software to get optimum value from exposure factor on image quality.

PurposeTo evaluate whether the image quality of chest radiographs obtained using a camera-type portable X-ray device is appropriate for clinical practice by comparing them with traditional mobile digital X-ray devices.Materials and MethodsEighty-six patients who visited our emergency department and underwent endotracheal intubation, central venous catheterization, or nasogastric tube insertion were included in the study. Two radiologists scored images captured with traditional mobile devices before insertion and those captured with camera-type devices after insertion. Identification of the inserted instruments was evaluated on a 5-point scale, and the overall image quality was evaluated on a total of 20 points scale.ResultsThe identification score of the instruments was 4.67 ± 0.71. The overall image quality score was 19.70 ± 0.72 and 15.02 ± 3.31 (p < 0.001) for the mobile and camera-type devices, respectively. The scores of the camera-type device were significantly lower than those of the mobile device in terms of the detailed items of respiratory motion artifacts, trachea and bronchus, pulmonary vessels, posterior cardiac blood vessels, thoracic intervertebral disc space, subdiaphragmatic vessels, and diaphragm (p = 0.013 for the item of diaphragm, p < 0.001 for the other detailed items).ConclusionAlthough caution is required for general diagnostic purposes as image quality degrades, a camera-type device can be used to evaluate the inserted instruments in chest radiographs.

To ensure that sufficient image quality is obtained in diagnostic radiology, the image quality of clinical radiographs has to be evaluated. We present two methods herein for evaluating antero-posterior (AP) radiographs of the lumbar spine. One was using image criteria, including six anatomical details (absolute method). In the other, the visibility of anatomical details relative to a reference radiograph was evaluated (visual grading analysis). In total, 14 technique groups were evaluated. The technique groups differed in tube voltage and detector system characteristics. Six different gradients of the H&D curves were simulated. The visual grading analysis showed larger differences in image quality compared with the absolute method. The influence on the image quality due to a variation in tube voltage was easier to detect than the influence on the image quality from the detector characteristics. The visibility of the anatomical details was significantly dependent on the location in the spine. The visual grading analysis was found to be the preferable evaluation method in studies such as the present; however, it is necessary to guide and train the observer before the evaluation is performed.

To clarify the relationship between entrance surface dose (ESD) and physical image quality of original and bone-suppressed chest radiographs acquired using high and low tube voltages. An anthropomorphic chest phantom and a 12-mm diameter spherical simulated nodule with a CT value of approximately + 100HU were used. The lung field in the chest radiograph was divided into seven areas, and the nodule was set in a total of 66 positions. A total of 264 chest radiographs were acquired using four ESD conditions: approximately 0.3mGy at 140 and 70kVp and approximately 0.2 and 0.1mGy at 70kVp. The radiographs were processed to produce bone-suppressed images. Differences in contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values of the nodule between each condition and between the original and bone-suppressed images were analyzed by a two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In the areas not overlapping with the ribs, both contrast and CNR values were significantly increased with the bone-suppression technique (p < 0.01). In the bone-suppressed images, these values of the three conditions at 70kVp were equal to or significantly higher than those of the condition at 140kVp. There was no apparent decrease in these values between the ESD of approximately 0.3 and 0.1mGy at 70kVp. By using the shortest exposure time and the lowest tube voltage possible not to increase in blurring artifact and image noise, it is possible to improve the image quality of bone-suppressed images and reduce the patient dose. • The effectiveness of bone-suppression techniques differs in areas of lung field. • Image quality of bone-suppressed chest radiographs is improved by lower tube voltage. • Applying lower tube voltage to bone-suppressed chest radiographs leads to dose reduction.

Size reduction through compression is an important issue that needs to be investigated for possible effects on image quality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the subjective image quality of digital panoramic radiographs which were lossless and lossy compressed for the visualization of various anatomical structures. Fifty-five digital panoramic radiographs in Tagged Image File Format (Tiff) were used in the study. Two types of lossy (Joint Photographic Experts Group (Jpeg)) and one type of lossless (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) compression were applied to the original radiographs. These radiographs were evaluated by two observers separately for the visibility of some anatomical structures with visual grading. Mean quality number for each radiograph was obtained. The differences between the mean quality numbers in each compression and original image mode were evaluated with Friedman test. Pair-wise comparisons revealed that there were statistically significant differences between all groups (p = 0.000) for all comparisons except for Jpeg_1 and Jpeg_2 groups. Kappa statistics was used to evaluate inter- and intra-observer agreements. Intra-observer agreements were ranging from 0.229 to 1.000 and inter-observer agreements were ranging from 0.154 to 1.000. The observers had better inter- and intra-observer agreements in highly compressed Jpeg_1 images. The anatomical structures evaluated in this study had better visibility in Tiff images than Jpeg images except for mandibular canal and mental foramen. While Jpeg compressed images offer high inter- and intra-observer agreements, the visibility of anatomical structures are better in Tiff images except for mandibular canal and mental foramen.

The possibility to reduce the absorbed dose to the patient by increase of tube potential while maintaining the same exposure to the image plate and sufficient image quality in skeletal radiography has been investigated. Image processing parameters were adjusted to account for an increase in tube potential by 20 kV. Revision of image processing parameters was based on measurements with phantoms constructed to simulate the histogram shape recorded for clinical images. Image quality was evaluated both using image quality criteria and visual grading analysis. Energy imparted was calculated from measurement of the kerma-area-product. Energy imparted was reduced by 20-30% using the modified technique with increased kV. All images were considered of accurate quality for diagnosis and the difference in image quality score was marginal. There was, however, a significant shift towards lower grades for the "high kV" technique using visual grading analysis.

The CT table strap may impair shoulder lowering during cervical spine CT. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of the CT table strap on radiation exposure and image quality during CT of the cervical spine. Patients undergoing cervical spine CT were prospectively randomized to having the CT table strap placed around the torso and arms (control group) or around the torso only (intervention group). Radiation exposure, shoulder position, and image quality were evaluated. Potential confounders, including neck diameter and scan length, were also assessed. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled and randomized, and 51 subjects were included in the final study population. There was a 21% decrease in radiation exposure in the intervention group compared with the control group (mean dose-length product, 540 ± 152 versus 686 ± 200 mGy × cm, P = .005). Subjects in the intervention group achieved shoulder lowering of an average of >1 vertebral body lower than the control group (mean shoulder level, 7.7 ± 1.3 versus 6.5 ± 1.3, P = .001). Subjective image quality, determined by the lowest level of spinal cord visibility, was also better in the intervention group (mean cord visibility level, 6.9 ± 1.3 versus 5.9 ± 1.3, P = .006). No differences in neck diameter (P = .28) or scan length (P = .55) were observed between groups. The CT table strap inhibits shoulder lowering during CT of the cervical spine. Placement of the patient's arms outside the CT table strap results in decreased radiation exposure and increased image quality compared with patients whose arms are placed inside the strap.

A baseline study of entrance dose and image quality for lumbar spine radiography in Calabar, Nigeria

Unlike in other fields of industrial radiography, where standard methods and procedures are used to control the quality of the radiographic image, no such standard exist for neutron radiography of nuclear fuel. To fill that gap it was felt that standardization work ought to be started in that field, too. According to that in 1979 an Euratom Neutron Radiography Working Group was constituted, which initiated standardization work in the field of neutron radiography of nuclear fuel. Finding adequate standards for image quality of neutron radiographs and checking the accuracy of dimension measurements from them were given first priority. The only existing standard in the field of neutron radiography (ASTM E 547-77 [1] now under revision) was applied to the control of quality of neutron radiographs of nuclear fuel elements and prooved to be inadequate. Therefore different design of beam purity and sensitivity indicators were envisaged, discussed and analysed by the NRWG and finally produced, to be tested under a special test program [3]. The separate problem of testing the accuracy of measurement of different dimensions of nuclear fuel pins from neutron radiographs is under consideration by the NRWG. Preliminaty investigations [2] have shown that this problem can be solved by the use of calibration fuel pins, simulating the true nuclear fuel pins and containing such calibrated items as fuel-to-clad gaps, pellet-to-pellet gaps, central voids, dishings. By the use of such calibration fuel pins accuracy of dimension measurements will be tested under the same test program as mentioned above. Neutron radiographs of the calibration fuel pins will be also used to assess adequacy of use of various measuring instruments and methods. It is hoped that the results of this search will permit to develop standard methods, with the use of which the quality of neutron radiographs of nuclear fuel could be assessed and information obtained whether the neutron radiographic facility in question does fulfill minimum requirements set up by the standard. It is also hoped that best dimension measuring methods will be chosen and equipment improved.