Algorithm of digital image watermarking technique combined with HVS

Digital image watermarking techniques for copyright protection are used by many people to protect their images from others. The goal of this work is to propose a new digital watermarking technique, which depends on the steerable pyramid decomposition transform. By taking into consideration invisibility and robustness, the watermark is embedded several times in all bands of steerable pyramid which facilitates the detection of the watermark and makes the scheme very robust against various types of attacks. Experimental results clearly show good invisibility and excellent robustness against cropping, JPEG compression and other geometric attacks.

Digital image watermarking is one of the largest research fields, and it plays a vital role in digital information authentication and security. Based on the study of watermarking systems, the whole process may be segregated into the processes of watermark embedding and extraction. In this paper, a review of the theoretical and experimental analysis and performance measurement of representative digital image watermarking systems in spatial and transform domains is presented. The significant characteristics of the digital image watermarking scheme are robustness, capacity, imperceptibility, the security of the hiding place, and false-positive of the watermarking algorithm. Comparison of the different watermarking techniques such as the least significant bit (LSB), singular value decomposition (SVD), the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented in a tabular form. A detailed discussion along with an algorithm for digital image encryption/decryption through embedding and extraction is given. A brief comparison of their relative advantages and disadvantages is also noted in this paper.KeywordsInformation hidingWatermarkingSecurityAttacksRobust

Two digital image watermarking techniques that have higher level of security compared to most of the existing algorithms have been proposed. The proposed digital watermarking scheme uses the properties of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) to achieve almost zero visible distortion in the watermarked images. These techniques use a unique method for spreading, embedding and extracting the watermark. Embedding using a linear relation between the transform coefficients of the watermark and a security matrix has been proposed with satisfactory results. It has been shown that instead of adding the watermark to the source image, as is normally done, multiplying the watermark with the transformed source could be a preferred technique, as it would retain the original bit rate to a large extent. The watermarked images were tested subject to image cropping.

Digital copyright protection signifies the technology of rights protection, utilization control, and management of digital substances in the activity of production, propagation, retailing, and consumption. In the era of digital boom in information technology and multimedia, malicious exploitations and piracy have become a global phenomenon; thus, the need for digital content protection is inexorable. Image watermarking has been advocated universally to resolve innumerable dilemmas correlated with issues in the fields of digital rights management and multimedia security. According to anticipated applications, various suitable image watermarking procedures have been designed to safeguard the copyright of digital subjects. In this study, contemporary developments of digital image watermarking techniques are appraised so as to identify state-of-the-art practices and their limitations. This research contribution will be expedient for the academics in instigating efficient watermarking techniques for copyright authentication.

Speech authentication system using digital watermarking and pattern recovery

Zernike Moments (ZMs) are used in many image processing applications, due to their resistance against various signal processing and geometric attacks. Digital image watermarking is one of those application areas, where ZMs are widely used to insert and extract the watermark bits for digital media authentication. In all the existing ZM based watermarking techniques, magnitude of moments is used to insert and extract the watermark. In this paper, the authors’ have proposed a semi blind watermarking technique in which phase of ZMs is used for watermark insertion and extraction. Due to the use of phase of ZMs, 100% detection ratio is achieved against any geometric and other signal processing attacks. To make the proposed technique fast, q-recursive method is used to compute the Zernike polynomials. The use of q-recursive method has also increased the transparency of watermark due to its better reconstruction ability as compared to traditional moment computation method. Through detailed experimentation, it has been confirmed that the proposed watermarking technique is fast, has more imperceptibility, less Bit Error Rate (BER) and more capacity as compared to traditional ZMs magnitude based watermarking technique.

We propose in this paper a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based digital image watermarking technique. For embedding process, we consider the watermark signal as a binary sequence which is embedded to the high (HL and HH) frequency band of the blue channel. For detecting process, the correlation between the high frequency band DWT coefficients of the watermarked image and the watermark signal is compared with the predefined threshold to determine whether the watermark is present or not. The experimental results show that the method is comparatively robust to several attacks such as rotation, scaling, JPEG compression, cropping, and multiple watermarking.

In the last years digital watermarking has been widely indicated as a possible efficient tool to deal with multimedia copyright protection. Particularly, in the field of image watermarking, a large number of techniques has been developed aiming at hiding information within the data. After an initial phase in which the main problem was to succeed in inserting a private code which was unperceivable, successively watermarking community tried to design watermarks which presented a high level of robustness that meant the ability to be revealed also when the image had undergone different manipulations (e.g. compression, D/A-A/D conversion, filtering). Although good results have been obtained in this field, resilience against geometric manipulations, (e.g. rotation, scaling, changes of aspect ratio) is still a research issue; furthermore robustness against Stirmark random-displacements attack in which small local geometric modifications are carried out, is still a crucial point for the majority of the so-called robust algorithms. In this paper a new approach, based on the estimation through an optic flow technique of the displacement field, correspondent to a specific geometric transformation, is proposed. This methodology can be adopted as a re-synchronization tool, to enhance robustness of digital image watermarking techniques.

The goal of the current review is to explore how to protect users' security and privacy when using digital watermarking, as well as to cover the research component. A digital watermark is a signal that transmits data about the creator or supplier of the media. The placement of a digital watermark on digital media makes it visible to computers but not the human eye. In digital watermarking embedded the watermark in original images or audio-video data by using embedding algorithm and then extract the watermark image from original image by using extracting algorithm. In this more than 40 research papers have been reviewed in the period of 2000 to 2022 and found three issues namely Perceptual Transparency, Payload of the Watermark and Robustness. These challenges led to the discovery of the findings, strengths, weaknesses, and solutions approaches.

Digital watermarking technique is a way of protecting digital image from malicious attacks. Compression attack is one of the most common attacks for images uploaded into social media. Social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, implement compression method for all types of media, before it is successfully uploaded into their server. This is to reduce the network bandwidth and storage needed to store each media in their server. However, the implemented compression method tends to tarnish image properties from the image itself, which can be used to identify the image itself. This produces other problems, which are ownership and copyright issues. Digital watermark has been proposed in numerous researches, and this research is one of them, in preventing the stated problem. The chosen digital watermarking techniques must be able to withstand against compression attack done by social media. A comprehensive analysis towards the watermarking algorithms and watermarked images were done, by applying several designed experiments. Based on the results, it shows that both chosen watermarking techniques could not withstands against compression attack made by JPEG compression and social media compression. It indicates that watermarking technique was not a suitable method to be used in preserving the ownership and copyright of the image throughout social media.

A novel CRT-based watermarking technique for authentication of multimedia contents

Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) is an emerging technology and have great potential to be employed in critical situations like battlefields and commercial applications such as building, traffic surveillance, habitat monitoring and smart homes and many more scenarios. This paper discusses about digital watermarking technique in vehicle acoustic signals for vehicle identification using Wireless Sensor Networks. Vehicle identification means, identifying the category of the vehicle. The assumed category here may be friend or foe. The Digital Watermarking technique has been introduced to make the vehicle acoustic signals authenticated. The vehicle acoustic signals belong to the friend category are authenticated using digital watermarking technique and the signals are embedded into digital watermarking technique to represent it uniquely. Here the step by step process of embedding the digital watermarking technique is discussed along with the results. Once the embedding of the digital watermarking technique is done, the resultant signals are further used for vehicle identification or classification.

In this paper, a GSM based cellular communication scheme with encompassing security is proposed for electronic banking. In order to demonstrate the detailed steps of the scheme in a quick but convenient manner, Warnier-Orr representation of the proposed protocols is used. The proposed SMS based mobile banking scheme provides opportunity to every client of a financial institution to use modern facilities available nowadays via internet banking. The key advantage of our scheme is that the users do not need any sophisticated cellular phone or internet connectivity within the mobile handset. They can get major services, like balance enquiry, balance transfer between authenticated customers, and bill payment without going to the bank physically and saving the precious time. Security at the level of internet based communication between the mobile server and the banking server, which is beyond the control of the clients, is a crucial issue to be handled. In view of providing a high level of security, in addition to voice authentication, the digital audio watermarking technique is employed. There is no doubt that such a secured but easy to handle system can attract clients towards e-banking, especially in developing countries.

Discriminative speaker features vary from one frame to another. Many researcher studied most of the discrimination features for speaker recognition by ignoring phonemic and linguistic information. However, other studies have proposed digital speech watermarking to improve the security of speaker recognition through channel transmission. Although digital speech watermark may be used with speaker information, it can affect speaker information which then can degrade the performance. This paper uses state-of-the-art in frame selection to propose a new way to preserve most of the discriminative features of speaker and to secure speech signals by applying digital speech watermarking technique. In this paper, linear predictive analysis was applied for each frame to extract formants, gain and residual errors. A frequency weighted function was used to quantify formants, and high order correlation as well as error gain is used for weighting the residual errors. The experimental results showed an overall (12 %) effectiveness in terms of performance, time and memory of frame selection technique for speaker recognition and digital speech watermarking.

The use of digital platforms has both positive and negative effects. Many criminals who manipulate images for personal gain, so as to harm the copyright holder (ownership) of the image. The purpose of the study was to detect false imagery generated by copy-move, splicing, and retouching techniques. The method used is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method as a watermarking technique and its detection features. The insertion process is carried out on watermark images into the cover image as the container media. Image owners can authenticate to prove the originality of the image when the extraction process is done, the image manipulation is successfully detected because it is damaged. The test results showed that the digital watermarking technique with the Least Significant-Bit method is able to protect and prove the authenticity of the image. It was concluded that the results of comparison of watermark extraction on the original image and manipulation image saw a very significant difference in terms of visual and calculation with MSE, RMSE, and PSNR parameters.