Aircraft Wake Vortex Retrieval Method on Lidar Lateral Range–Height Indicator Observation

This study investigates the impact of meteorological parameters (crosswind, headwind, wind shear, thermal stratification, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate, and density) and aircraft parameters (position, heading, speed, weight, span, and spanwise load factor) on wake-vortex behavior. Typical measurement uncertainties of these parameters, on one hand, and the range in which they typically reside, on the other hand, are mapped on variations of lateral and vertical position and lifetime of the wake vortices. For this mapping process, the deterministic two-phase wake-vortex model is employed, complemented by some simple considerations, dimensional analysis, and sources from literature. Three scenarios comprising cruise conditions, flight within the atmospheric boundary layer, and ground proximity are considered. From these investigations, the following ranking of the impact parameters has been deduced: wind, thermal stratification, turbulence, position, mass, and spanwise load factor. The relevance of the remaining parameters appears small.

Leadless pacemaker (LP) implantation at the apical septum has been linked to pacing-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). This study aimed to examine the precise position for LP implantation in the RV septum using the three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) system. The accurate implantation sites were visualized through the fluoroscopic image, and the relationship to the measured QRS duration during pacing (p-QRS duration) was investigated to evaluate their potential association with cardiomyopathy. Fifty-four patients underwent LP implantation with 3D-RA guidance. Implantation sites were assessed using the horizontal axis from the apex to the center of the tricuspid valve and the vertical axis from the inferior border of the apex to the outflow tract transition. The p-QRS durations were measured intraoperatively using electrocardiograms. Echocardiography was performed 12months later to assess PCIM progression. All 54 LPs were successfully implanted in the septum. Mean horizontal and vertical positions within the RV were 69.7±10.5% and 66.5±13.1%, respectively. Mean p-QRS duration was 148±11ms. The horizontal position was correlated with QRS duration (R=0.59), while the vertical position showed no correlation (R=0.03). The native QRS (n-QRS) duration was also an independent predictor of prolonged p-QRS duration (p=0.018). No patients developed cardiomyopathy progression on follow-up, and no association with p-QRS duration was observed. In LP implantation, the horizontal position within the RV septum correlates more strongly with p-QRS duration than vertical position. Prolonged n-QRS duration also prolonged p-QRS duration; however, further research is needed to evaluate the relationship between the implanted position and the occurrence of PICM.

Optimizing the mass transport phenomenon around micro-electrodes of an enzymatic biofuel cell inside a blood artery via finite element analysis method

The programmable Shunt Assistant (capped!) (ProSA) shunt system has recently been introduced into clinical use. The system can be in vivo adjusted magnetically, and this adjustability is supposed to affect CSF drainage only in the vertical body position. We tested a combination of ProSA with fixed differential pressure valve designed to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain ventricles into the peritoneal cavity. The ProSA showed good mechanical durability and stability of hydrodynamic performance over a 60-day period. The flow-pressure performance curves and operating pressures were stable, fell within the limits specified by the manufacturer, and changed according to the programmed performance levels. The ProSA system has higher than usual hydrodynamic resistance (around 8.8 mmHg/(mL/min)) in the vertical position. Operating pressure in the vertical position reacted repeatedly to changes of settings within the limits 0-40 cmH(2)O and was reduced gradually when the axis of the valve declined from vertical to horizontal. External programming proved to be reliable. Strong magnetic fields (3-T MRI) were not able to change the programming of ProSA. ProSA works in the horizontal position as differential fixed pressure low hydrodynamic resistance and in the vertical position as an adjustable, normal hydrodynamic resistance valve. It is able to compensate for posture-related overdrainage.

To mitigate the risk of wake vortex encounters during final approach, so-called plate lines have been developed. Wake vortices generated by landing aircraft induce secondary vortices at the plates’ surfaces that approach the primary vortices and trigger premature wake vortex decay. Each plate line consists of several upright plates being installed underneath the approach slope. While the plate line extends perpendicular to the flight direction, its individual plates are oriented in parallel to the runway centerline. To obtain the approval of the authorities for the installation of the plate lines at runway 16 of Vienna International Airport, the plate design had to comply with airport requirements like obstacle clearance, stability, and frangibility. During a six-month campaign, wake vortex behavior of about 9500 landings with and without plates was measured simultaneously by three lidars complemented by a comprehensive suite of meteorological instrumentation. The analysis of over 1000 measured wake vortex evolutions indicates that the plate lines reduce the lifetimes of the vortices in a safety corridor along the final approach by 22–37% depending on the aircraft type. This corresponds to a reduction of vortex circulation by about 50% for the most relevant International Civil Aviation Organization separation (Medium behind Heavy).

This work evaluates the influence of the cellar conditions and bottle orientation, on the phenolic and volatile composition of a Vintage Port wine, sealed with natural cork stoppers, for 44 months post-bottling. The storage was performed in two different cellars, namely a cellar A with controlled temperature and humidity, and a cellar B, representing a traditional cellar, with uncontrolled temperature and humidity. The impact of bottle orientation was studied in cellar A, where the bottles were stored in horizontal and vertical positions. The phenolic and volatile composition of the bottled Vintage Port wine were analyzed after 6, 15 and 44 months. The results unveiled that the cellar conditions and bottle orientation had an impact in Port wine composition which was higher at 44 months post-bottling. The samples stored in the traditional cellar unveiled significantly higher yellow tones, lower tannin specific activity, and higher levels of furfural and 5-methylfurfural. Furthermore, the samples stored in the horizontal position revealed significant higher levels of total proanthocyanidins and higher tannin specific activity than the samples stored in the vertical position. Interestingly, for the first time to our knowledge, an ellagitannin-derived compound (Corklin) was detected in Vintage Port wines stored in the horizontal position, which results from the reaction of cork constituents with phenolic compounds present in wines.

Static analysis of wind turbine blades that convert kinetic energy using wind to electrical power has been analyzed using Ansys model. The geometry was imported in ANSYS workbench 2020R1, where the material was changed to Epoxy E-Glass Wet. The mesh independence that occurred at 800 and 600 element sizes and an element size of 800 was chosen for subsequent static analysis. The static analysis shows that the total deformation and von Mises stress of the wind turbine blade was improved at both the vertical position and the horizontal position by 40.0% and 38.61%, respectively. Besides, the static analysis showed an almost linear mode shape increased from mode lines. Nevertheless, Campbell's diagram showed that resonance vibration occurred at an amplitude of 5.5x106Pa with a corresponding frequency of 5Hz, which gave a rotational speed of 262.4x106 rpm. This shows that the impulse force is better applied in wind turbine blade transient analysis at a lower von Mises stress to attain a quicker damping response steady-state, which favors wind turbine blade analysis. Overall, the wind turbine blade is better designed at a vertical position to allow better deformation stress at a static position. Conversely, the von Mises stress showed 44.64% and 38.61% at horizontal and vertical positions. This also agrees with static total deformation, since stress is better managed at a lower percentage range.

Gas relative diffusivity measurements are key indicators of the quality of growing media. Previous studies have shown that this property can be estimated indirectly from measurements of the point of air entry (ψ a ), air‐filled porosity (θ a ), and saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ). Different tools are required to measure these parameters and this paper investigates how a single tool, time domain reflectrometry (TDR), already used to determine θ a from measurements of volumetric water content (θ), could be utilized to measure ψ a and K s in growing media. Cylinders were filled with 13 different substrates and coarse sand. A transient‐state technique (vertical infiltration at −1 hPa of water potential) was used to calculate K s from θ measurements in time. In growing media, calculated K s values from transient‐state experiment were statistically equal to estimates obtained from steady‐state measurements at a potential of −1hPa. However, both methods underestimated the K s values obtained under steady‐state conditions after a pulse of water had been applied or after prolonged wetting. For sand, TDR‐based measurements and steady‐state infiltration at −1 hPa, provided estimates of K s equal to those obtained after prolonged saturation. To estimate ψ a , TDR probes in a horizontal and a vertical position were tested in addition to a pressure transducer technique. For growing media, the horizontal positioning of the probes provided more consistent estimates of ψ a than the other two techniques. Estimates of ψ a with TDR in sand, both in vertical and horizontal position, were similar.

Evaluation of the surgical approach based on impacted position and direction of mesiodens

The purpose of this research is to realize precise straight motion. The straight motion system used in the paper has an ability to control five degrees of freedom of a moving table; vertical and horizontal positions, and roll, pitch and yaw angles. For the purpose, two references are introduced; motion reference and absolute reference. Table motions are controlled relatively to the motion reference. A solid master is used for the motion reference because of its stability against changes of environment. A geometrical error of the motion reference causes motion errors of the table. To compensate these errors, motion errors relative to the absolute reference are measured. The paper proposes the liquid surface for the absolute reference. The liquid surface is used only to measure motion errors caused by the geometrical error because the liquid surface is not robust enough. After the compensation, straight motion accuracies of 0.2μm in vertical position, 0.1arc sec in roll angle and 0.3arc sec in pitch angle were achieved.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do modo de acondicionamento de miniestacas no processo de enraizamento de quatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As miniestacas foram coletadas no minijardim clonal conduzido em sistema de hidroponia em canaletas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4, constituído de cinco tratamentos (acondicionamento das miniestacas em posição horizontal no recipiente, em posição vertical na vermiculita, em posição vertical na vermiculita+carvão ativado, em posição vertical na vermiculita+Phytus e em posição vertical na vermiculita+PVP) e quatro clones, em quatro repetições e parcelas compostas de 16 plantas/repetição. Foram realizadas avaliações na casa de vegetação, casa de sombra e a pleno sol, quanto ao porcentual de enraizamento, altura, diâmetro de colo e massa seca da parte aérea e radicular das miniestacas enraizadas. Concluiu-se que os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o acondicionamento das miniestacas em posição vertical na vermiculita, podendo ser associado com PVP, conforme o clone.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Human factors egress testing of the HL-20 Personnel Launch System, a reusable flight vehicle for Space Station crew rotation, was conducted in both the vertical (launch) and horizontal (landing) positions using a full-scale model. Ingress and egress of 10-person crews were investigated with volunteers representing a range of heights. For both the vertical and horizontal positions, interior structural keels had little impact on egress times which were generally less than 30 seconds. Wearing Shuttle partial pressure suits required somewhat more egress time than when ordinary flight suits were worn due to the larger helmet of the Shuttle suit.</div>

The aim of this work was to determine natural convective heat transfer rates in bottled liquid food pasteurized using different container orientations; conventional vertical, inverted vertical, and horizontal bottle positions. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was applied to predict the temperature distribution, flow pattern, and quality changes in non‐Newtonian fluid foods for three orientations. The numerically predicted temperatures were successfully validated against experimental data and the model allowed to identify the critical point during the thermal process. Results showed that the fluid flow developed in a horizontal orientation provided a better mixing of liquid food and, hence, a more rapid heating of the slowest heating zone compared to a vertical position. Moreover, the horizontal orientation achieved a 47.2% reduction of processing time and quality losses decreased (45.5–46.4%) with respect to a vertical position. These results suggest that a horizontal position could be considered as an interesting alternative for food processors since processing times can be reduced improving the final quality of the product.Practical ApplicationsPasteurization is a heat treatment process applied to a food product with the purpose of destroying disease‐producing microorganisms, inactivating spoilage‐causing enzymes, and reducing spoilage microorganisms. Overcooking causes detrimental effects in terms of the final product quality. Therefore, providing an adequate process with a desired sterility is one of the challenges to canning industry. In this work, we investigate how to improve, through container orientation modification, the natural convective heat transfer rates during pasteurization of fluid food. These results were obtained by the numerical simulation of the thermal process using CFD analysis which allowed to determine the temperature history and velocity field in the bottled liquid food. From the numerical results, the set of operating conditions that enhance the quality and the safety of the final product was determined, thus minimizing expensive and time‐consuming pilot test‐runs.

Dual-Doppler techniques for 3D wind retrievals have been widely used for some time, but very little effort has been dedicated to their validation. In particular, the vertical component of the wind field w is not well sampled by the radars due to the scanning strategies used for weather radars, and relies heavily on imposed conditions such as the mass continuity equation and the vorticity equation. Therefore, validation of the retrieved w with independent observations remains important before using the retrievals for the study of weather systems dynamics. The polarimetric Doppler radars JuXPol and BoXPol perform volume scans followed by a Range Height Indicator (RHI) scan and a vertically pointing scan. In this study we use the latter to derive w above the BoXPol radar and to compare it to the vertical component of the wind field retrieved by the Dual-Doppler technique. Both profiles of w show similar overall shapes with minima and maxima situated at about the same heights. The values of w obtained from the vertical scan are within the range of the profiles obtained with the Dual-Doppler method, except above an altitude of 4km where the vertical scan shows higher upward velocities than the Dual-Doppler. This can be caused by a tilted updraft which can only be partly sampled by the vertical scan, and results from different sampling times. Bias and root mean square error indicate a relative good agreement between both estimates especially for the median and high values of w, but an underestimation of the Dual-Doppler w at the lowest values.

Vertical body position during swimming is assumed to closely affect drag. It is consequently associated with swimming velocity; however, the association between swimming velocity and vertical body position has not yet been sufficiently established. Here, we aimed to clarify how vertical body position increases with front crawl velocity and whether there are inter-individual differences in velocity effect. Eleven college-level male swimmers performed a 15 m front crawl with sustained forced maximal inspiration at various swimming velocities. The body’s centre of mass (CoM) was estimated from individual digital human models with inertial parameters using inverse kinematics. The horizontal CoM velocity and vertical CoM position from the water surface were averaged for one stroke cycle as respective indexes of swimming velocity and vertical body position. Linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed that there is a positive trend between swimming velocity and vertical CoM position during front crawl across the participants. These results indicate that swimming velocity is associated with vertical body position during front crawl. Additionally, the linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts and slopes was a better fit than that with only random intercepts, indicating that there are inter-individual differences in the rate of increase in vertical body position against swimming velocity.