AI-Driven Adversarial Defense Framework with Generative Adversarial Network for Secure Healthcare IoT Ecosystems

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have received a great deal of attention due in part to recent success in generating original, high-quality samples from visual domains. However, most current methods only allow for users to guide this image generation process through limited interactions. In this work we develop a novel GAN framework that allows humans to be “in-the-loop” of the image generation process. Our technique iteratively accepts relative constraints of the form “Generate an image more like image A than image B”. After each constraint is given, the user is presented with new outputs from the GAN, informing the next round of feedback. This feedback is used to constrain the output of the GAN with respect to an underlying semantic space that can be designed to model a variety of different notions of similarity (e.g. classes, attributes, object relationships, color, etc.). In our experiments, we show that our GAN framework is able to generate images that are of comparable quality to equivalent unsupervised GANs while satisfying a large number of the constraints provided by users, effectively changing a GAN into one that allows users interactive control over image generation without sacrificing image quality.

The Internet of Flying Things (IoFT) holds significant promise in fields like disaster management and surveillance. However, it is increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of sensitive data. Despite the growing interest in proposing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) for IoFT networks, current literature faces key limitations, particularly the shortage of publicly available IoFT datasets with diverse attacks, and the fact that existing IDSs lack robustness against sophisticated adversarial machine learning attacks. This paper is the first study to address these limitations by proposing a more resilient and accurate IDS tailored for IoFT networks (RIDS-IoFT). We introduce a novel IDS that leverages Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate a hybrid dataset that combines real IoFT traffic data with GAN-generated adversarial attacks, addressing the dataset diversity issue. Additionally, we introduce an innovative adversarial training method to enhance the system’s defense against evolving threats, such as Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM), Basic Iterative Method (BIM), and Carlini & Wagner (C&W) attacks. The proposed RIDS-IoFT was evaluated using four machine learning models, Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR), on two datasets: ECU-IoFT and CICIDS2018. The IDS’s performance was assessed based on its ability to detect both traditional and adversarial attacks. The results show that the Random Forest model achieved the highest detection accuracy, up to 96.5%, demonstrating superior performance across both real and hybrid datasets. The proposed RIDS-IoFT not only enhances detection accuracy but also strengthens resilience against adversarial threats, making it suitable for resource-constrained IoFT environments. In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive approach to securing IoFT networks by combining real and synthetic data, improving IDS robustness and accuracy against both traditional and adversarial attacks.

As a new unsupervised learning algorithm framework, generative adversarial networks(GAN) have been favored by more and more researchers, and it has become a research hotspot now. GAN is inspired by the two-person zero-sum game theory in game theory. Its unique adversarial training idea can generate high-quality samples and has more powerful feature learning and feature expression capabilities than traditional machine learning algorithms. At present, GAN has achieved remarkable success in the field of computer vision, especially in the field of sample generation. Every year, a large number of GAN-related research papers are produced, reflecting the fiery degree of research on GAN model. Aiming at the hot model of GAN, first introduce the research status of GAN; then introduce the theory and framework of GAN, which analyzes in detail why the gradient disappears and the mode collapses during the training of GAN; then discussed some typical GAN improvement models, and summarized their theoretical improvements, advantages, limitations, application scenarios and implementation costs; Finally, the application results of GAN in data generation, image super-resolution, and image style conversion are shown, and the current challenges and future research directions of GAN are discussed.

Both JPEG restoration and anti-forensics remove the artifacts left by JPEG compression, and recover the JPEG compressed image. However, how to restore the high-frequency details of a JPEG compressed image for JPEG restoration and how to deceive the existing JPEG compression detectors without sacrificing visual quality in JPEG anti-forensics remain challenging. To address these issues, a framework of generative adversarial networks (GAN) with novel loss functions for JPEG restoration and anti-forensics (JRA-GAN) is proposed to allow a JPEG compressed image to be translated into a reconstructed one. Since JPEG compression causes impairment to high-frequency components, an alternating current (AC)-component loss function that measures the loss of AC components is proposed in JRA-GAN to recover these components. To prevent forensic detection, a calibration loss function is also introduced in JRA-GAN to mitigate the variance gap in the high-frequency subbands between a generated image and its calibrated version. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed JPEG restoration method outperforms existing methods in terms of image quality, and the JPEG anti-forensic scheme achieves better visual quality and anti-forensic performance that is comparable to the existing state-of-the-art anti-forensic methods. Our code is available in this page: https://github.com/wujianyuan/JRG-GAN .

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) using the Deep Neural Network (DNN) approach outperforms the traditional classification techniques, even in the presence of challenging wireless channel environments. However, the adversarial attacks cause the loss of accuracy for the DNN-based AMC by injecting a well-designed perturbation to the wireless channels. In this paper, we propose a novel generative adversarial network (GAN)-based countermeasure approach to safeguard the DNN-based AMC systems against adversarial attack examples. GAN-based aims to eliminate the adversarial attack examples before feeding to the DNN-based classifier. Specifically, we have shown the resiliency of our proposed defense GAN against the Fast-Gradient Sign method (FGSM) algorithm as one of the most potent kinds of attack algorithms to craft the perturbed signals. The existing defense-GAN has been designed for image classification and does not work in our case where the above-mentioned communication system is considered. Thus, our proposed countermeasure approach deploys GANs with a mixture of generators to overcome the mode collapsing problem in a typical GAN facing radio signal classification problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed defense GAN so that it could enhance the accuracy of the DNN-based AMC under adversarial attacks to 81%, approximately.

Many robotic tasks require accurate shape models in order to properly grasp or interact with objects. However, it is often the case that sensors produce incomplete 3D models due to several factors such as occlusion or sensor noise. To address this problem, we propose a semi-supervised method that can recover the complete the shape of a broken or incomplete 3D object model. We formulated a hybrid of 3D variational autoencoder (VAE) and generative adversarial network (GAN) to recover the complete voxelized 3D object. Furthermore, we incorporated a separate classifier in the GAN framework, making it a three player game instead of two which helps stabilize the training of the GAN as well as guides the shape completion process to follow the object class labels. Our experiments show that our model produces 3D object reconstructions with high-similarity to the ground truth and outperforms several baselines in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations.

A novel generative adversarial network for estimation of trip travel time distribution with trajectory data

Advanced EGAN-IDS Framework for Resilience against Adversarial Attacks using Multi-headed Attention Module

Smart grids are crucial for meeting rising energy demands driven by global population growth and urbanization. By integrating renewable energy sources, they enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. However, ensuring their availability and security requires advanced operational control and safety measures. Although artificial intelligence and machine learning can help assess grid stability, challenges such as data scarcity and cybersecurity threats, particularly adversarial attacks, remain. Data scarcity is a major issue, as obtaining real-world instances of grid instability requires significant expertise, resources, and time. Yet, these instances are critical for testing new research advancements and security mitigations. This paper introduces a novel framework for detecting instability in smart grids using only stable data. It employs a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) where the generator is designed not to produce near-realistic data but instead to generate Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) samples with respect to the stable class. These OOD samples represent unstable behavior, anomalies, or disturbances that deviate from the stable data distribution. By training exclusively on stable data and exposing the discriminator to OOD samples, our framework learns a robust decision boundary to distinguish stable conditions from any unstable behavior, without requiring unstable data during training. Furthermore, we incorporate an adversarial training layer to enhance resilience against attacks. Evaluated on a real-world dataset, our solution achieves up to 98.1% accuracy in predicting grid stability and 98.9% in detecting adversarial attacks. Implemented on a single-board computer, it enables real-time decision-making with an average response time of under 7ms. • Tackles smart grid instability detection while addressing data scarcity, which makes it difficult to obtain real-world instability instances for model training. • Introduced a novel GAN-based framework that detects grid instability using only stable data, addressing data scarcity. • The generator, unlike the vanilla GAN, produces out-of-distribution (OOD) samples relative to the stable class to train the discriminator. • Added an adversarial training layer to the GAN framework to classify adversarial attacks as instances of instability. • Successfully deployed the model on a single-board computer, demonstrating efficient real-time performance with an average response time of under 7ms.

We study two important concepts in adversarial deep learning---adversarial training and generative adversarial network (GAN). Adversarial training is the technique used to improve the robustness of discriminator by combining adversarial attacker and discriminator in the training phase. GAN is commonly used for image generation by jointly optimizing discriminator and generator. We show these two concepts are indeed closely related and can be used to strengthen each other---adding a generator to the adversarial training procedure can improve the robustness of discriminators, and adding an adversarial attack to GAN training can improve the convergence speed and lead to better generators. Combining these two insights, we develop a framework called Rob-GAN to jointly optimize generator and discriminator in the presence of adversarial attacks---the generator generates fake images to fool discriminator; the adversarial attacker perturbs real images to fool the discriminator, and the discriminator wants to minimize loss under fake and adversarial images. Through this end-to-end training procedure, we are able to simultaneously improve the convergence speed of GAN training, the quality of synthetic images, and the robustness of discriminator under strong adversarial attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that the obtained classifier is more robust than the state-of-the-art adversarial training approach, and the generator outperforms SN-GAN on ImageNet-143.

The telemetry data of spacecraft is an ultra-high dimensional time series used to indicate on-orbit operation status, and anomaly detection can effectively ensure safety and reliability. Aiming at the characteristics and complex correlation of high dimensional telemetry data, this paper proposes a novel anomaly detection method based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for telemetry data anomaly detection. Instead of treating each variable independently, our proposed method captures the latent representation amongst multi-dimensional time series. For normal data, the GAN-based anomaly detection method can obtain a reconstructed time series similar to the original time series, learning the probability distribution model of normal data. For abnormal data, the reconstructed time series deviates greatly from the original time series. In the GAN framework, we use Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) as the network structure of generator for time series reconstruction and discriminator for calculating the probability of being the real time series, which can learn the temporal features of telemetry data. We also propose a novel anomaly score called GDScore, which comprehensively considers the reconstruction error of the generator and the output of the discriminator. We conduct experiments with two telemetry datasets, which verifies that our proposed GAN-based anomaly detection method can effectively detect outliers.

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in various fashion-related applications, including virtual try-ons, compatible clothing recommendations, fashion editing, and the generation of fashion items. Despite this progress, limited research has addressed the specific challenge of generating a compatible fashion item with an ensemble consisting of distinct categories, such as tops, bottoms, and shoes. In response to this gap, we propose a novel GANs framework, termed Deep Fashion Designer Generative Adversarial Networks (DFDGAN), designed to address this challenge. Our model accepts a series of source images representing different fashion categories as inputs and generates a compatible fashion item, potentially from a different category. The architecture of our model comprises several key components: an encoder, a mapping network, a generator, and a discriminator. Through rigorous experimentation, we benchmark our model against existing baselines, validating the effectiveness of each architectural choice. Furthermore, qualitative results indicate that our framework successfully generates fashion items compatible with the input items, thereby advancing the field of fashion item generation.

.SignificanceDiffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive functional imaging technique; however, the reconstruction of high-quality images from DOT data is a challenging task because of the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. We introduce a hybrid machine learning model that combines the strengths of autoencoders (AEs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs) for robust DOT reconstruction.AimWe leveraged a hybrid machine learning model for robust ultrasound-guided DOT reconstruction.ApproachA hybrid model, DOT-AE-GAN, that combines the strengths of AEs and GANs to enhance the robustness of DOT reconstruction is introduced. The proposed model utilizes an AE to efficiently encode the DOT measurement to reconstruction and decode back to measurement, modeling the inverse and forward process of reconstruction. In parallel, a GAN framework is incorporated to enhance the robustness of the reconstruction for irregularly shaped lesions, utilizing adversarial training.ResultsThe DOT-AE-GAN model is first trained and validated using simulations, demonstrating reconstruction accuracy in absorption coefficients and lateral dimensions of the targets. The DOT-AE-GAN is then fine-tuned with phantom data and compared with the AE model, showing the improvement over the AE model in the reconstructed target lateral dimension while keeping similar accuracy in absorption coefficient. The DOT-AE-GAN is validated with patient data, revealing that the DOT-AE-GAN-reconstructed breast lesion lateral dimensions follow size measurements of co-registered ultrasound significantly better than the optimization-based reconstruction algorithm and AE model with improved absorption contrast between malignant and benign lesions.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the DOT-AE-GAN model has great potential in ultrasound-guided DOT reconstruction.

The Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) is a specialized version of Internet of Things that consists of uniquely identifiable healthcare devices connected to the Internet. This chapter discusses the possible architectures related to an IoHT communication environment. It presents a “threat model” related with data security and privacy in the IoHT environment. However, public Internet-connected smart healthcare devices are vulnerable to various security and privacy-related attacks. The chapter provides various security and privacy requirements in an IoHT environment. It describes some of the state-of-art privacy-preserving protocols related to IoHT environments. Ashutosh Dhar. Dwivedi et al. addressed the security and privacy issues in an IoT-based healthcare environment. With the use of IoHT methods, there are tremendous benefits that can improve the efficiency and quality of treatment, and also patients’ health accordingly. Finally, a number of state-of-art privacy-preserving security protocols related to IoHT have been carefully reviewed, and then a comparative analysis of the discussed privacy-preserving security protocols was given.

With the improvement of basic designs and the evolution of key algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) has been considered by both industry and academia as the most promising solution for many electromagnetic space problems, such as automatic modulation classification (AMC). However, the fact that AI-based AMC models are vulnerable to adversarial examples mystifies the optimism. Adversarial attacks help researchers to reexamine AI-based AMC models and promote safe applications. In this paper, we study the frequency leakage and glitch problems caused by high frequency components in the adversarial perturbations of existing attack algorithms. We propose a Spectrum-focused Frequency Adversarial Attack (SFAA) algorithm to suppress the high frequency components to alleviate such problems. Next, we leverage meta-learning to improve the transferability of the proposed algorithm for black-box attacks. We also train a Channel-robust Class-universal Spectrum-focused Frequency Adversarial Attack (CrCu-SFAA) generative model using the generative adversarial network framework. Finally, extensive experiments using qualitative and quantitative indicators demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves an improved attack performance, and our proposed approach of reducing out-of-band high frequency components of the adversarial perturbations improves the concealment and adversarial signal quality.