AN ANALYSIS OF THE MONTHLY EARNINGS AND SAVINGS OF APP-BASED GIG WORKERS

The gig economy, characterized by short-term contracts and freelance work, has witnessed unprecedented growth, fundamentally reshaping traditional employment structures. This study explores the crucial role of workplace well-being as a catalyst for organizational growth within this rapidly expanding sector. Gig workers face distinct challenges, including job insecurity, fluctuating income, and the absence of traditional employment benefits, which negatively impact their mental health, job satisfaction, and overall productivity. These factors contribute to stress, burnout, and decreased work efficiency, ultimately affecting organizational performance. By implementing targeted well-being initiatives—such as flexible work arrangements, mental health support programs, financial literacy training, and access to healthcare benefits—organizations can significantly enhance the quality of life for gig workers. The study examines global best practices and Indian government policies, including insights from the NITI Aayog (2022) report on India's gig economy, highlighting the necessity of structured welfare measures. Additionally, the study explores how organizations can leverage workplace well-being as a strategic tool to attract and retain talent in the gig economy. A well-designed well-being framework not only boosts worker engagement and productivity but also strengthens organizational reputation and sustainability. This research emphasizes the need for policy reforms, corporate responsibility, and collaborative efforts between businesses and governments to create an inclusive and fair gig economy. Ultimately, integrating well-being strategies into gig work environments fosters a mutually beneficial ecosystem, ensuring long-term growth for both workers and organizations.

BackgroundThe gig economy (characterized by short-term contracts rather than being a full-time employee in an organization) is one of the most recent and important tendencies that have expanded through the global economic market thanks to advances in internet and communication technologies. Similarly, mobile health (mHealth) technologies have also evolved rapidly with the development of the internet and mobile apps, attracting attention globally for their health care benefits.ObjectiveThis study aimed to propose an integration of mHealth within the framework of the gig economy that leads to a new dimension of health care services and the proposal of a new term: gig mHealth.MethodsA review and systematic search of articles, books, and opinions that allowed for answering the research questions were executed through the internet. In this sense, the concept of the gig economy and examples, advantages and disadvantages, were reviewed. Similarly, the general characteristics of mHealth technologies were revised. In addition, the role of technology in supporting the development of the gig economy and mHealth technologies and the interactions between them were investigated.ResultsThe findings suggested that the gig economy is characterized by its flexibility in working hours, on-demand work, free agents, freelancing, freedom in the choice of work, and independent contracts. In addition, an analysis of an mHealth system indicated that it was composed of patients, specialists, nurses, and database administrators. In this system, patients and specialists or nurses are connected to cloud services for the transmission of data and medical information through a mobile app. Here, the administrators update the database and app features, among other technical tasks. Conversely, a general structure of an integrated gig mHealth system was developed. In this structure, the mHealth care services and the mHealth care activities were incorporated into a gig economy model. In addition, a practical example of an integrated view of a gig economy app in mHealth that illustrates the interaction between the patients (consumers) and providers (partners) of mHealth care services, mHealth care activities, health care professionals, and individual contractors was presented. The consumers and providers were interconnected with the health care company, brand, or firm through digital means using a mobile app or Windows platforms.ConclusionsThe analysis carried out in this study suggested the possibility of integrating mHealth within the framework of the gig economy enhancing health care service delivery and the management of health care activities. The following 4 major areas of apps proposed in the mHealth framework that can catalyze the operations using the features of the gig economy were sharing/renting medical and diagnostic equipment and resources, on-demand appointments/self-health management, on-demand health care services, and assigning health care activities/gigs to individual contractors. This integration leads to a new dimension for health care services and the proposal of a new term: gig mHealth.

Today's corporate landscape is undergoing a transformation process, and India is not untouched by these phases of transition as humans are replaced by computers and brick-and-mortar firms are substituted by e-commerce companies. In the midst of these shifts, issues such as labour dynamics have changed dramatically. One such consequence is the Gig Economy. With the gradual improvement in the labour market and the focus of government on localisation, it remains important to analyse the widespread influence of growing gig culture in making India a self-reliant economy. This chapter of the book therefore seeks to review the different components of the gig economy along with the advantages and disadvantages and how gig can contribute towards a localised and self-reliant Indian economy. The chapter also evaluates the regulatory framework of the gig economy in India. The chapter also proposes a conceptual model incorporating various pillars that could serve as an analytical framework for the rapidly increasing number of concepts and policy proposals.

Flexible Workers or Full-Time Employees? On Staffing Systems with a Blended Workforce

Digitalisation in India is important for financial inclusion of the rural and urban sectors and achieving the country’s macroeconomic goals. In examining the transformative influence of digital technologies, particularly in small businesses like kirana stores and the gig economy, it has empowered individuals, increased access to financial services, and boosted productivity. Adopting this technology has reduced unemployment, promoted women's empowerment, and enhanced overall economic development. Despite the positive outcomes, challenges such as digital literacy gaps, limited accessibility, and job insecurity in the gig economy remain. Digitalisation offers a vast potential for inclusive growth and economic progress; continued efforts are needed to ensure equitable access and sustainable development across India’s diverse population.

The gig economy has been growing since the world economic recession in early 2008 to 2011 and created new jobs for many. Food delivery gig workers are among the important types of gig jobs especially in urban areas such as Johor Bahru. Thus, studies related to the economy of gigs, especially employees who are involved as food deliverers are also given attention by researchers. Therefore, this study aims to explore the experience of food delivery gig workers around Johor Bahru. Qualitative studies using phenomenological approaches were used to explore the working experiences of informants. Snowball sampling technique was used and through this technique 9 informants were obtained. Thematic analysis was applied to obtain the meaning of the experience of the informants interviewed in a semi -structured manner. The results of the study found that although the job is flexible, free and easy but high risk. The informant also described the gig job as still unstable in terms of job security and uncertain job prospects. This job is still considered a transition before the informant obtains a more secure permanent job. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders need to pay attention by offering policies that can ensure job security and reduce the vulnerability and risk of these gig workers.

There has been a growth in the use of multidimensional job quality indices, yet the job quality agenda has had a limited impact on public policymaking. This has partly been attributed to disagreements over how to measure job quality and, in particular, weight different indicators of indices. A further reason is a tendency to use international indices, which lack the sample size to explore important country-level inequalities in job quality. To address these issues, this paper presents findings from four different weighting methods for a new synthetic index of the Quality of Work (QoW) for the United Kingdom, using data from a large national survey (Understanding Society). The UK QoW Index contains 7 dimensions and 15 indicators. Several novel indicators argued to be particularly important to the UK context are developed, including health & safety and long-term job prospects. The paper defaults to a widely-used equal weighting approach informed by the Alkire-Foster method, but simultaneously presents findings using alternative hedonic, frequency-based and data-driven weighting methods. The paper then analyses inequalities and changes in job quality from 2012 to 2021; and differences in job quality by type of employment (self-employed, platform labour or gig economy), previous employment status (prior unemployment spell), sex, age, ethnicity and region, according to these four weighting methods. Save for hedonic weighting, these show a broad consistency in many of the key findings: namely, inequalities in job quality between most of the same sub-groups; and a growing polarisation in job quality between employees and self-employed workers.

I present findings from a semi-structured, qualitative research conducted with 20 beauticians and makeup artists on an on-demand services app in New Delhi. Through an understanding of the particularities of gender, class, caste and body labor in the labor market, I explore the futures of workers. The work illustrates the impact technologically-mediated work has on workers' employment relations and labor outcomes -- specifically the differentiated risks and vulnerabilities faced by women workers in the Global South in the gig economy. By linking economic rights and the social dimensions of development, I suggest ways in which more inclusive and fairer policies can be institutionalized to protect the interests of gig workers.

70 Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XLI, No.1, Fall 2017 Economic Cooperation between India and Bahrain: Performance and Prospects Muhammad Azhar* Two and half decades of uninterrupted and sustained economic reforms have transformed the Indian economy into the world’s fastest growing economy in recent years. During 2014 Indian economy grew by 7.3 percent.1 Since the slowdown in Chinese economy, India has overtaken the Chinese economy. India ranks at the 9th position in the global economy and generates 2.6 percent of the world’s gross domestic product.2 Thus India has been fast becoming the land of economic opportunities. India is rich in mineral resources. But the hydrocarbon resources are very small as compared to her requirements. Rising growth and expanding economy has resulted in substantial rise in the demand for oil and gas. This in turn has necessitated in ever increasing imports of oil and gas mostly from the gulf countries. India has second largest population and the second largest labour force in the world.3 It has also vast reserves of skilled workforce. Millions of Indian expatriates’ workers are employed in gulf countries including Bahrain. And these workers are very important source of massive *Muhammad Azhar is Professor (Economics) at the Department of West Asian and North African Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India). He obtained his M.Phil and Ph.D from Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi. His area of interest includes energy economics, finance, economic, trade cooperation and research and methodology. He has contributed several articles in various international and national journals. Prior to joining A.M.U., Muhammad Azhar worked as Reader at the Academy of Third World Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. he worked as a Research Associate at the Gulf Studies Program, Centre of West Asian and African Studies, School of International Studies, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi. he also worked as Consultant at Indian Council of Research in International Economic Relations, New Delhi. 1 “IMF says India Still Fastest-Growing Economy”, The Economic Times, New Delhi, 12 April, 2016, p.11 2 World Development Indicators Database, World Bank, Washington, (accessed on 17 February, 2016). 3 Ibid. 71 remittance earnings for India. It must be mentioned that India is the largest remittance earning country in the world.4 As far as Bahrain is concerned, it is smallest among the member countries of Gulf Cooperation Council. However, it is also a rich country in terms of history, culture and economy. It has been the seat of the ancient civilization of Dilmun. In the ancient times it used to serve as a trading link between Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia.5 Prior to the discovery of oil, the main economic activities concentrated on fishing, boat making and repairing, exploring and trading pearls, diving and some agricultural and commercial activities.6 Bahrain had been first among the Arab countries to discover oil in 1932.7 Consequent to the discovery of oil and its exports, Bahraini economy was thoroughly transformed. Since then all economic development in Bahrain depended on oil export revenues.8 However, Bahrain has very small oil reserves and also some gas reserves. Bahrain’s oil & gas reserves have been estimated at 0.01 percent and 0.05 percent of the global oil and gas reserves respectively.9 Bahrain is a member of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). In contrast to its neighbours, oil reserves in Bahrain are estimated to exhaust very soon. This is why Bahrain exports very little of crude oil. It exports refined oil and other petroleum products. The exhaustive nature of oil reserves was never out of sight for the Bahraini planners. This is why Bahrain launched its economic diversification program very early and prepared for the post oil era. Bahrain has been developing other sectors of the economy to reduce its dependence on oil revenues.10 The aluminum industry has been crucial in Bahrain’s diversification strategy. Bahrain has 4 www.worldbank.org/prospects/migration and remittances (accessed on 01.02.2016) 5 John H. Neidercorn, “A Reconstruction of the Pre-History of Bahrain, the Landing Place of Noah”, in Jeffery B. Nugent and Theodore H. Thomas (Ed...

India has the second largest population in the world. And at the same time there is more accident death when traveling by road. Accidents mostly lead to death since emergency treatment and the operation cannot be performed in an ambulance bus. Ambulance bus are not equipped with speciality medical equipments because these equipments requires more space which is not available in the ambulance bus. The critical emergency treatment could not be done in inside of the an ambulance bus. Because of this there is an increase in critical patient's death. The Ambulance bus has to travel to hospital and only then the treatment for the critical patient is started. Since the Indian economy is poor the small scale hospitals are not being able to implement satellite based Telemedicine for exchange big data from an ambulance bus to hospitals. In this paper we have designed a low cost 3G/4G internet antenna in an ambulance bus for Telemedicine using computer communication and mobile booster amplifier which can be used for the best transmission of big data exchange for patient report from ambulance bus to the hospital network and also we can reduced transfer delay by using the 3G/4G internet dish antenna. Internet based mobile telemedicine bus can be used to save critical accident patients and also most emergency specialty treatment is available in ambulance bus and contains X-ray machine for taking fracture image, scanner machine, operation theaters and the power to machines are supplied by inverter and solar power.

East Java is the province with the largest population in Indonesia. In addition, East Java's economic growth rate is the highest on the island of Java. The economic growth needs to be supported by other economic indicators. One of the most important macroeconomic indicators is inflation. This study discusses the inflation forecasting for East Java towards the end of 2024. Financial forecasting is crucial as it serves as the basis for government decision-making. The forecasting technique used in this study is ARIMA. The tests indicated that inflation in East Java will decrease towards the end of the year. In December, East Java will experience deflation of -1.75%. Meanwhile, in January and February 2025, the inflation rates were -2.07 and -2.39, respectively. Therefore, the East Java government must implement policies to anticipate this situation.

Because of large acreages, sparse populations, and distinct sociopolitical dynamics, many rural communities are beginning to assemble their own sets of economic indicators to fit unique policy agendas. This review summarizes over 30 years of practical efforts from six regions that created economic development reports. Reports cover 60% of the nonmetro counties in the United States. Over half the reports were issued in the last 5 years. To understand distinctions between scholarly efforts and how communities leverage publicly available data sets toward policy objectives, the authors compare the rural, regional economic development reports assembled through community partnerships with indicators recommended in rural wealth creation literature. The authors identify a gap in scholarship and practice with implications for how practitioners and researchers conceptualize the creation of wealth in rural areas and conclude with best-practice approaches to co-creating rural economic indicator reports, especially where data can be tailored precisely to rural areas.

The selected five barangays in Roxas, Isabela, exhibit significant disparities in social services, infrastructure, and economic opportunities. This study identifies these gaps and explores targeted development strategies to promote inclusive and sustainable growth. The research addresses the need for a barangay-specific approach by examining key indicators such as demographics, economic activities, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and official records, with responses from local government representatives and community stakeholders. Findings reveal that barangays with larger populations, such as Nuesa, Rizal, and Bantug, require expanded healthcare, education, infrastructure and environmental interventions, while those with limited land and resources must develop alternative income-generating activities. Economic indicators highlight the need for agricultural diversification, improved financial accessibility, and stronger local trade networks. Infrastructure gaps, particularly in irrigation, road connectivity, and post-harvest facilities, impact productivity and market access. The study recommends interventions in four key areas: (1) economic growth—expanding financial services, market access, and agricultural productivity; (2) social development—improving healthcare, education, and welfare programs; (3) infrastructure expansion— enhancing agricultural facilities such as farm to market roads, irrigation, and postharvest and public facilities; and (4) environmental resilience—implementing disaster preparedness and sustainable land-use planning. Strengthening partnerships among local governments, non-government organizations, state universities, and private sector stakeholders is crucial to ensuring long-term development. By adopting a data-driven, stakeholder-supported, and sustainable approach, barangays can achieve greater economic resilience, improved social services, and long-term community development.

The Effect of Manager Gender and Performance Feedback: Experimental Evidence from India

Recent technological advances in digital signal processing, data compression techniques, and high-speed communication networks have made Video-on-Demand (VOD) servers feasible. A challenging task in such systems is servicing multiple clients simultaneously while satisfying real-time requirements of continuous delivery of objects at specified rates. To accomplish these tasks and realize economies of scale associated with servicing a large user population, a VOD server requires a large disk subsystem. Although a single disk is fairly reliable, a large disk farm can have an unacceptably high probability of disk failure. Furthermore, due to real-time constraints, the reliability requirements of VOD systems are even more stringent than those of traditional information systems. Traditional RAID solutions are inadequate due to poor resource usage. Thus, in this paper, we present alternative schemes which provide a high degree of reliability at low disk storage, bandwidth, and memory costs for on-demand multimedia servers. Moreover, we discuss some of the main issues and trade-offs associated with providing fault tolerance in multidisk VOD systems. We would like to impress upon the reader that one of the main points of this paper is the exposition of trade-offs and issues associated with designing fault-tolerant VOD servers. It is not the case that one fault tolerance scheme is absolutely better than another, but rather that one must understand the trade-offs as well as one's system constraints and then choose a fault tolerance scheme accordingly.