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Crude palm oil, consumed as a healthy food oil, contains a 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester in the range of 0.04-0.05 ppm. The 3-MCPD compound is one of the contaminants belonging to the chloropropanol group that is genotoxin carcinogen. It is therefore necessary to develop an integrated palm oil refining through adsorption with a modified palm empty fruit bunch bioadsorbent to reduce 3-MCPD ester (<2 ppm / Codex Standard). Response Surface Method applied in the optimization study of the modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The research was designed by using Central Composite Design. The parameter process studied were temperature (60-800C), time (20-40 minutes) and oil volume (400-600 ml). Response surface of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin was expressed by a second-order polynomial. The research showed that temperature was the most influencing variable for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The response surface contour plots of the RSM on the effect of temperature, time and oil volume have showed that the optimum condition for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm were adsorption performed at temperature of 86.80C, 46.81 minutes and oil volume of 668.17 ml.

Use of bran oil in various edible and nonedible industries is very common. In this research work, efficient and optimized methodology for the recovery of rice bran oil has been investigated. The present statistical study includes parametric optimization, based on experimental results of rice bran oil extraction. In this study, three solvents, acetone, ethanol and solvent mixture (SM) [acetone: ethanol (1:1 v/v)] were employed in extraction investigations. Response surface methodology (RSM), an optimization technique, was exploited for this purpose. A five level central composite design (CCD) consisting four operating parameter, like temperature, stirring rate, solvent-bran ratio and contact time were examined to optimize rice bran oil extraction. Experimental results showed that oil recovery can be enhanced from 71% to 82% when temperature, solvent-bran ratio, stirring rate and contact time were kept at 55°C, 6:1, 180 rpm and 45 minutes, respectively while fixing the pH of the mixture at 7.1.

Towards cleaner production in palm oil industry: Advanced treatment of biologically-treated POME using palm kernel shell-based adsorbent

Air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO) followed by UPLC-MS/MS for trace analysis of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method environmental impact using Analytical Eco-Scale, green Analytical procedure Index and the Analytical GREEnness metric

Lithium extraction from natural resources is an accelerating field of research owing to its growing demand in the medical, nuclear, battery, and air conditioning industries. Lithium compounds are used in various industries, including ceramics, glass, lubricant gases, rocket propellant, and aluminum production. The extraction of lithium from seawater via adsorption using AlCl3.6 H2O as an adsorbent is investigated in this study. The effect of process parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, the molar ratio ([Al3+]/[Li+]), and stirring rate on process efficiency is investigated and optimized. The response surface methodology (RSM) is used to investigate the effects of operating parameters and choose the optimal configuration. A standard synthetic solution containing 50 ppm lithium is prepared and experimented with facilitating comprehension of the procedure. The adsorption efficiency of a synthetic solution is 88% at optimized values, while that of seawater is 78.5%. Seawater has a lower efficiency because it contains ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, and Na+ that compete for active points/sites during adsorption with lithium ions (Li+).

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from natural graphite using the Hummers method. Graphene oxide/zinc oxide nano composite were synthesized by mixing of GO and ZnO solutions and then freeze drying. The adsorptive performance of the nano composite was investigated in the removal of methylene blue. The statistical study of the adsorption process was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental variables such as sample pH, adsorption time, dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were considered for the optimization process. The process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) through Box-Benhken method. The optimum conditions, predicted by the RSM were obtained at pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage of 6, 8.5 min, 5 ppm, 0.02 g, respectively. The removal of methylene blue under optimum conditions was predicted to be 98.17%and resulted in 97% in practice. The Pareto analysis suggested that order of relative importance of the factors were as follows: adsorbent dosage > dye concentration > adsorption time > pH. Under optimized conditions, GO/ZnO nano composite showed a higher capacity than GO, carbon nanotube (CNT), ZnO and ZnO/CNT for adsorption of methylene blue. The study revealed that GO/ZnO could be a promising adsorbent for removal of industrial dyes from wastewaters.

A statistical optimization of methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions by Agaricus Campestris using multi-step experimental design with response surface methodology: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

A statistical modeling-optimization approach for efficiency photocatalytic degradation of textile azo dye using cerium-doped mesoporous ZnO: A central composite design in response surface methodology

PurposeThe aim of this study is evaluation of the perchloroethylene degradation from aqueous solutions by non-thermal plasma produced in dielectric barrier discharge reactor in two different scenarios: first plasma generated with 225 cc/min mixture of oxygen and argon flow (12% gas ratio of O2/Ar), and in the second scenario plasma generated with 225 cc/min of pure argon gas.MethodsDesign studies were performed using response surface methodology and central composite design. All experiments with the selected levels of independent parameters including the initial concentration of perchloroethylene (5–100 mg/L), voltage (20–5 kv) and contact time (15–180 s) was implemented, and 29 tests were proposed by using response surface methodology and central composite design was performed in two experimental scenarios.ResultsResults showed that the Pseudo first-order kinetics coefficient of perchloroethylene degradation in the mixture of oxygen and argon and pure argon scenario under the optimum conditions were 0.024 and 0.016 S−1 respectively. Results conveyed that in order to achieve the highest removal efficiency (100%), the values of contact time, perchloroethylene concentration and voltage variables were predicted 169.55 s, 74.3 mg/l, 18.86 kv respectively in mixture of oxygen and argon scenario and also were predicted 203 s, 85.22 mg/l, 20.39 kv respectively in pure argon scenario.ConclusionsIn the recent study dielectric barrier discharge was an efficient method for perchloroethylene removal with both oxygen an argon mixture and pure argon as input gas. Both input voltage and reaction time has positive effect on perchloroethylene removal; but initial perchloroethylene concentration has negative effect on perchloroethylene removal. Comparison of two plasma scenarios with different input gas shown that plasma generated by mixture of oxygen and argon gas was more powerful and had higher removal efficiency and degradation kinetics than the plasma generated by pure argon gas.

In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) designs and an artificial neural network (ANN) are used to obtain the optimal conditions for the oxy-combustion of a corn–rape blend. The ignition temperature (Te) and burnout index (Df) were selected as the responses to be optimised, while the CO2/O2 molar ratio, the total flow, and the proportion of rape in the blend were chosen as the influencing factors. For the RSM designs, complete, Box–Behnken, and central composite designs were performed to assess the experimental results. By applying the RSM, it was found that the principal effects of the three factors were statistically significant to compute both responses. Only the interactions of the factors on Df were successfully described by the Box–Behnken model, while the complete design model was adequate to describe such interactions on both responses. The central composite design was found to be inadequate to describe the factor interactions. Nevertheless, the three methods predicted the optimal conditions properly, due to the cancellation of net positive and negative errors in the mathematical adjustment. The ANN presented the highest regression coefficient of all methods tested and needed only 20 experiments to reach the best predictions, compared with the 32 experiments needed by the best RSM method. Hence, the ANN was found to be the most efficient model, in terms of good prediction ability and a low resource requirement. Finally, the optimum point was found to be a CO2/O2 molar ratio of 3.3, a total flow of 108 mL/min, and 61% of rape in the biomass blend.

The adsorption capacities of new biomaterials derived from lemon leaf (Citrus sp.) toward fluoride ions have been explored by varying different physicochemical parameters such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, stirring rate and temperature. The entire study was done through batch process. Maximum fluoride adsorption of 96.9% - 98.8% was achieved with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Langmuir isotherm model well expressed fluoride ad- sorption onto LLD-1, LLD-2 and LLD-3. According to correlation coefficient, the fluoride adsorption onto these 3 ad- sorbents was correlated well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. From thermodynamic study, the spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process with negative enthalpy (&#916H0) value also supported the exothermic nature were shown. The rate of fluoride adsorption was mathematically described as a function of experimental parameters and was modeled through Box-Behnken (Response surface methodology). The results showed that the responses of fluoride adsorption were significantly affected by the quadratic term of pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature and the statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA which indicated good correlation of experimental parameters.

13X zeolite was synthesized for removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution. To improve the removal efficiency, FAU zeolite was exposed to ion exchange process with $$\hbox {Cu}^{+2}$$ . The experiments were designed by the Design-Expert 7.0.0 software. The effect of experimental parameters including initial tetracycline (TC) concentration (50, 156.5, 525, 893.5, 1000 ppm) $$\hbox {Cu}^{+2}$$ dosages (0, 0.3, 1.3, 2.2, 3 g/g) solution pH (2, 3, 6.5, 10, 11) and contact time (20, 34.6, 85, 135.4 min) was evaluated on TC removal efficiency. For minimizing the number of experiments for a complete evaluation, response surface methodology and central composite design were applied by means of Design-Expert 7.0.0 software. Results revealed that FAU zeolite adsorbent was effective in removal of tetracycline, where the removal efficiency was 85%. In fact, by increasing initial TC concentration from 156.5 to 890 mg/L, the removal efficiency was increased, while further increase in initial TC concentration over 890 mg/L did not cause a significant enhancement in its removal efficiency. Amount of exchanged Cu to 1.75 g/g had a positive effect on the removal efficiency but in over 1.75 g/g dosages, the removal efficiency showed a decreasing trend. The Design-Expert 7.0.0 software reported that the optimal operating conditions are TC concentration—810.5 ppm, $$\hbox {Cu}^{+2}$$ dosages—0.6 g/g, solution pH—5.3, and contact time—113.6 min. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by Sips and Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson models. Finally, the adsorption kinetics were also studied by pseudo-second-order equation.

Dual modification of oil palm leaves-derived silica for simultaneous magnetic solid phase extraction of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in environmental water.

Greener spectrophotometric and HPLC investigation of CNS agent pregabalin: Taguchi model and box-behnken design for method parameters optimization

Recyclable methodology over bimetallic zero-valent Mg:Zn composition for hexavalent chromium remediation via batch and flow systems in industrial wastewater: an experimental design