An Agent Based Layered Framework to Facilitate Intelligent Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) receive considerable attention as one of the key and enabling technologies of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that, in turn, present a new computing paradigm now and into the future. WSNs are open to a wide range of potential applications, such as environmental monitoring, human health monitoring, target detection and tracking, and industrial process control. To be smart and highly efficient services are the present and future demand of WSNs. In this chapter, we aim to introduce the fundamentals of an intelligent wireless sensor network (iWSN) and its requisites, characteristics, and applications. Also, we distinguish between the traditional WSN and the iWSN. First, the definition and properties of an intelligent system are described. Then we explain how a WSN can be deployed in a cyber-physical system and provide the facility for communications among different components of the system. In the next sections, various characteristics of an iWSN, its applications, and comparison to WSN are highlighted. Two applications of WSN, comprising smart grid and smart field monitoring system for pest control, will be introduced and compared in terms of the features of intelligence they require.

SummaryWith the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the intelligent distribution network can effectively improve the overall power supply quality of the distribution system. The designed distributed power has been able to achieve an optimal operation of grid connection, while the high‐speed operation of distribution equipment can achieve effective interaction with users. At present, intelligent distribution network is widely studied and applied in power industry because of its advantages of high efficiency energy and environmental protection. Because of its unique characteristics, such as low cost and fast speed, wireless sensor network is cleverly applied in intelligent distribution network. However, wireless sensor network has some defects in energy utilization due to its large range and too many nodes. This paper presents a cross‐layer cooperative control model, which can control the real time and reliability of network power data communication through stack protocol layer. This method can learn the weight value adaptively by training the influence relationship between the parameters of each protocol layer and achieve real‐time and reliable data communication by adjusting the policy and parameters of each layer in real time. This method takes the parameters of each wireless sensor node as the unit to establish the influence relationship between each other so as to realize the connection between each node of wireless sensor network and then to control the wireless sensor network as a whole to ensure the real‐time reliability of data communication in intelligent distribution network. In this paper, a lot of simulation experiments have been done, and the results show that the proposed cross‐layer cooperative control model can control the whole wireless sensor network to achieve efficient data transmission capacity of intelligent distribution wireless sensor network.

Nowaday airborne wired sensor system exists many actual problem, complex cable, poor flexibility, high cost, increasing the weight of aircraft, poor maintainability, difficult isolation for the fault and so on. So we need to find new wireless and intelligent measuring means to meet the demand of modern flight test. Based on the research of the intelligent airborne wireless sensor network technology, we break through some pivotal technology such as airborne wireless sensor network structure design, the data synchronization acquisition techniques, the anti-interference design and network node energy supply technologies. Eventually we develop airborne wireless sensor network application strategy in the flight test and provide theoretical support for the practical application.

Considering that agricultural production is characterized by vast areas, scattered fields and long crop growth cycles, intelligent wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are suitable for monitoring crop growth information. Cost and coverage are the most key indexes for WSN applications. The differences in crop conditions are influenced by the spatial distribution of soil nutrients. If the nutrients are distributed evenly, the crop conditions are expected to be approximately uniform with little difference; on the contrary, there will be great differences in crop conditions. In accordance with the differences in the spatial distribution of soil information in farmland, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to divide the farmland into several areas, where the soil fertility of each area is nearly uniform. Then the crop growth information in the area could be monitored with complete coverage by deploying a sensor node there, which could greatly decrease the deployed sensor nodes. Moreover, in order to accurately judge the optimal cluster number of fuzzy c-means clustering, a discriminant function for Normalized Intra-Cluster Coefficient of Variation (NICCV) was established. The sensitivity analysis indicates that NICCV is insensitive to the fuzzy weighting exponent, but it shows a strong sensitivity to the number of clusters.

Considering emerging technologies of the intelligent space and wireless sensor network, a business architecture, system architecture and technology architecture are proposed for the mission planning system of a space sensor network. The business architecture of a mission planning system is constructed from application flows, such as those of task modelling, planning and scheduling. The system architecture is designed from the software platform, resource configuration and node structure. The technology architecture is proposed according to applied key technologies. Key technologies are also proposed for the mission planning system of a space sensor network. Through the strengthening of top-level planning and the innovation of the conception design, the exploration of the architecture and key technologies of the mission planning system of a space sensor network will promote technological innovation and provide comprehensive benefits.

The main objective of this research is to control the traffic issues in developing countries like India. As per the survey in metropolitan cities like Bangalore per day, there will be 4000 four wheeler vehicles are getting sold out. Just imagine the increase in traffic, which made the vehicle owners to wait at signals more than the driving time to reach their destination. And another major issue because of this is providing path to the emergency service vehicles like ambulance and fire engine. The best solution for this problem is automatic creation of Green Corridor whenever it is needed. To provide a better solution for these two problems especially in any metropolitan city like Bangalore, this system will be proposed based on the latest technology called Internet of Things (IOT). This system will give solution for waiting time at signals by using the technique called intelligent camera and wireless sensor networks. And coming to the Green Corridor it is purely a sensor-based application or hardware which is going to be fixed at signals to solve this issue. The entire sample data to carry out this process is collected from Bangalore city in order to create data sets. And the sample data sets will be treated as an input for the application which is developed to reduce waiting time at signals, whereas with respect to Green Corridor it is going to be live data, the storage of information or data not really required. In this project, the concept of big data is used especially to process live data for the Green Corridor.

The advancement of smart technologies has significantly transformed traditional agricultural practices into datadriven and efficient systems. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enables realtime monitoring of critical agricultural parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and soil health. However, existing systems often face challenges related to data reliability, scalability, and efficient processing of large volumes of sensor data. This paper presents an intelligent IoT-based wireless sensor network system for precision agricultural monitoring. The proposed system utilizes distributed sensor nodes for continuous data acquisition, a wireless communication framework for reliable data transmission, and a centralized processing mechanism for structured data handling and analysis. The system is designed to support scalable deployment in agricultural environments while ensuring efficient resource utilization and minimal manual intervention. The proposed approach focuses on improving monitoring accuracy, enabling timely decision-making, and enhancing agricultural productivity through data-driven insights. The system architecture provides a flexible and efficient framework that can be adapted to various agricultural scenarios, supporting sustainable and intelligent farming practices.

The intelligent wireless sensor network is a distributed network system with high “network awareness”. Each intelligent node (agent) is connected by the topology within the neighborhood which not only can perceive the surrounding environment, but can adjusts its own behavior according to its local perception information to constructs a distributed learning algorithms. Therefore, three basic intelligent network topologies of centralized, non-cooperative, and cooperative are intensively investigated in this paper. The main contributions of the paper include two aspects. First, based on algebraic graph, three basic theoretical frameworks for distributed learning and distributed parameter estimation of cooperative strategy are surveyed: increment strategy, consensus strategy, and diffusion strategy. Second, based on classical adaptive learning algorithm and online updating law, the implementation process of distributed estimation algorithm and the latest research progress of above three distributed strategies are investigated.

Time series forecasting is an important predictive methodology which can be applied to a wide range of problems. Particularly, forecasting the indoor temperature permits an improved utilization of the HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems in a home and thus a better energy efficiency. With such purpose the paper describes how to implement an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm in a low cost system-on-chip to develop an autonomous intelligent wireless sensor network. The present paper uses a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to monitor and forecast the indoor temperature in a smart home, based on low resources and cost microcontroller technology as the 8051MCU. An on-line learning approach, based on Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm for ANNs, has been developed for real-time time series learning. It performs the model training with every new data that arrive to the system, without saving enormous quantities of data to create a historical database as usual, i.e., without previous knowledge. Consequently to validate the approach a simulation study through a Bayesian baseline model have been tested in order to compare with a database of a real application aiming to see the performance and accuracy. The core of the paper is a new algorithm, based on the BP one, which has been described in detail, and the challenge was how to implement a computational demanding algorithm in a simple architecture with very few hardware resources.

Disaster caused by fire in various residential, commercial and industrial places is a major concern as it may result in huge damage of infrastructure as well as human life. Thus, an early detection of fire and notify the appropriate authority for prompt extinguishing to protect valuable lives and properties is a very important task. A real-time automatic intelligent fire detection system integrated with wireless sensor network (WSN), artificial intelligent (AI), and internet of things (IoT) and can solve this problem. In this paper, a literature survey on wireless sensor network capabilities through use of different intelligent algorithm using IoT aimed at fire detection has been presented. A schematic block diagram of IoT-based intelligent WSN for fire detection system (FDS) is also proposed for real-time automatic early detection of fire and disaster management.

In order to monitor the water quality of rivers and lakes in real time in indoors, and protect the green hills and blue waters, a remote monitoring system of unattended surface water quality based on WSN (wireless sensor network) is designed and studied. The structure of the on-line monitoring system of water quality is studied, and the network and communication of the monitoring network are realized. Designs the pH monitoring sensor node, the intelligent wireless sensor network and the real-time information processing system are designed, and the information acquisition, processing, production, broadcasting and other functions of the whole system are finally completed. The experimental results show that the data transmitted by the method is accurate and reliable, can monitor the water quality of the river and lake basin in real time, and provide reference basis for the decision-making department, and provide real-time information for the good condition of the surface water quality.

Using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in delay and reliability critical environments is highly desired due to their unique advantages such as low cost, ease of deployment, and redundancy. However, successful deployment of resource-limited WSNs in such applications requires strict quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning techniques to meet the desired latency and reliability targets of those applications. Implementation of QoS techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging since WSNs have been initially devised for low-data-rate non-real-time applications. Therefore, WSN designers and developers resort to different cross-layer interaction and optimization techniques to provision QoS in WSNs. In this paper, we present a survey on the state of the art of cross-layer QoS approaches in wireless terrestrial sensor networks to achieve delay and reliability bounds in critical applications. Our paper provides a unique classification of cross-layer QoS approaches in WSNs that allows surveying a large amount of studies with utmost clarity. Furthermore, we highlight the main challenges of implementing QoS protocols in WSNs and present an overview of QoS-aware WSN applications.

A kind of intelligent wireless sensor networks (IWSN) is set up from the point of view of multi-agent systems. IWSN is composed of some sensor node agents, some cluster head agents, a base agent and a command agent. According to the characteristics of these agents, intelligent wireless sensor networks model (IWSNM) based on Petri nets is proposed, which can accurately and unambiguously model the overall and individual characteristics of the networks. Moreover, IWSNM can be analyzed, verified and validated by the supporting tools of Petri nets. Consequently, the defects in early design stage can be detected, and the security and reliability can be improved. Finally, IWSNM are employed to develop the target tracking systems.

Purpose: As application-specific wireless sensor networks are gaining popularity, this paper discusses the development and field performance of the GHAN, a greenhouse area network system to monitor, control, and access greenhouse microenvironments. GHAN, which is an upgraded system, has many new functions. It is an intelligent wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) system for next-generation greenhouses, which enhances the state of the art of greenhouse automation systems and helps growers by providing them valuable information not available otherwise. Apart from providing online spatial and temporal monitoring of the greenhouse microclimate, GHAN has a modified vapor pressure deficit (VPD) fuzzy controller with an adaptive-selective mechanism that provides better control of the greenhouse crop VPD with energy optimization. Using the latest soil-matrix potential sensors, the GHAN system also ascertains when, where, and how much to irrigate and spatially manages the irrigation schedule within the greenhouse grids. Further, given the need to understand the microclimate control dynamics of a greenhouse during the crop season or a specific time, a statistical assessment tool to estimate the degree of optimality and spatial variability is proposed and implemented. Methods: Apart from the development work, the system was field-tested in a commercial greenhouse situated in the region of Punjab, India, under different outside weather conditions for a long period of time. Conclusions: Day results of the greenhouse microclimate control dynamics were recorded and analyzed, and they proved the successful operation of the system in keeping the greenhouse climate optimal and uniform most of the time, with high control performance.

Life cycle monitoring of civil infrastructure such as bridges and buildings is critical to the long-term operational cost and safety of aging structures. The widespread use of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems is limited due to unavailability of specialized data acquisition equipment, high cost of generic equipment, and absence of fully automatic decision support systems. The goals of the presented project include: first, design of a Wireless Intelligent Sensor and Actuator Network (WISAN) and creation of an inexpensive set of instrumentation for the tasks of structural health monitoring; second, development of a SHM method, which is suitable for autonomous structural health monitoring. The design of the wireless sensor network is aimed at applications of structural health monitoring, addressing the issues of achieving a low cost per sensor, higher reliability, sources of energy for the network nodes, energy-efficient distribution of the computational load, security and coexistence in the ISM radio bands. The practical applicability of the sensor network is increased through utilization of computational intelligence and support of signal generation capabilities. The automated SHM method is based on the method of modal strain energy, though other SHM methods will be supported as well. The automation tasks include automation of the modal identification through ambient vibrations, classification of the acquired mode shapes, and automatic evaluation of the structural health.