Advancing Web Development - Enhancing Component-Based Software Engineering and Design Systems Through HTML5 Customized Built-in Elements

Customized built-in elements in HTML5 significantly transform web development. These elements enable developers to create unique HTML components tailored with specific design and purpose. Customized built-in elements enable developers to address the unique needs of web applications more quickly, supporting consistent user interfaces and experiences across diverse digital platforms. This study investigates the role of these features in Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and Design Systems, emphasizing the benefits of code modularity, reusability, and scalability in web development. Customized built-in elements enable developers to address the unique needs of web applications more quickly, supporting consistent user interfaces and experiences across diverse digital platforms. The paper also discusses the difficulties and concerns that must be addressed when creating customized built-in elements, such as browser compatibility, performance optimization, accessibility, security, styling, and interoperability. It emphasizes the importance of standardization, developer tooling, and community interaction in order to fully realize the potential of these features. Looking ahead, customized built-in elements have potential in a variety of applications, including the Internet of Things (IoT), e-commerce, and educational technologies. Their incorporation into Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) is expected to further improve web experiences. While obstacles remain, the article concludes that HTML5 customized built-in elements are a driver for web development innovation, allowing the production of efficient, adaptive, and user-centric web applications in an ever-changing digital context.

The shortage of traditional web development makes researchers turn to web development using Progressive Web App (PWA) in developing a web, which has been increasingly done. PWA has the ability to function even with a low internet connection, maintain interactive user and access speeds, and provide real-time notifications. In modern web development, where the demand for data, features, and users can increase rapidly, an architecture is required to handle this problem. Microservices architecture can answer this. This research will develop a scholarship application using PWA and microservices architecture. The scholarship application was developed using Veu.js for the front end of the client application, MySQL for the application database, and the SLIM framework for microservices implementation. Furthermore, we utilized RAbbitMQ to develop a message broker and Docker for microservices contaner. The scholarship application developed using PWA technology and microservices in this research has been tested by conducting a User Acceptance Test. The results are the implementation of PWA in the scholarship application using microservice architecture has worked well, and the application performance has been able to overcome problems in terms of scalability, speed, and reliability.

Welcome to the DATE 08 Conference Proceedings. DATE combines the world's favourite electronic systems design conference and Europe's leading international exhibition for electronic design, automation and test, from system level hardware and software implementation right down to integrated circuit design. The DATE 08 event features a technical program with 77 sessions covering the latest developments in system design and embedded software, IC design/test methodologies and EDA tools, together with an exhibition with the leading EDA, silicon and IP providers showing their new products and services. Challenges that you all face or soon will face in your daily practice are the increasing design complexity of highly integrated systems, the introduction of reconfigurability and embedded software, and the control of power and variability in nanometer IC designs. All these issues will be addressed in this year's DATE event. For the 11th successive year DATE has prepared an exciting technical programme, with the help of the more than 400 members of the Technical Programme Committee, who dedicated their time to thoroughly review the 839 submissions in 37 topics, ranging from system level down to circuit design and covering all the most relevant application domains. The submissions are organised in 4 major areas: D --- Design Methods, Tools, Algorithms and Languages A --- Application Design T --- Test Methods, Tools and Innovative Experiences E --- Embedded Software After a thorough review and selection process (with an average of 5 reviews per paper), finally 198 regular papers were selected for presentation at the conference. Additionally, there are 46 Interactive Presentations that are organised in 5 IP sessions. Together with the invited special sessions (panels, embedded tutorials and hot topic sessions), this has resulted in a high-quality technical program. The technical program provides a wide but high-quality coverage of design, design automation and test topics, from the system level to the integrated circuit level. Compared with previous years, submissions in the Embedded Software track has increased by 50%, showing a clear trend towards a comprehensive system design focus with integrated hardware and software solutions. DATE has established itself firmly as a true Electronic System Design Conference. This year the conference is held in Germany, at the ICM in Munich and spans an entire working week from Monday March 10 to Friday March 14. On Monday, eleven pre-conference tutorials will be given. The three-full day tutorials cover topics of great interest for system design. The first tutorial deals with techniques to automatically realising embedded system from high-level functional models. The second tutorial addresses the different issues related to communication based design and architectures in automotive electronic systems. The third tutorial discusses several key concepts on system-level design and application mapping for wireless and multimedia MPSoC architectures. Furthermore, eight half-day tutorials are also given, which cover a wide spectrum of topics on specification, modelling, design and test. The main conference opens on Tuesday March 11, with two very interesting and complementary keynote speeches. Dominique Vernay, Chief Technical Officer for Thales, will talk about the challenges of embedded systems design, and Giovanni de Micheli, Professor at EPFL, will present his views on designing micro/nano systems for a safer and healthier tomorrow. On the same day, the Executive Track offers a series of business panels with executives discussing hot topics in design: the perils of 45 nanometers, the changes in EDA strategies from IDM, to fablite to fabless, and embedded systems level design strategies. DATE 08 will again offer two specific days related to special themes. On Wednesday March 12, a special full-day track is devoted to Automotive Electronics---Software and Architecture. This special-day track will focus on the challenges faced by the automotive supply chain with particular attention to system and software architecture design. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of automotive architectures, including ECUs, sensors and communication standards and discusses how new methods, tools and standards for interoperability and component-based design can deal with the increasing complexity of software systems and their need for reliability and guaranteed timely behaviour. In addition, it addresses to what degree existing standards, including AUTOSAR and FLEXRAY and model-based development, can support the development of safety and time-critical software. On Thursday March 13, a second special full-day track focuses on Dependable Embedded Systems. This track will address both conceptual and applied issues for design, analysis and validation of dependable embedded systems. The utility of embedded systems and services is based, in large part, on our depending on their sustained functionality in spite of the encountered operational or malicious disruptions. As the number of transient and also permanent disruptions (given the decreasing device geometries, higher device density, lower voltage latching, faster clocks etc) is expected to increase substantially, this will not only be a key issue for the hardware community but also the systems community in general. Solutions using a combination of hardware and software might be more effective than hardware-only or software-only solutions. This track focuses on both conceptual and applied issues for design, analysis and validation of dependable embedded systems. Besides these special tracks, the main conference is organized in six parallel tracks of sessions, three devoted to design methods, tools, algorithms and languages, one to application design, one to test methods, tools and innovative experiences, and finally one to embedded software. The presentations of the selected regular papers in these parallel tracks are complemented by nine Special Sessions and two Invited Industrial Sessions. The special sessions are organized in the form of panels, hot topics, and embedded tutorials. The topics to be covered include quantitative evaluation for embedded systems design, design and manufacturing at 32 and 22nm, software for wireless networked embedded systems, test challenges for low power devices, quantitative productivity measurement in IC design, and 3D Integration. The two invited industrial sessions deal with industrial system designs in transportation and information technologies. To emphasise that DATE is the major event for the designers, DATE 08 features also invited sessions where Europe's famous consumer industry presents their best designs and design practices. Friday March 14 is the day for the DATE workshops. DATE 08 offers workshops on current and emerging important issues in design, test, EDA and software to complement the regular conference. They provide a unique opportunity for the various research and design communities to spend a day discussing the latest and the best, sharing their experiences and visions. This year's workshop program includes eight workshop themes. Four workshops are related to software engineering, ranging from dependable software to modelling, analysis and development tools. Four other workshop themes cover a variety of topics such as the impact of process variations on design and test, the merging world of Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems, new directions in high level synthesis, and heterogeneous reconfigurable hardware. Each workshop features presentations, invited or submitted, from highly distinguished academic and industrial researchers. Finally, throughout the conference days, DATE offers a comprehensive overview of commercial design and verification tools in its large exhibition hall. Exhibitors include EDA vendors, silicon, FPGA and IP providers showing their new products and services. In addition, there is an Exhibition Theatre featuring talks from engineering managers of the leading electronic manufacturers on first-hand design experiences of commercial EDA tools. New this year is the European projects village where different European and large government funded projects will be able to show their ongoing research and results to the design community and have the opportunity for internal meetings and discussions. The DATE week will be also an opportunity for students and universities to show their research work, through the PhD Forum on Monday evening and the University Booth where hardware and software demonstrations will be shown by different universities on a rotation schedule. The DATE 08 event's program will be particularly attractive to industrial designers, at analog, IC, FPGA and embedded system level, as well as software designers, to researchers and academics as well as to design managers, and an increasing attendance is expected. We therefore invite you to take full advantage of the many opportunities offered to you by DATE 08, to extend your knowledge and/or business in electronic system's design and to exploit the abundant networking possibilities offered to socialise with colleagues, including fringe meetings and a memorable social party with bands and dancing. We hope that you will all enjoy the DATE 08 Conference and Exhibition.

This study compares Progressive Web Apps (PWA) and traditional web applications performance using a custom Chrome extension and Google Lighthouse, focusing on Tokopedia's e-commerce platform. The research employs a quantitative approach with controlled testing environments across three viewports for the custom extension (desktop, tablet, mobile) and two viewports for Google Lighthouse (desktop, mobile). The custom extension measures eleven metrics, including Core Web Vitals, PWA features, and resource usage, while Google Lighthouse provides five core metrics. Results show PWA implementation improves performance with 9.9% better First Contentful Paint on desktop and significant memory efficiency (29-33MB vs 59-62MB). The comparison between testing tools reveals methodology differences, with custom extension showing optimistic results in real-world conditions and Lighthouse providing more conservative measurements under throttled conditions. This research contributes to PWA performance measurement methodology by combining real-world and standardized testing approaches.

There is a lack of a holistic framework that ensures Industry 4.0 systems include Internet of Things (IoT) devices and computer systems designed to be fail-safe during cyberattacks. The silo view of treating industrial risk, Information Technology (IT) risk, and software quality as separate fields are leading to exploitable and hackable systems as documented by recent events. A stable system requires the collaboration and integration of engineering experts in quality, software design, reliability along with quality managers and auditors to focus on the intersection of technology and safety/reliability. The field of Cybernetics was originally created as an interdisciplinary field to understand and control complex systems. A multi-faceted and cross-disciplinary approach will be required to design fail-safe systems that can withstand cyberattacks in Industry 4.0. Integrating roles and responsibilities cannot succeed without a similarly aligned cross-functional approach, including a RAIC framework.

How does the web game design influence the behavior of e-banking users?

The growing popularity of Web 2.0 applications is increasing user expectations for high-quality website design, presentation, and functionality. It is into this climate that Microsoft is releasing Silverlight 5, thelatest iteration of its cross-browser web presentation technology. Beginning Silverlight 5 in C#brings you to the cutting edge of Web 2.0 application design and includes plenty of practical guidance to get you started straight away. Silverlight design tools have important differences comparedwith those used to create Ajax and JavaScript functionality. Robert Lair takes you on a tour of all the tools, including: Microsoft Expression Design, which plays an important role in creating Silverlight assets Microsoft Expression Blend, which is used to build user interaction for Silverlight elements Microsoft Visual Studio, which manages the interaction between designers and developers, providing the coding environment for nuts and bolts wiring Once youve mastered the basics, you'll move on to gain a more in-depth knowledge of some of the features introduced with Silverlight 5, including H.264 protected content, right-click event handling, a new printing API, and support for the Managed Extensibility Framework. What youll learn Discover the tools needed for Silverlight 5 development, the roles each plays, and how they interact to produce a seamless result Understand the fundamental concepts and techniques that lie at the heart of every successful Silverlight application and how to apply them to your own projects Explore the new features and coding practices which Silverlight gives you, setting it apart from other web development tools Who this book is for This book is for anyone with an interest in web development. A basic familiarity with web development and simple C# coding is useful, but by no means a requirement. This book will teach you everything that you need to know.

ABSTRACTAimTo establish the suitability of self‐determination theory as a theoretical framework to inform research and design of digital applications for nurses' well‐being.Design and MethodThis discursive paper describes the background and core premises of self‐determination theory and explains its relevance as a theoretical framework to support research and the design of digital applications to promote nurses' well‐being.FindingsIncreasing numbers of digital applications are being used by nurses, but few are supported by clearly explicated theoretical frameworks. Self‐determination theory focuses on how people's innate psychological needs interact and are influenced by the social environments where they live and work. Given the influence the social environment can have on well‐being, self‐determination theory is well suited as a theoretical framework to inform research and design of digital applications promoting nurses' well‐being.ConclusionsStress and burnout impact nurses worldwide, to the detriment of staff well‐being, their retention in health services, and provision of patient care. The rapid development and ubiquitous use of digital applications by nurses make researching their effectiveness vitally important if nurses' well being is to be supported. Self‐determination theory provides a theoretical framework useful for these applications.Implications for the ProfessionThrough the lens of self‐determination theory, researchers, digital application designers, and organisations can garner further insights to support digital application development and implementation for the well‐being of nurses.ImpactThis paper has international relevance and can assist researchers, application designers, and organisations interested in promoting nurses' well‐being through understanding the applicability and usefulness of self‐determination theory as a theoretical framework for the design of digital applications for nurses' well‐being.Patient or Public ContributionNo Patient or Public Contribution.

In web system development, the Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) are typically considered only briefly during the requirements elicitation stage and not rigorously articulated by either web developers or the client. This paper reports on an investigation into this issue involving interviews with web developers who were engaged in commercial web development projects. The results from this qualitative research highlight that web developers commonly do not pay sufficient attention to NFRs. This arises due to uncertainty, lack of time, lack of knowledge in the importance of NFRs and partly because NFRs are not readily available and documented from previous similar projects. Web developers also do not elicit NFR at the same time and at the same level of details as Functional Requirements (FRs). This study highlights that exploring the domain at an early stage of development will help developers to better understand NFR. A lack of rigour in articulating NFRs may significantly impact on the development effectiveness and the quality of the resulting web system. An evaluation of NFRs may also lead to discovering new FRs.

These years, wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as an especially hot topic, which is the result of rapid advances in miniaturization, low-power circuit design, more energy-efficient wireless communication, improved small-scale energy supplies and reduced manufacturing costs. A WSN node consists of four basic components: sensing, data processing, communicating and power supply. Among these, low power technology is the spirit of WSN hardware and software design. In this paper, a novel WSN-oriented low-power processor (WO-LPP) design scheme is presented. Our processor has an 8-bit simple 3-stage pipeline event-driven RISC ISA core and 4k SRAM, 64K on-chip program flash connected by Harvard bus. At the same time, on-chip event-based task management, on-chip hardware management and power management scheme are coordinately designed with some general peripheral devices, such as time counter, real time counter, ADC, SPI, I/sup 2/C and UART interface to meet most application requirements of wireless sensor networks. An AES (advanced encryption standard) engine is also designed to address the security issue of wireless communication. Implement results show the processor is specially optimized for wireless sensor networks.

Modern Websites rely on various client-side web resources, such as JavaScript libraries, to provide end-users with rich and interactive web experiences. Unfortunately, anecdotal evidence shows that improperly managed client-side resources could open up attack surfaces that adversaries can exploit. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the updating practices among web developers and the potential impact of inaccuracies in Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) information on the security of the web ecosystem. In this paper, we conduct a longitudinal (four-year) measurement study of the security practices and implications on client-side resources (e.g., JavaScript libraries and Adobe Flash) across the Web. Specifically, we first collect a large-scale dataset of 157.2M webpages of Alexa Top 1M websites for four years in the wild. Analyzing the dataset, we find an average of 41.2% of websites (in each year of the four years) carry at least one vulnerable client-side resource (e.g., JavaScript or Adobe Flash). We also reveal that vulnerable JavaScript library versions are frequently observed in the wild, suggesting a concerning level of lagging update practice in the wild. On average, we observe 531.2 days with 25,337 websites of the window of vulnerability due to the unpatched client-side resources from the release of security patches. Furthermore, we manually investigate the fidelity of CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) reports on client-side resources, leveraging PoC (Proof of Concept) code. We find that 13 CVE reports (out of 27) have incorrect vulnerable version information, which may impact security-related tasks such as security updates.

In recent years the use of smartphones has increased because the convergence of technologies related in the development of these mobile devices. This convergence relates to communication, handheld devices and applications. The most common development platforms are Android, iOS, Windows Phone and Symbian. In most cases mobile application developers restrict the development to one or two platforms, since there is not strong multi-platform execution support. For example, an iOS application will not run on Android or another system. One solution is web development, but it presents some problems such as adaptability, overload on servers, low use of device capabilities, and poor code reuse. A better solution is to develop a middleware that helps to develop open applications. This paper gives an analysis of the problems involved in the design of open mobile applications, challenges and some solutions.

Information systems are designed for the people, by the people. The design of software systems with the help of software systems is another aspect of human-computer interfaces. New methods and their (non-)acceptance play an important role. Motivational factors of systems developers considerably influence the type and quality of the systems they develop (Arbaoui, Lonchamp & Montangero, 1999; Kumar & Bjoern-Andersen, 1990). To some extent, the quality of systems is a result of their developers’ willingness to accept new and (supposedly) better technology (Jones, 1995). A typical example is componentbased development methodology (Bachmann et al., 2000; Cheesman & Daniels, 2001). Despite considerable publication effort and public lip service, component-based software development (CBD) appears to be getting a slower start than anticipated and hoped for. One key reason stems from the psychological and motivational attitudes of software developers (Campell, 2001; Lynex & Layzell, 1997). We therefore analyze the attitudes that potentially hamper the adoption of the component-based software development approach. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need (Boeree, 1998; Maslow, 1943) is used for structuring the motives.

The advance of technology requires that people need publicity and administrative advice of their business through the Web. It is there where the role of the web developer appears since this topic must make use of the appropriate tools that enhance their work. The style pages have been facilitating the elaboration of web pages for some years now. However, programmers have not created any framework to optimize the size of the interfaces automatically.By doing so, navigation from any device without any anomaly. Currently, the massive use of mobile devices requires the optimization of the design of the graphic interfaces developed for computers to the resolution of mobile devices. One could say that this motivated the company Twitter in 2011 to create Bootstrap, a framework with the function of adjusting the resolution of websites that can be developed from a computer and then be displayed correctly in the different screen resolutions of mobile devices.This article tries to orient the evaluation of the Bootstrap tool for the re-engineering of the web system “EducArte Comunidad” interacting with the following design languages: HTML5, CSS, and JQuery. Specifically, this research is carried out based on the observation in the development of computer applications under the multiplatform modality.KeywordsWebsitesBootstrapGraphic languagesAdaptive frameGraphic interfaces


 
 
 History of Seal and Printing Cultures Implications of the four important Chinese inventions, the compass, gun powder, papermaking, and printing, have far-reaching significance for human civilisation. The Chinese seal is intimately related to printing. Seals have the practical function of duplicating impressions of words or patterns. This process shares a very similar concept to printing on a small scale. Printing originated from the function of seals for making duplicated impressions, and for this reason Wang believes that seals constitute the prototype of printing. Seals in Traditional Commere Seals in certain Asian countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, play a vital role similar to that played by signatures in Western society. Particularly, the Chinese seal has been an integral part of Chinese heritage and culture. Wong states that seals usually symbolise tokens of promise in Chinese society. Ancient seals in their various forms have played a major role in information systems, in terms of authority, authentication, identification, certified proof, and authenticity, and have also been used for tamper-proofing, impression duplication, and branding purposes. To illustrate, clay sealing has been applied to folded documents to detect when sealed documents have been exposed or tampered with. Interestingly, one of the features of digital signature technology is also designed to achieve this purpose. Wong records that when the commodity economy began to develop and business transactions became more frequent, seals were used to prove that particular goods had been certified by customs. Moreover, when the goods were subject to tax by the government, seals were applied to the goods to prove the levy paid. Seals continue to be used in Chinese society as personal identification and in business transactions, official and legal documents, administrative warrants and charters. Paper-based Contract Signing with Seal Certificates In Taiwan and Japan, in certain circumstances, when two parties wish to formalise a contract, the seals of the two parties must be affixed to the contract. As Figure 1 illustrates, seal certificates are required to be attached to the signed and sealed contract for authentication as well as the statement of intent of a voluntary agreement in Taiwan. Figure 1. Example of a contract attached with the seal certificates A person can have more than one seal; however, only one seal at a time is allowed to be registered with a jurisdictional registration authority. The purpose of seal registration is to prevent seal forgery and to prove the identity of the seal owner. Namely, the seal registration process aims to associate the identity of the seal owner with the seal owner’s nominated seal, through attestation by a jurisdictional registration authority. Upon confirmation of the seal registration, the registration authority issues a seal certificate with both the seals of the registration authority and the registration authority executive. Digital Signatures for Electronic Commerce Handwritten signatures and tangible ink seals are highly impractical within the electronic commerce environment. However, the shift towards electronic commerce by both the public and private sector is an inevitable trend. ‘Trust’ in electronic commerce is developed through the use of ‘digital signatures’ in conjunction with a trustworthy environment. In principle, digital signatures are designed to simulate the functions of handwritten signatures and traditional seals for the purposes of authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation within the electronic commerce environment. Various forms of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) are employed to ensure the reliability of using digital signatures so as to ensure the integrity of the message. PKI does not, however, contribute in any way to the signatory’s ability to verify and approve the content of an electronic document prior to the affixation of his/her digital signature. Shortcomings of Digital Signature Scheme One of the primary problems with existing digital signatures is that a digital signature does not ’feel’ like, or resemble, a traditional seal or signature to the human observer; it does not have a recognisably individual or aesthetic quality. Historically, the authenticity of documents has always been verified by visual examination of the document. Often in legal proceedings, examination of both the affixed signature or seal as an integral part of the document will occur, as well as the detection of any possible modifications to the document. Yet, the current digital signature regime overlooks the importance of this sense of visualisation. Currently, digital signatures, such as the OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) digital signature, are appended to an electronic document as a long, incomprehensible string of arbitrary characters. As shown in Figure 2, this offers no sense of identity or ownership by simple visual inspection. Figure 2. Example of a PGP signature To add to this confusion for the user, a digital signature will be different each time the user applies it. The usual digital signature is formed as an amalgam of the contents of the digital document and the user’s private key, meaning that a digital signature attached to an electronic document will vary with each document. This again represents a departure from the traditional use of the term ‘signature’. A digital signature application generates its output by firstly applying a hash algorithm over the contents of the digital document and then encrypting that hash output value using the user’s private cryptographic key of the normal dual-key pair provided by the Public Key cryptography systems. Therefore, digital signatures are not like traditional signatures which an individual can identify as being uniquely theirs, or as a recognisable identity attributable to an individual entity. New Visualised Digital Signature Scheme Liu et al. have developed the visualised digital signature scheme to enhance existing digital signature schemes through visualisation; namely, this scheme makes the intangible digital signature virtually tangible. Liu et al.’s work employs the visualised digital signature scheme with the aim of developing visualised signing and verification in electronic situations. The visualised digital signature scheme is sustained by the digital certificate containing both the certificate issuer’s and potential signer’s seal images. This thereby facilitates verification of a signer’s seal by reference to the appropriate certificate. The mechanism of ensuring the integrity and authenticity of seal images is to incorporate the signer’s seal image into an X.509 v3 certificate, as outlined in RFC 3280. Thus, visualised digital signature applications will be able to accept the visualised digital certificate for use. The data structure format of the visualised digital certificate is detailed in Liu. The visualised signing and verification processes are intended to simulate traditional signing techniques incorporating visualisation. When the signer is signing the document, the user interface of the electronic contracting application should allow the signer to insert the seal from the seal image file location into the document. After the seal image object is embedded in the document, the document is referred to as a ’visually sealed’ document. The sealed document is ready to be submitted to the digital signing process, to be transmitted with the signer’s digital certificate to the other party for verification. The visualised signature verification process is analogous to the traditional, sealed paper-based document with the seal certificate attached for verification. In history, documents have always required visual stimulus for verification, which highlights the need for visual stimulus evidence to rapidly facilitate verification. The user interface of the electronic contracting application should display the visually sealed document together with the associated digital certificate for human verification. The verifier immediately perceives the claimed signer’s seal on the document, particularly when the signer’s seal is recognisable to the verifier. This would be the case particularity where regular business transactions between parties occur. Significantly, having both the issuing CA’s and the signer’s seal images on the digital certificate instils confidence that the signer’s public key is attested to by the CA, as shown in Figure 3. This is unlike the current digital signature verification process which presents long, meaningless strings to the verifier. Figure 3. Example of a new digital certificate presentation Conclusions Seals have a long history accompanying the civilisation of mankind. In particular, certain business documents and government communities within seal-culture societies still require the imprints of the participating entities. Inevitably, the use of modern technologies will replace traditional seals and handwritten signatures. Many involved in implementing electronic government services and electronic commerce care little about the absence of imprints and/or signatures; however, there is concern that the population may experience difficulty in adapting to a new electronic commerce system where traditional practices have become obsolete. The purpose of the visualised digital signature scheme is to explore enhancements to existing digital signature schemes through the integration of culturally relevant features. This article highlights the experience of the use and development of Chinese seals, particularly in visualised seals used in a recognition process. Importantly, seals in their various forms have played a major role in information systems for thousands of years. In the advent of the electronic commerce, seal cultures still remain in the d