Alapjövedelem

Annotation. Introduction. The article considers the concept of unconditional basic income in the study of social policy as a state instrument of universal social justice. Considerable attention paid to the prospects for the introduction of unconditional basic income and the implementation of its basic principles into Ukrainian legislation. Various approaches of legal regulations and etymology of social policy in the context of the state security system are considered. Significant emphasis placed on the study of the theoretical challenge of unconditional basic income, namely the study of the functioning of such a mechanism in modern communicative realities. This research is a product of analytics and was created without taking into account the author’s political ideas. Given the recommended amount of research, the issues of unconditional basic income was considered not to be completed. Purpose. One of the main tasks of the article is to study the mechanism of functioning of unconditional basic income and the possibility of its application in practice. It is also worth giving your own view of the social policy problems. The tasks of the article are to analyze the modern social security system and to suggest options for its improvement. Results. The theory of unconditional basic income currently has no practical application. Despite a significant number of theoretical experiments, no country in the world uses the instrument of unconditional basic income at the legislative level. Therefore, it is too early to talk about the implementation of this theory of social policy in practice in Ukraine. Conclusions. Theory of unconditional basic income has a strong intellectual tradition, but the practical application of this instrument of social policy not implemented. Our studies show that such a system promotes the development of human capital and increases the geographical mobility of people. Unconditional basic income creates material support that promotes human development in other spheres of life. However, it was noted that conducting such a social policy requires significant expenditures from the state budget. This creates material barriers for some countries to use unconditional basic income as a tool of social policy. Keywords: unconditional basic income; social policy; state institutions; legal system.

The article focuses on the issues of professional training systems for future specialists during the digitalization of the labor market and the educational process itself. The relevance of the current study lies in the fact that the dynamics of the traditional methodological approach towards the educational process, given the global world trends, determines the priority of focusing on the competence approach. This article aims to determine the peculiarities of professional training of future specialists and its structure in the context of digital changes in the modern labor market. During the study, the following general research methods were applied: synthesis, analysis, specification, generalization, comparison, systematization, and abstraction. The author has substantiated the structure of professional training of future specialists, which combines professional and personal components. Also, there were identified vectors for improving the educational process aimed at forming future specialists' information, digital, communication, and intercultural competence as essential components of their overall professionalism. The author has established that the need to improve the process of professional training at the current stage of development is stipulated by specific requirements for professionally significant qualities resulting from the particular content and focus of professional activities in line with digital changes in the labor market. The study has found that one of the promising areas of the educational process today involves the formation of personal qualities of future specialists, including their digital literacy, logical thinking, and international communication skills.In addition, the author has outlined the basic principles of implementing and developing the interdisciplinary integration of the professional training process to meet the requirements of the digitalized labor market.

In this paper, I examine the relationship between a basic income as a policy tool and the functioning of the labour market. I focus on three key areas where a basic income has been hypothesized to relate to labour markets: (i) through altering work decisions, (ii) as a response to predicted changes in work arising from technological change and (iii) as backstop that would allow workers to demand better working conditions and higher wages. I provide answers on the role or impact of a basic income in each area in the context of the current Canadian labour market. But a key focus in the paper is on the ways we could alter our labour market models to provide a better basis for debating the impacts of policies like a basic income in the context of a goal of moving toward a more just society.

BACKGROUNDWhile cross-sectional differences in hours worked, household income, and individual income among single, cohabiting, and married individuals are well documented, less is known about labor market changes that occur around the time of union transitions. OBJECTIVEThis paper examines labor market dynamics surrounding changes in union status during a time when cohabitation was rising across Europe but had not yet become as widespread as it is now.It distinguishes transitions between individuals who start cohabiting, marry directly, and marry after cohabitation. METHODSUsing the European Community Household Panel for 14 European countries in 1994-2001, this study assesses (1) differences in the level of both work income and hours worked for men and women across union status and (2) changes in household income, individual income, and hours worked at the time of transition from singlehood into either marriage or a nonmarital cohabiting union, and from cohabitation into marriage. RESULTSMen increase their work hours when entering their first marriage directly from singlehood but not if they were previously cohabiting.Conversely, women reduce both hours and income when they enter marriage (even if they were cohabiting before) but not when entering cohabiting unions.

The objective of this chapter is to review the extent to which recent social policies based on the active aging framework have also promoted generativity-related ways of aging, particularly in Europe and the United States, the regions in which active aging policies have had the most impact. The chapter describes the rise and development of the active aging framework, and mentions the main institutional landmarks that underpin its popularity as a social policy tool. Subsequently, it discusses policies aimed at promoting the continuation of older people in the labor market and the civic participation of older people, areas that are potentially related to generativity in later life. Finally, the limitations and future challenges of active aging policies are considered from the perspective of promoting generativity in later life.

Liberal Professions in the Change of Labour Markets

This article examines republican arguments for a basic income that turn on a right to exit the labour market. It gives criteria for the maintenance of republican freedom in markets, arguing that a right to exit or effective market power will guarantee republican freedom in markets. The article then considers whether a basic income is either sufficient or necessary to protect republican freedom both in labour markets and elsewhere. If a basic income is necessary to protect republican freedom in the labour market, I argue it is not sufficient to protect that freedom elsewhere. If citizens lack the means to maintain their republican freedom in the labour market, then there may be other spheres of life where they are vulnerable to subordination, whether or not they have a basic income. Some sociological evidence on cultural consumption patterns is presented.

Research purpose. Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a noteworthy social and economic model that reduces absolute poverty, improves people's physical and mental well-being, and has a positive impact on the labour market. It could serve as an alternative to the increasing need to adjust, reform, and enhance current social protection systems to ensure at least minimal welfare guarantees through them. The aim of this article is to evaluate whether the state's efforts to ensure minimum welfare and the expectations of the Lithuanian population regarding the state's role in securing socio-economic stability can be regarded as prerequisites for the introduction of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) as an alternative to the existing social security system. Design / Methodology / Approach. The article is structured around the following research methodology: scientific literature on UBI as an alternative measure to the social security system, correlational and regression analysis, quantitative research, summary of research findings, and conclusions. Findings. European countries strive to ensure at least a minimum level of well-being for their citizens. When looking for solutions to do this, there are two possible alternatives - to improve the social security system or to introduce UBI. This means making a radical decision on the method of ensuring minimum well-being. In both cases, it is necessary to consider state spending. Currently, the state's contribution to ensuring well-being includes not only government spending on monetary social support for people with the lowest incomes but also for those receiving the minimum and average wages. The expectations of Lithuanian residents regarding the provision of minimum well-being are thus focused on the state. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The results of the study presented in the article suggest the need to intensify the debate on the introduction of UBI in Lithuania to reduce poverty in the most economically disadvantaged households. Two main alternatives exist: improving the current social protection systems (which is a more costly option in terms of cost-effectiveness due to inefficient administrative expenses) or introducing Universal Basic Income (UBI), which is a relatively cheaper option from an administrative standpoint. While the second alternative is not without its drawbacks, it is certainly worthy of at least theoretical discussion regarding the feasibility and potential of a phased introduction of UBI across the entire EU.

Japanese labour and management in transition: Diversity, flexibility and participation: Edited by Mari Sako and Hiroki Sato, Routledge (1977), 344 pp., £50.00 (hard), £14.99 (soft)

Recently, universal basic income (UBI) has become one of the most hotly debated issues in both academic and popular literature. The paper describes the conceptual core of this project, critically evaluates the philosophical, moral and economic arguments put forward both “for” and “against” it, and summarizes evidence on implementation of social programs close to it “in spirit”. It is emphasized that UBI should be viewed as a global politico-philosophical and ethico-economic project. This explains why its full-fledged version has never been put into practice anywhere and the consequences of its real introduction are unknown. The analysis is conducted in a comparative institutional perspective, which allows us to highlight the most important differences between this scheme and alternative forms of social support. Three lines of its justification are discussed — normative, positive and “alarmist” (referring to negative processes in the labor market) ones. The author concludes that UBI has no future as a real program of action. This project contradicts the latest trends in the evolution of welfare state; the costs associated with it are fiscally unbearable; most people perceive it as morally unacceptable. Most likely, UBI will end up as another cabinet utopia.

Support for the idea of a universal Basic Income paid to every eligible adult and child is gaining across the developed world, though it remains a controversial and largely untested proposal. It has been defined as an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement, and would likely have significant implications for all socially valuable activities including those without direct economic benefit; caring is one such activity. Basic Income might replace other benefits, some of which are multi-dimensional in the way that they support citizens, going beyond the financial support that a Basic Income offers. One example is parenting leave, which can have multiple aims, including gender equality in care as well as in the labour market. Whilst advocates argue that Basic Income would alleviate child and maternal poverty, critics are concerned that it would further entrench rather than undermine a gendered division of paid and unpaid labour. This chapter considers the gendered implications of a Basic Income, in particular with regard to early parenthood. It concludes with a discussion of whether or not Basic Income could replace parenting leave policy or whether parenting leave would still be needed as a complementary policy.

The labour market in Ukraine has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by both pre-war economic processes and the full-scale war that has been ongoing since 2022. Key challenges include shifts in the employment structure, intensified migration processes, sectoral imbalances and the impact of economic instability on socio-labour relations. Research on this topic is highly relevant as it allows for an assessment of the crisis phenomena affecting the labour market and the identification of possible ways to stabilise and develop it. Another important aspect is the analysis of regional employment characteristics and the identification of the most vulnerable population groups facing difficulties in finding employment. Practical implications. The present study is devoted to the analysis of sectoral imbalances in Ukraine's labour market, which have emerged as a consequence of economic, social, and political transformations that have transpired in the context of the pre-war era and the ongoing war. A particular emphasis is placed on sectoral imbalances, employment levels, and migration processes, with an investigation into their impact on the labour market. Methodology. The research is grounded in a comprehensive analysis of statistical data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Employment Service, official reports, and academic publications. A range of analytical methods are employed to assess labour market changes, including comparative analysis, structural analysis and statistical approaches. Research objective. The primary objective of this study is to identify key trends and imbalances in Ukraine's labour market, forecast its future development, and formulate recommendations to mitigate the negative impact of war and economic factors on employment. Conclusions. The study confirms the presence of significant sectoral distortions in Ukraine's labour market, which have been exacerbated by the war. The research has identified that economic instability, mobilisation, forced migration, and infrastructure destruction have resulted in alterations to the employment structure. There is an increasing demand for blue-collar workers, IT specialists, healthcare professionals, and the military-industrial sector. Concurrently, conventional industries such as trade and services have experienced substantial losses. The document puts forward a series of recommendations for adapting the labour market to contemporary challenges, including the establishment of retraining programs, support for small businesses, digitalization of employment, and stimulation of innovative economic sectors.

The research aims to know the influence of the work ability towards social escort’s performance of FHP. The influence of work motivation towards social escort’s performance of FHP. The influence between the work ability and work motivation jointly on the work performance of social escorts of PKH. The subjects of the research were 39 people. The technique of colleting data used questionares, interviews, and documentary analysis. The analysis of the data used statistical program SPSS regression technique.The results showed that the effect of working ability (X1) on the work performance (Y) with a regression coefficient of 0.326. The effect of work motivation (X2) on the work performance (Y) was significant with a regression coefficient of 0.557. The effect of jointly working ability and work motivation (X1 and X2) on the work performance (Y) with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 77.2 percent. Based on the analysis that the ability to work (X1) had significant influence on the work performance (Y), the first hypothesis was accepted. The analysis of the second hypothesis that motivation (X2) has a significant influence, so that the second hypothesis was accepted. The analysis of the third hypothesis that the ability to work (X1) and motivation (X2) has significant influence jointly on the performance (Y), so that the third hypothesis was accepted. The recommendation that was to improve the ability and motivation of social escort of FHP through training and technical assistance so that its performance gradually increased.

The article examines the problem of the feasibility of a universal basic income (UBI) in modern society/world. Three main aspects of this problem are formulated: the feasibility of implementing UBI, taking into account the relationship between the positive and negative socio-economic effects of this measure; the degree of compliance of UBI with the institutional system of modern society; possibility of financing UBI in the amount of the subsistence minimum. The controversial impact of UBI on public welfare, economic growth and the lifestyle of members of society is revealed. Arguments are given in favour of the compatibility of UBI with the functioning of the labour market. A conclusion is drawn about the potential predominance of the positive effects of using UBI in the context of an established understanding of development as a person gaining freedom. There has been a tendency to provide socially significant benefits (education, medical care) to all members of society, regardless of their income level. Using the example of family capital analysis, the illegitimateness of linking social security only with the task of poverty reduction is substantiated. UBI is presented as a logical step in the implementation of the trend towards universal social support. The role of the minimum wage (SMW) as a state-guaranteed basic income for a worker is analysed. The need to pay UBI to employees along with the minimum wage has been questioned. The difference is shown between the current practice of using the minimum wage and the implementation of the minimum wage as a form of UBI (earnings in the amount of a share of the minimum wage for part-time employment, the possibility of wage arrears). Measures to overcome this difference are justified (salary at a level not lower than the minimum wage, regardless of the amount of time worked, payment of UBI from a special fund during the period of arrears in wages, with subsequent reimbursement of these expenses to the fund at the expense of the employer). It is proposed to include a state-guaranteed basic income as an element in all types of income from economic activity. Calculations are presented showing that the total costs of paying UBI in the amount of the subsistence minimum will amount to about a third of household expenditures on final consumption in GDP, that demonstrates the possibility of financing UBI. A conclusion is drawn about the fundamental feasibility of UBI in all aspects considered.

Universal Basic Income (UBI) pilots have emerged globally as experimental tools to assess the economic, social, and behavioral impacts of unconditional cash transfers. This paper synthesizes comparative outcomes across nine UBI initiatives, examining design features such as payment amount, frequency, eligibility criteria, and complementary social services. Evidence indicates that UBI can reduce poverty, narrow income inequality, enhance welfare, and improve child development outcomes, while also influencing labor market engagement in context-dependent ways. Experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations highlight the importance of robust data systems, clear metrics, and thoughtful policy design in generating actionable insights. Administrative feasibility, scalability, and political economy considerations shape both pilot implementation and public perception. Lessons from these pilots underscore the significance of phased rollouts, complementary services, and flexible design choices in optimizing program impact. Overall, UBI experiments offer crucial guidance for policymakers seeking to design economically sustainable, socially equitable, and operationally feasible basic income interventions. Keywords: Universal Basic Income, Social Policy, Poverty Reduction, Labor Market Participation and Pilot Evaluation.