Alcohol drinking patterns in Spain: a country in transition

Alcohol consumption in Spain has traditionally followed the Mediterranean drinking pattern, featuring daily drinking with meals, beer as the preferred beverage, and comparatively little drinking to intoxication. Alcohol dependence (AD), one of the most detrimental disorders caused by alcohol, was prevalent in 0.2% of women and 1.2% of men, corresponding to 31,200 women and 186,000 men in Spain with AD in 2005 in the age group of 15 to 64 year. These prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence are likely underestimated due to limitations in the World Mental Health Survey which cannot be fully corrected for; however, the estimates of AD for Spain represent the most accurate and up to date estimates available. Alcohol creates a significant health burden in Spain with 11.3 premature deaths in women per 100,000 aged 15 to 64 years, and 40.9 premature deaths in men per 100,000 in the same age group were due to alcohol consumption (data for 2004). This amounts to 8.4% of all female deaths and 12.3% of all the male deaths in this age group being attributable to alcohol consumption. A large percentage of these harms were due to heavy alcohol consumption and AD. AD is undertreated in Spain, with less than 10% of all people with AD treated. For those who are treated, psychotherapy is the most utilized form of treatment to avoid relapse. If 40% of AD patients in Spain were treated with pharmacological treatment (the most effective treatment method), 2.2% of female and 6.2% of male deaths due to AD would be prevented within one year. Thus by increasing treatment rates is an important means of reducing the alcohol-attributable mortality and health burden in Spain.

BackgroundExcessive alcohol use accounted for an estimated average of 23,000 deaths and 633,000 years of potential life lost (YPLL) among women and girls in the United States each year during 2001–2005. Binge drinking accounted for more than half of those deaths and YPLL. Binge drinking also is a risk factor for many health and social problems among women and girls, including unintended and alcohol-exposed pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and breast cancer.MethodsTo describe the prevalence, frequency, and intensity of binge drinking (four or more drinks on an occasion in the last 30 days) among U.S. women aged ≥18 years, CDC analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data were also analyzed from the 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey on the prevalence of current alcohol use (one or more drinks during the past 30 days) and binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row during the past 30 days) among U.S. high school girls in grades 9–12.ResultsAmong adult women, the prevalence of binge drinking was 12.5%, and among those who binge drank, the frequency of binge drinking was 3.2 episodes per month and the intensity was 5.7 drinks on occasion. Binge drinking was most prevalent among women aged 18–24 years (24.2%) and 25–34 years (19.9%), and among those from households with annual incomes of ≥$75,000 (16.0%). Among those who binge drank, women aged 18–24 years had the highest frequency (3.6 episodes) and intensity (6.4 drinks) of binge drinking. Among high school girls, the prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.9%, the prevalence of binge drinking was 19.8%, and the prevalence of binge drinking among girls who reported current alcohol use was 54.6%.ConclusionsBinge drinking is reported by one in eight U.S. adult women and one in five high school girls. Women who binge drink tend to do so frequently and with high intensity. Most high school girls who reported current alcohol use also reported binge drinking.Implications for Public Health PracticeMore widespread implementation of evidence-based interventions, such as those recommended by the Guide to Community Preventive Services and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, would be expected to reduce the frequency and intensity, and ultimately the prevalence of binge drinking among women and girls, and the harms related to it.

This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 101 twelve-year-old adolescents enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Diamantina in the State of Minas Gerais. The scope was to evaluate the prevalence of binge drinking among 12-year-old schoolchildren and its association with gender, socioeconomic status and alcohol consumption by family members and best friends. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire entitled the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages by friends and family. Parents/guardians answered the form on sociodemographic questions. Descriptive analyses and association tests were performed (p < 0.05). The prevalence of binge drinking was 24.8%. Alcoholic beverage consumption began at the age of 10 (16.8%), though sex was not associated with binge drinking by adolescents. However, attending a public school (0.005) and alcohol consumption by best friends (p < 000.1) were associated with binge drinking by adolescents in the bivariate analysis. The prevalence of binge drinking was high and was associated with low socioeconomic status and alcohol consumption by the best friend. No association between sex and alcohol consumption by the family members of adolescents was detected.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between binge and heavy drinking and self-reported current depression (SRCD) in a representative population-based sample of adults residing in Brazil. The sample for this study was based on the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey. SRCD was accessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), a valid eight-item depression measure for population-based studies instrument. The association between binge/heavy drinking and SRCD was investigated using weighted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models. Out of the final study sample of 59399 Brazilians, 47.2% were young adults, 34.6% were middle age adults and 52.4% were females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 13.8%, of heavy drinking was 3.2% and SRCD was 7.6%. There was a significant weighted and adjusted association between binge drinking and SRCD among young and middle age females (OR=1.5, 95% CI:1.1-2.0 and OR=0.6, 95% CI:0.4-0.8, respectively) and between heavy drinking and SRCD among young and middle age males (OR=1.8, 95% CI:1.2-2.8 and OR=2.5, 95% CI:1.5-4.1, respectively). The possible protective factor of binge drinking for SRCD among middle-aged Brazilian females needs to be further investigated and understood. Longitudinal research is needed to provide further evidence of associations found in this study.

Debunking the myth of low behavioral risk among Asian Americans: The case of alcohol use

This paper is a comprehensive review of the available information about alcohol consumption in Spain. Alcohol use is the most severe drug problem among both young people and adults; almost half the Spanish population drink daily, and more than a fourth drink a quantity of alcohol sufficient to cause health problems in the long term. The consumption of alcohol may be considered to be culturally rooted when compared with other drug use which follows a more recent epidemic pattern. For those who use other drugs, for example cannabis and cocaine, alcohol is commonly used in conjunction. Clearly the level of alcohol use and abuse is high in Spain and constitutes a severe public health and socioeconomic problem.

Evolution of the prevalence of alcohol consumption and characterization of hazardous consumption in Spain: 2005-2022

Although the South African (SA) government has implemented alcohol control measures, alcohol consumption remains high. To quantify the prevalence of self-reported current drinking and binge drinking in SA, and to determine important covariates. We used the 2014 - 2015 National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative dataset of just over 20000 individuals aged ≥15 years. Multiple regression logit analyses were performed separately by gender for self-reported current drinkers (any amount), self-reported bingers as a proportion of drinkers, and self-reported bingers as a proportion of the total population. An individual was defined as a binge drinker if he/she reported consumption of ≥5 standard drinks on an average drinking day. Current alcohol use (any amount) in 2014 - 2015 was reported by 33.1% of the population (47.7% males, 20.2% females). Of drinkers, 43.0% reported binge drinking (48.2% males, 32.4% females). The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking as a percentage of the total population was 14.1% (22.8% males, 6.4% females). Although black African males and females were less likely than white males and females to report drinking any amount, they were more likely to report binge drinking. Coloured (mixed race) females were more likely than black African females to report drinking any amount. Males and females who professed a religious affiliation were less likely than those who did not to report drinking any alcohol. The prevalence of self-reported binge drinking was highest among males and females aged 25 - 34 years. Smoking cigarettes substantially increased the likelihood of drinking any amount and of binge drinking for both genders. In SA, one in three individuals reported drinking alcohol, while one in seven reported binge drinking on an average day on which alcohol was consumed. Strong, evidence-based policies are needed to reduce the detrimental effects of alcohol use.

We investigate the dynamics of a delayed stochastic mathematical model to understand the evolution of the alcohol consumption in Spain. Sufficient condition for stability in probability of the equilibrium point of the dynamic model with aftereffect and stochastic perturbations is obtained via Kolmanovskii and Shaikhet general method of Lyapunov functionals construction. We conclude that alcohol consumption in Spain will be constant (with stability) in time with around 36.47% of nonconsumers, 62.94% of nonrisk consumers, and 0.59% of risk consumers. This approach allows us to emphasize the possibilities of the dynamical models in order to study human behaviour.

A study on the conformable model of alcohol consumption in Spain has been presented. For the proposed model, the existence as well as the uniqueness of the solution has been discussed with the help of fixed-point theory. An analytical technique, Variational Iteration Method (VIM), has been used to obtain the solution to the governing system of differential equations. With the help of suitable plots, the role of fractional order derivative has been highlighted. For decreasing values of fractional order derivative, decrease in the number of non-consumers and non-risk consumers has been observed. By increasing the value of fractional order derivative, a sharp decrease can be seen in the compartment of risk-consumers. The agreement between the current study and the already existing studies, with ordinary derivatives, has also been pointed out.

To present trends in alcohol consumption between 1992 and 2004 in Singapore. Alcohol consumption data were derived from national health surveys conducted in 1992, 1998 and 2004. Age-adjusted prevalence of frequent (drinking 1-4 days a week), regular (drinking more than 4 days a week) and binge (having five or more drinks during a drinking session at least once in the month) drinking by gender and age group for the three surveys were compared. Multivariate analyses for binge drinking in 2004 were performed using logistic regression models. Prevalence of frequent, regular and binge drinking increased between 1992 and 2004. Prevalence increase in binge drinking was highest (from 5.1 to 10.0%), followed by frequent drinking (from 4.5 to 7.5%) and regular drinking (from 2.9 to 3.1%). Uptake in binge drinking increased in both genders and across all age groups but was most evident among adults aged 18-29. Frequent drinking increase was observed for both genders but was most pronounced among women aged 18-29. The level of regular drinking declined in men but increased in women, especially those aged 18-29 and 30-49. Being younger, male, separated, divorced or widowed, a current smoker, or having a monthly household income of S$6000 and above were attributes positively associated with binge drinking. Alcohol consumption, especially binge drinking, has increased among Singaporeans between 1992 and 2004. There is gender convergence in alcohol consumption.

본 연구는 2013~2014년 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 사용하여 만 19세 이상 성인을 대상으로 성별을 구분하여 평균 음주량 및 폭음 빈도와 치주염의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 평균 음주량과 치주염과의 관련성을 살펴본 결과, 남자에서는 평균 음주량과 치주염은 J자 형태의 관련성을 보였으며, 특히 경도 음주군을 기준으로 중등도 음주군(1.25배)과 고도 음주군(1.39배)에서 치주염 위험이 유의하게 증가하였다. 반면, 여자에서는 평균 음주량과 치주염은 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 폭음 빈도와 치주염과의 관련성 연구 결과, 남자에서는 폭음 빈도가 증가할수록 치주염의 위험이 유의하게 높아지는 경향을 보였지만, 여자에서는 폭음 빈도와 치주염은 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 남자에서 과도한 음주량 및 폭음을 하는 경우 치주염이 유의하게 증가함을 확인하였다. 지역사회에서 치주염 예방을 위해서는 올바른 음주습관 형성을 위한 정확한 정보제공과 다양한 홍보교육 전략이 필요할 것이다. We investigated the gender-specific association between average volume of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and periodontitis using representative nationwide data. In total, we included 3,549 men and 4,810 women, aged 19 years and older, who participated in the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed in 2013~2014. According to the average volume of alcohol consumption, study participants were grouped as follows: mild drinkers (0.1~2.0 drinks/day in men and 0.1~1.0 drink/day in women), moderate drinkers (2.1~4.0 drinks/day in men and 1.1~2.0 drinks/day in women), and heavy drinkers (>4.0 drinks/day in men and >2.0 drinks/day in women). Additionally, binge drinking was categorized as never (no binge drinking), rarely (<1 time/month), occasionally (1 time/month), frequently (1 time/week), and always (almost every day/week). Periodontitis was defined as a community periodontal index equal to code 3 or greater. In men, after controlling for covariates, the association between average volume of alcohol consumption and periodontitis showed a J-shaped curve; the risk of periodontitis was significantly higher in moderate drinkers (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01~1.56) and heavy drinkers (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04~1.87) than in mild drinkers. In contrast, no significant association between average volume of alcohol consumption and periodontitis was observed in women. In a fully adjusted analysis, which used 'never binge drinking' as a reference, a significant dose-response relationship between binge drinking and periodontitis was observed only in men: rarely (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16~2.34), occasionally (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.05~2.16), frequently (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.07~2.33), and always (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.56~4.22) (p for trend=0.005). In conclusion, unhealthy drinking patterns such as moderate or heavy alcohol consumption and binge drinking were significantly associated with periodontitis in men but not in women.

Adolescence is a development stage between childhood and adulthood, which involves the intense physical, mental, and social development of a person. Adolescents are at risk of engaging in risky behaviours, most notably the use of psychoactive substances, including binge drinking. Factors involving family, peers and individual differences may protect this age group from or put them at risk of abusing alcohol. The aim of the study was to describe the relation between temperament, family and peer factors, and the frequency of binge drinking among adolescents. The survey was conducted among 825 students of primary and secondary schools in Szczecin (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), aged 13-16 (13.83 years old, 52.2% boys). The EATQ-R: "The class towards me" (A) and "I towards the class" (B), Family Assessment Scales (SOR) based on FACES IV and an original survey were used in the study. Statistically significant links were found between the manifested temperament features and the prevalence of adolescent binge drinking. Relevant relations were found between the assessment of family functioning and family behaviour. It was also revealed that the way the leisure time was spent with friends was strongly associated with the prevalence of binge drinking. The studied areas indicate existing relationships between the selected variables.

Binge drinking in adolescents is a serious problem that has been recognised for over a generation. On average 61% of students in the European region had consumed alcohol in the last 30 days and 43% had participated in binge drinking in the same period. This article investigates the prevalence of adolescent binge drinking and the factors associated with this prevalence in urban areas of Greater Manchester. Data were obtained from the youth survey of the European Urban Health Indicator System 2 project. Study participants were school students aged 14-16 from the urban areas of Greater Manchester. The main outcome measures were adolescent binge drinking prevalence in Greater Manchester and the socio-demographic factors influencing it. Greater Manchester had an adolescent binge drinking prevalence of 49.8%. Individual factors associated with increased prevalence of binge drinking were: age, substance use, school performance and early initiation of drinking (all significant at χ2, P < 0.05). Peer factors associated with increased prevalence of binge drinking were spending evenings with friends, keeping in touch with friends, having a good relationship with peers and self-reported bullying behaviours (all significant at χ2, P < 0.05). Family support lowered the prevalence of adolescent binge drinking. Conduct problems, family affluence and perceived local crime increased the prevalence of adolescent binge drinking. Binge drinking is highly prevalent in Greater Manchester adolescents. Various individual, peer-related, family-related and community-related factors were associated with this problem. Any attempt to tackle the prevalence of adolescent binge drinking must take into account all of these factors.

We examined the risk of developing a future alcohol use disorder (AUD) among offspring of families with different constellations of parental risk factors. We analyzed a sample of 8,774 offspring (50.2% male) from 6,696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway when offspring were 13-19 years old in 1995-1997 or 2006-2008. Based on population registry information and parental Nord-Trøndelag Health Study self-reports, families were classified via Latent Profile Analysis into fiver risk constellations reflecting parents' education, drinking quantities and frequencies, and mental health. Information about AUD-related diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions for all offspring in the period between 2008 and 2016 was obtained from 3 national health registries and pooled to reflect any AUD. The likelihood of AUD in offspring was examined with a set of nested logistic regression models. Registry records yielded 186 AUD cases (2.1%). Compared with the lowest-risk constellation, offspring from two constellations were more likely to present with AUD in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for all covariates, including offspring's alcohol consumption and witnessing parental intoxication during adolescence, AUD risk remained elevated and statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.85) for offspring from the constellation characterized by at least weekly binge drinking, low education, and poor mental health in both parents. Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).