AIBH: Accurate Identification of Brain Hemorrhage Using Genetic Algorithm Based Feature Selection and Stacking

Brain hemorrhage is a serious and life-threatening condition. It can cause permanent and lifelong disability even when it is not fatal. The word hemorrhage denotes leakage of blood within the brain and this leakage of blood from capillaries causes stroke and adequate supply of oxygen to the brain is hindered. Modern imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are employed to get an idea regarding the extent of the damage. An early diagnosis and treatment can save lives and limit the adverse effects of a brain hemorrhage. In this case, a deep neural network (DNN) is an effective choice for the early identification and classification of brain hemorrhage for the timely recovery and treatment of an affected person. In this paper, the proposed research work is divided into two novel approaches, where, one for the classification and the other for volume calculation of brain hemorrhage. Two different datasets are used for two different techniques classification and volume. A novel algorithm is proposed to calculate the volume of hemorrhage using CT scan images. In the first approach, the ‘RSNA’ dataset is used to classify the brain hemorrhage types using transfer learning and achieved an accuracy of 93.77%. Furthermore, in the second approach, a novel algorithm has been proposed to calculate the volume of brain hemorrhage and achieved tremendous results as 1035.91 mm3 and 9.25 cm3, using the PhysioNet CT scan tomography dataset.

COVID-19 is known in recent times as a severe syndrome of respiratory organ (Lungs) and has gradually produced pneumonia, a lung disorder all around the world. As coronavirus is continually spreading rapidly globally, the computed tomography (CT) technique has been made important and essential for quick diagnosis of this dangerous syndrome. Hence, it is necessitated to develop a precise computer-based technique for assisting medical clinicians in identifying the COVID-19 influenced patients with the help of CT scan images. Therefore, the multilayer perceptron neural networks optimized with Garra Rufa Fish optimization using images of CT scan is proposed in this paper for the classification of COVID-19 patients (COV-19-MPNN-GRF-CTI). The input images are taken from SARS-COV-2 CT-scan dataset. Initially, the input images are pre-processed utilizing convolutional auto-encoder (CAE) to enhance the quality of the input images by eliminating noises. The pre-processed images are fed to Residual Network (ResNet-50) for extracting the global and statistical features. The extraction over the features of CT scan images is made through ResNet-50 and subsequently input to multilayer perceptron neural networks (MPNN) for CT images classification as COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 patients. Here, the layer of Batch Normalization of the MPNN is separated and added with ResNet-50 layer. Generally, MPNN classifier does not divulge any adoption of optimization approach for calculating the optimal parameters and accurately classifying the extracted features of CT images. The Garra Rufa Fish (GRF) optimization algorithm performs to optimize the weight parameters of MPNN classifiers. The proposed approach is executed in MATLAB. The performance metrics, such as sensitivity, precision, specificity, [Formula: see text]-measure, accuracy and error rate, are examined. Then the performance of the proposed COV-19-MPNN-GRF-CTI method provides 22.08%, 24.03%, 34.76% higher accuracy, 23.34%, 26.45%, 34.44% higher precision, 33.98%, 21.95%, 34.78% lower error rate compared with the existing methods, like multi-task deep learning using CT image analysis for COVID-19 pneumonia classification and segmentation (COV-19-MDP-CTI), COVID-19 classification utilizing CT scan depending on meta-classifier approach (COV-19-SEMC-CTI) and deep learning-based COVID-19 prediction utilizing CT scan images (COV-19-CNN-CTI), respectively.

Medical-image segmentation is of primary importance in the development of computer assisted detection (CAD) of mammographic masses. Image segmentation is used for finding regions of interest (ROI) within mammograms that are further processed to estimate their likelihood of being a potential lesion or mass. This task can be stated as follows: €œA gray-scale image is represented as a 1D array X = (x1, x2,...,xN), where xn is an input feature for pixel n and N is the total number of pixels in the image. The input feature vector xn may be a D dimensional vector or simply the gray-scale value of the pixel n. Let the underlying true segmentation of the image be denoted as Y = (y1, y2,..., yN). It is assumed that the number of classes is predetermined as a set of known class labels I‰l, where l Iµ {1,..., L{ and therefore the class label of pixel n is indicated as y n ∈{I‰ l } L l=1 . The task is to predict the A·n estimate of the segmentation for each pixel. In an automated system, such likelihood estimates are generated using a classifier that takes as input some features that describe region properties, e.g., image texture. The segmentation of digital mammograms is a difficult task. A number of different approaches have been adopted in this area with varying success. Broadly speaking, image segmentation can be carried out either as: (1) image preprocessing step with the main objective of identifying regions of interest (spatially coherent collection of pixels within the image) and a subsequent feature extraction and classification step is required to characterize a given region of interest as either €œnormal€ or €œsuspicious€; or (2) part of the overall classification scheme, where the likelihood of each pixel being €œsuspicious is calculated to generate a probability image using pixel-based features as input to a classifier. The probability image is thereafter thresholded to give both the segmentation and classification output. The main difference between (1) and (2) is that in the first case, image segmentation is needed before classification can be performed; whereas in the second case, classification and segmentation are both based on thresholding probability estimates of pixels and are achieved at the same time. The image segmentation approaches, with the aim of finding regions of interest, were first attempted in digital mammography with varying techniques, including global thresholding, region growing, region clustering, template matching, edge operators and filtering, and edge-based hybrid methods. Image segmentation is developed from pixel-based probability estimation is underpinned by modeling features using parametric methods, Gaussian mixture modeling, Markov random fields, and other methods. A detailed discussion on mammogram-based image segmentation with their algorithms is available in Singh and Bovis. Experience shows that it is quite difficult to select an outright winning image-segmentation method, since different approaches have been shown to be suitable for different data sets and show varied performance under different experimental conditions. However, there is a consensus that image segmentation in medical imaging is most successful when explicitly using a priori information about the problem to be studied.

Computers are most important in almost all the fields. The specializations differ from one another and most of the Digital Images which are taken and processed, plays an immeasurable role in the biomedical field. Around the globe people come across various types of diseases and various types of infections. Among these people doesn`t have awareness about a virus named Cytomegalovirus. Once a person gets affected it retains till lifetime. If the pregnant woman gets affected then the fetus also gets affected by this virus. This virus creates more impact on pregnant women and fetus. Diabetic, Thyroid tests has been made compulsory for the pregnant women whereas this cytomegalovirus test is not done until it creates many complications in the womb or for the fetus, mainly impair vision, hearing loss, epilepsy etc. Image Processing is technique used for the images to show the better quality and performance of the images. In this proposed work the input image of the cytomegalovirus is taken for further processing to convert it to segmented image using K-means Clustering and Discrete Wavelet Transform where the image can be processed and Segmentation of image is done with the Region of Interest(ROI).

Segmentation of images is a very important and crucial process involved in the life cycle of medical image processing. It involves the segregation of image components into the desired categories for focusing on the ROI of the image. Though there are a vast amount of work has been done in segmenting the Colon, Rectum areas of MRI and CT images, it’s still a niche area due to the complexity involved in the shape of the organ and the spread of cancer. Segmentation of the rectum area still pose a big challenge. When radiological images are constructed, it’s not possible to capture only the concerned organ (Object) and so it is essential to do segmentation of the required parts for computer-assisted automated diagnosis. When rectum MRI is taken, it’s not possible to focus only on the exact rectum. The MRI scan results not only shows the rectum but also the nearby nodes and organs. Moreover, there are variations in scan report depending on the instrument used from which OEM and how much magnetic field applied in terms of Tesla value. Since MRI is the most preferred radiological report as per the radiologist’s opinion, and MRI is of black and white image with some grey elements present, the colour feature cannot be used in segmenting the region of interest (ROI) and so the features which include the unique properties of the organ under consideration can be obtained either with the shape or texture. As already pointed out, the rectum and the affected area is of irregular in shape and so the shape parameter also cannot be much used in the segmentation and further classification. Thus, the importance and the need of proper segmentation method is required for MRI images. This chapter focuses only on the segmentation of the rectum area MRI images so that it is easier to classify whether the area is benign and malign. The authors have proposed and experimented with the M-R-CNN which is a combination of CNN, ResNet, F-CNN, RPN with masking. The outcome of this research has got better results of segmentation using M-R-CNN with 96% accuracy and precision thus improving the results of the earlier methods discussed in literature survey.

In this study, we describe a technique that used a machine learning (ML) approach to classify four (4) different cotton leaf varieties namely; BS-15, S-32, Z-31, and Z-32. Each variety of cotton leaves were collected from 500 Farmers. These image datasets are captured by using the cell phone camera in the open agricultural field area, and every image was captured from both sides (Front and Back) of the cotton leaf. Each variety of cotton has used over 300 (150 Front Side and 150 Back Side of the leaves) leaf images and the total calculated cotton leaves are 1200 (300 x 4) as leaf image samples. These sample datasets have analyzed through image preprocessing and image segmentation process. Each image was employing four different non-over-lapping regions of interest (ROI’s) and calculated a total of 4800 (1200 x 4) ROI’s. The acquired datasets are employed different machine learning features such as Scalability, Texture, Spectral, Binary, Histogram, Rotational, and translational (R-S-T). A total of fifty-seven (57) machine learning features were evaluated on each ROI and a total calculated 273,600 (4800 x 57) features. Furthermore, the Correlation-Based Feature Selection (CFS) genetic algorithm technique was employed for feature optimization. It has been evaluated 22 optimized features and applying different machine learning (M-L) classifiers namely; K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), K*, Random Forest (RF) Tree, and Naive Bayes (NB) Tree. The resulting accuracy produced by K-NN presented is 98.9167% on (512 x 512) ROI’s. The individually overall result accuracy dataset values by using K-NN classifier on the four varieties of cotton leaf namely; BS-15, S-32, Z-31, and Z-32 were evaluated 97.83%, 99.50%, 99%, and 99.33%, respectively.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to predict healthcare expenditure per capita (pcHCE) in Turkey. Well‐known AI techniques such as random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and relevance vector machine (RVM) were used to forecast pcHCE. Twenty‐nine years of historical data from 1990 to 2018 were used in the training and testing phases of the models. Gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy at birth, unemployment rate, crude birth rate, and the number of physicians and hospitals were used as input variables for the analysis. A genetic algorithm‐based feature selection (GAFS) method was applied to all models to select the relevant and optimal feature subset in the prediction of pcHCE. The comparative results showed that the GAFS method improved the overall performance of all base AI models. The hybrid GAFS‐RF model performed best among all AI‐based prediction methods, with a 99.86% correlation of determination (R2) value at the testing stage.

In day-to-day life, new technologies are emerging in the field of Image processing, especially in the domain of segmentation. Image segmentation is the most important part in digital image processing. Segmentation is nothing but a portion of any image and object. In image segmentation, the digital image is divided into multiple set of pixels. Image segmentation is generally required to cut out region of interest (ROI) from an image. Currently there are many different algorithms available for image segmentation. This chapter presents a brief outline of some of the most common segmentation techniques (e.g. Segmentation based on thresholding, Model based segmentation, Segmentation based on edge detection, Segmentation based on clustering, etc.,) mentioning its advantages as well as the drawbacks. The Matlab simulated results of different available image segmentation techniques are also given for better understanding of image segmentation. Simply, different image segmentation algorithms with their prospects are reviewed in this chapter to reduce the time of literature survey of the future researchers.

In the modern world, diabetes is one of the major health problems that affects humans all around the world. Lack of early detection, prolonged diabetics, might lead to medical complications such as heart problems, eye vision problems, skin issues, etc. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a frequent abnormality of diabetics. To help patients with the early detection of diabetic retinopathy, in this paper, we propose a computer vision-based technique to analyze and predict diabetes from the retinal input images. Image preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction steps are applied. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are trained with diabetic and non-diabetic retinal images. Results show CNN reports better accuracy in DR compared to SVM.

Recently, student’s academic performance prediction has become an increasingly prominent research topic in the field of Educational Data Mining (EDM). The prediction of student’s academic performance aims to explore information that is beneficial to the learning process of student. Therefore, accurate prediction of student’s academic performance provide benefits for education institutions to improve the quality of their institutions by improving the learning process of students. In predicting the student’s academic performance, the problem of high dimensional dataset is often faced in the datasets which significantly impacts the accuracy of student academic performance prediction. This paper proposed Genetic Algorithm based Feature Selection (GAFS) along with selected single classifier for classification in order to improve the accuracy in predicting student academic performance. Kaggle dataset is used in this paper and two phase of experiment have been conducted, single classifier without GAFS, and single classifier with GAFS. Results from the experiments show that, the accuracy of the proposed GAFS for classification makes an impressive performance in predicting student academic performance in terms of accuracy compare to existing techniques.

In text classification, feature selection is essential to improve the classification effectiveness. This paper provides an empirical study of a feature selection method based on genetic algorithms for different text representation methods. This feature selection algorithm can accomplish two goals: in one hand is the search of a feature subset such that the performance of classifier is best; in other hands is find a feature subset with the smallest dimensionality which achieves higher accuracy in classification. To evaluate the performance of this approach, three from the best classifiers have been selected: Naive Bayes (NB), Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Our objective is to determine whether the genetic algorithms based feature selection will improve the performances in text classification with smaller size using F-measure. Experimentations were carried out on two benchmark document collections 20Newsgroups, and Reuters-21578. And the results were very interesting.

To interpret ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) B-scan images automatically, regions of interest (ROI) within the image must be identified, extracted, and interpreted. Image segmentation can be utilized for identifying constituent ROIs within images and their extraction for further analysis. Image segmentation is achieved either by applying edge detection transforms (EDTs), image thresholding (IT), or region growing (RG). Although EDTs can be applied without prior knowledge of the image, they are computationally expensive. By contrast, IT involves fewer computational processes but often requires some prior knowledge of the image and the selection of an appropriate threshold. However, B-scan images contain a background from which a threshold for segmentation can be established. Application of a suitable RG technique to the resultant image yields ROIs which can then be analysed and interpreted as being either defects or not. This paper outlines the development of a software system that utilizes IT and RG in order to extract ROIs within a B-scan image. Once extracted, these can be analysed within an automatic interpretation system for NDT data.

A fourth order PDE based fuzzy c- means approach for segmentation of microscopic biopsy images in presence of Poisson noise for cancer detection

Diabetic eye disease (DED) is a cluster of eye problem that affects diabetic patients. Identifying DED is a crucial activity in retinal fundus images because early diagnosis and treatment can eventually minimize the risk of visual impairment. The retinal fundus image plays a significant role in early DED classification and identification. An accurate diagnostic model’s development using a retinal fundus image depends highly on image quality and quantity. This paper presents a methodical study on the significance of image processing for DED classification. The proposed automated classification framework for DED was achieved in several steps: image quality enhancement, image segmentation (region of interest), image augmentation (geometric transformation), and classification. The optimal results were obtained using traditional image processing methods with a new build convolution neural network (CNN) architecture. The new built CNN combined with the traditional image processing approach presented the best performance with accuracy for DED classification problems. The results of the experiments conducted showed adequate accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity.

Image segmentation is the first step in image analysis and pattern recognition, and it is one of the most difficult tasks in image processing, and determines the quality of the final result of analysis. Image segmentation requires the improvement because most image segmentation solution is problem based. Biomedical image segmentation is different than normal image segmentation. Because normal image is taken from camera which is free of noise. While biomedical image is taken from MRI, CT, Microscopic Instrument or X-ray which is it noisy and fuzzy. Medical image segmentation methods generally have restrictions because medical images have very similar gray level and texture among the interested. While extracting region of interest in biomedical image, region of interest can avoid the processing of irrelevant image point. Biomedical Image segmentation is necessary when we want the computer to make decision, surgical planning and robotically assisted surgical invention. Biomedical image segmentation is nothing but the classification of similar pixel and their following extraction into separate segment. There are different methods to do the Biomedical image segmentation but they are slow. he method which is described in this paper is fast and efficient. This paper gives comparative research of different method of each of category. The method described in the paper is for fast biomedical image segmentation