An Automated Brute Force Method Based on Webpage Static Analysis

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF MARINE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

This study examined the importance of flexible automation in a simulated submarine track management task, aiming at balancing performance under both normal and failed conditions with two experiments. Experiment 1 shows that more “balanced” degree of automation (DOA) outperformed manual control and yielded better situation awareness (SA) and takeover performance than high DOA. Experiment 2 demonstrates that adjusting from excessively high to balanced DOA improved SA and takeover performance, while adjusting from excessively low to balanced DOA enhanced performance and reduced mental workload under the normal condition without impairing takeover performance. In summary, extreme DOAs disrupted the performance balance across the normal and failed conditions, while timely shifts to a balanced DOA restore it and balance overall performance. These findings underscore the importance of flexible automation for balancing performance under normal and failed conditions.

Future wireless networks (LTE and beyond) will experience a continuous growth regarding the number of network elements with increasingly complex interrelations between the configuration of multiple network elements (NEs). A related trend is the seamless integration of multiple radio technologies into a single heterogeneous wireless network. Both developments increase network management complexity and require new management concepts with a very high degree of automation such as Self-Organizing Network (SON) concepts, which are currently discussed in the network operator (NGMN), research, and standardization (3GPP) communities. SON functions have to be coordinated and supervised in an automated way in order to enable a stable system operation with tight control over the system behavior by the network operator together with a high degree of automation. Based on a detailed analysis of the requirements for the coordination, a policy-based approach to realize the coordination-related decision making based on the network configuration and SON function context is presented. Results for two use cases (fully automatic hardware to site mapping and coverage & capacity optimization) are presented to show the applicability of the developed approach to diverse SON use cases.

The high resolution of corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) allows in vivo imaging of the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus (SNP). The field of view of a single CCM image (0.16 mm²) is not sufficient for the reliable morphometric characterisation of the SNP. Therefore we are developing a highly automated mosaicking technique for large-area imaging of the SNP using CCM image sequences. In order to acquire an image sequence of a larger area of the SNP, the view direction of the patient is guided by a computer-controlled moving fixation target on a display in front of the non-examined eye. The CCM image sequence is recorded with 30 fps. An online calculated mosaic image allows the medical operator to observe the acquisition process and assess the quality and size of the resulting image during the CCM recording process. Remaining image artefacts are corrected in an automated post-processing step. Using a first prototype system and an appropriate fixation target trajectory, a mean growth of the covered SNP area of 0.18 mm²/s could be achieved. Using the presented technology, large-area images of the SNP can be generated. The technology is characterized by a high degree of automation and short examination times.

There are many factors in mucosal secretions that contribute to innate immunity and the 'first line of defence' at mucosal surfaces. Few studies, however, have investigated the effects of exercise on many of these 'defence' factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the acute effects of prolonged exercise on salivary levels of selected antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that have not yet been studied in response to exercise (HNP1-3 and LL-37) in addition to immunoglobulin A (IgA). A secondary objective was to assess the effects of exercise on saliva antibacterial capacity. Twelve active men exercised on a cycle ergometer for 2.5 h at approximately 60% of maximal oxygen uptake. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were obtained before and after exercise. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in salivary IgA:osmolality ratio, following exercise, but IgA concentration and secretion rate were unaltered. Salivary HNP1-3 and LL-37 concentrations (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), concentration:osmolality ratios (P < 0.01) and secretion rates (P < 0.01) all increased following exercise. Salivary antibacterial capacity (against E. coli) did not change. The increased concentration of AMPs in saliva may confer some benefit to the 'first line of defence' and could result from synergistic compensation within the mucosal immune system and/or airway inflammation and epithelial damage. Further study is required to determine the significance of such changes on the overall 'defence' capacity of saliva and how this influences the overall risk for infection.

Today, the proportion of elderly and senile people is steadily growing throughout the world. The most important factors in the first line of immune defense of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are β-defensins, which are a group of secretory proteins with antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to study the expression of genes for antimicrobial peptides β-defensins and the composition of the microbiome of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract in elderly people and long-livers with various aging phenotypes.The main study group included 67 centenarians and 49 elderly people, who were further divided into two subgroups depending on the course of aging (pathological and successful aging). Nucleic acids were isolated from nasopharyngeal scrapings and the expression levels of the DEFB1 and DEFB4 genes were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The composition of the microbiota in nasopharyngeal swabs was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.In analyzing the expression of the DEFB1 gene in elderly people and centenarians with successful and pathological aging phenotypes, no difference was revealed between the groups. Expression of the DEFB4 gene was increased in centenarians with pathological aging compared to centenarians with successful aging and in the elderly group. Excessive production of antimicrobial peptides is dual in nature; on the one hand, they provide the first line of defense against microorganisms, and on the other, they are cytotoxic to their own cells. An increase in the expression of the DEFB4 gene during aging may be due to an increase in the number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which can be one’s own microbiota and/or components of microbial metabolism. Analysis of the microbiota composition showed an increase in biodiversity in individuals with a successful aging phenotype compared to a pathological phenotype. Particular attention is paid to Staphylococcus spp., the species composition of which depends on the aging phenotype. In the pathological aging group, the frequency of St. aureus colonization is significantly higher than in the successful aging group.Thus, overexpression of the DEFB4 gene and changes in the composition of the microbiota of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract may be one of the mechanisms explaining the increased susceptibility to infections in various aging phenotypes.

In today’s software engineering tool landscape, many sophisticated imperative static source code analysis tools exist. However the implementations of these analyses are normally tied to specific languages, so must be recreated for any new or lesser-known languages. It can be burdensome for small groups of language developers or third party tool authors to devote the necessary resources to creating an analysis tool suite specifically for their language, so a number of less popular languages lack such automated tool support to the detriment of their users. As a solution this paper argues that multiple analysis algorithms exist which are applicable to almost any high-level imperative programming language, and that support for them can be added to a language cheaply with a high degree of automation. Pursuit of these would provide a new way of gathering knowledge about application structure for languages that have not previously enjoyed strong tool support.

By comparing natural immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) in vivo with the action of human or mouse phagocytes against AF in vitro, we delineated two sequential lines of defense against AF. The first line of defense was formed by macrophages and directed against spores. Macrophages prevented germination and killed spores in vitro and rapidly eradicated conidia in vivo, even in neutropenic and athymic mice. The second was the neutrophilic granulocyte (PMN), which protected against the hyphal form of AF. Human and mouse PMN killed mycelia in vitro. Normal, but not neutropenic mice, stopped hyphal growth, and eradicated mycelia. Either line of defense acting alone protected mice from high challenge doses. Natural immunity collapsed only when both the reticuloendothelial system and PMN were impaired. These findings are in keeping with the clinical observation that high doses of cortisone and neutropenia are the main risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. Cortisone inhibited the conidiacidal activity of mouse macrophages in vivo and of human or mouse mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Cortisone damaged this first line of defense directly and not through the influence of T lymphocytes or other systems modifying macrophage function as shown in athymic mice and in vitro. In addition, daily high doses of cortisone in mice reduced the mobilization of PMN so that the second line of defense was also impaired. Thus, cortisone can break down natural resistance on its own. Myelosuppression rendered mice susceptible only when the first line of defense was overpowered by high challenge doses, by activated spores that cannot be killed by macrophages, or by cortisone suppression of the conidiacidal activity of macrophages. The host, thus, can call upon two independent phagocytic cell lines that form graded defense systems against aspergillus. These lines of defense function in the absence of a specific immune response, which seems superfluous in the control and elimination of this fungus.

Office software may have program vulnerabilities in terms of functionality. To discover and solve these vulnerabilities, it's essential to conduct test on its application programming interface (API). But how to test in a heterogeneous platform and how to realize test automation are the two major difficulties. This article proposes an automated office software test method, which separates the operation platform from the test platform, and is driven by test cases. In this way, it can effectively facilitate the test in a heterogeneous platform, and improve the automation degree. In such a case, this article designs an automated office software test system. Comparing with previous manual test systems, it is with a higher automation degree, and can save a large amount of human cost in office software test.

Citation: 'first line of defence' in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed.; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351/goldbook.13151 • License: The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International for individual terms. Requests for commercial usage of the compendium should be directed to IUPAC.

Lesion localization algorithm of high-frequency epileptic signal based on Teager energy operator

In order to improve monitoring and control level for small and medium scale enterprises, an intelligent monitoring and control system has been designed. In hardware designing, MSP430FG4619 was selected as microprocessor for its topping performance and ultralow-power consumption; and the temperature and humidity can be gathered accurately by SHT71 sensor. The acquiring information can be saved in the memorizer provisionally and can be transmitted by wired or wireless transmission. In fuzzy control system software designing, a prototype for fuzzy control was built in the first instance. On the basis of artificial manipulation experience and specific characteristics of the environment, the fuzzy control system can be built expediently by adding relevant parameters to the prototype. Practice shows that: the fuzzy control system prototype greatly improve development efficiency of intelligent monitoring and control system. The system has a high degree of automation and storage food quality is improved obviously.

Experimental modulation of cellular glutathione levels has been used to explore the role of glutathione in cadmium toxicity. Mice treated with buthionine sulfoximine [an effective irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2) that decreases cellular levels of glutathione markedly] were sensitized to the toxic effects of CdCl2. Mice pretreated with a sublethal dose of Cd2+ to induce metallothionein synthesis were not sensitized to Cd2+ by buthionine sulfoximine. Mice sensitized to Cd2+ by buthionine sulfoximine were protected against a lethal dose of Cd2+ by glutathione mono isopropyl ester (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycylisopropyl ester), but not by glutathione. These results are in accord with studies that showed that glutathione mono esters (in contrast to glutathione) are efficiently transported into cells and converted intracellularly to glutathione. The findings indicate that intracellular glutathione functions in protection against Cd2+ toxicity, and that this tripeptide provides a first line of defense against Cd2+ before induction of metallothionein synthesis occurs. The experimental approach used here in which cellular levels of glutathione are decreased or increased seems applicable to investigation of other types of metal toxicity and of other glutathione-dependent biological phenomena.

Most interactions between plants and fungi or Oomycetes do not result in a successful infection but are thwarted by the host (Thordal-Christensen, 2003; Lipka et al., 2008). In many cases, the obvious visible first line of defence is the papilla, a cell wall apposition (CWA) laid down by the host at the site of attempted penetration by the fungus or Oomycete on the inside of the host cell wall. CWA are observed in many plant species but are best studied in the cereal–powdery mildew interactions where the CWA comprises the inner papilla surrounded by an outer halo. Histological and chemical analyses demonstrate the complexity of the papillae, which comprise callose, protein, and various phenolic compounds and inorganic compounds, especially opal silica and, at least transiently, reactive oxygen species (see Zeyen et al., 2002, for a review). It is clear that papillae play a significant role, since penetration is often arrested by papillae, but as to which components of papillae are important for successful defence against a particular species pathogen is unclear. In other words, the demonstration of the complexity of papillae is not a demonstration of their role in disease resistance and presents the question as to why they are so complex. What is the role of the individual components of the papilla? There are two approaches which use the tools of forward and reverse genetics to determine the role of individual components of papillae which will answer this question, at least in part. The regulation of the formation of papillae has been studied genetically in both barley and Arabidopsis. Mutants have been obtained in barley exhibiting resistance, and indeed the mlo mutant confers race-non-specific resistance in both species (Consonni et al., 2006). Other Arabidopsis mutations contribute to the assembly of papillae (Collins et al., 2003, 2007). The physiological role of the Arabidopsis gene products is uncertain in some cases (Lipka et al., 2008). Thus the forward genetics approach has favoured the identification of regulatory, like mlo, and mechanistic components, like Pen1, but has not yielded mutations in the phenolic biosynthetic pathways associated with papilla formation. The nature of the first line of defence in cereals is still something of a mystery despite many years of study. We know much but there is still much to learn. Wei and colleagues have previously developed Triticum monococcum L. (Einkorn, a diploid wheat) as an excellent model system to use as an alternative to barley. In this issue, the study by Bhuiyan et al. (2009) uses a forward genetic approach to study the role of papilla components in Einkorn wheat infected with the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. The result is compelling evidence that lignification of papillae plays an important role in defence against penetration by this fungus. Lignification is, in essence, the generation of wood. The process can be considered to comprise two phases, firstly, the biosynthesis of monolignols, the building bricks, and, secondly, the assembly and polymerization of these bricks in the papilla. This paper represents an in-depth study of the first phase, which is illustrated in Fig. 1 of Bhuiyan et al. (2009). The approach taken has been to screen an expression sequence tag (EST) library prepared from the epidermis of T. monococcum infected with B. graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) (Liu et al., 2005; Bhuiyan et al., 2007) which is predicted to be enriched for first line defences against Blumeria graminis (Wei et al., 1998; Collinge et al., 2002). This yielded 13 cDNAs representing eight genes encoding enzymes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, according to their bioinformatical analysis. That six of these transcripts exhibit nearly synchronized accumulation patterns, as revealed by Northern blotting of entire leaves and epidermal expression, as revealed by RT PCR, is an excellent indication of their role in papilla formation. Proof of the importance of monolignol biosynthesis comes from the reverse genetics of transient gene silencing of four of the biosynthetic genes and an additive effect was obtained by combining three of the genes pair-wise. Thus, silencing gave a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of penetration. In the control, roughly 40% of penetration attempts were successful by the host powdery mildew fungus Bgt and increased 4-fold in the non-host powdery mildew fungus, Bg. f.sp. hordei, which infects barley. The double silenced constructs gave over 70% successful penetration rates. The genes included TmPAL, which encodes the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, and can be predicted to have other roles in defence in grasses. For example, flavonoid biosynthesis has been seen to be induced in barley in response to B. graminis (Christensen et al., 1998a, b). The combination of TmPAL with genes encoding the two final biosynthetic enzymes of

Abstract. Understanding the flow of water in natural watercourses has become increasingly important as climate change increases the incidence of extreme rainfall events which cause flooding. Vegetation in rivers and streams reduce water conveyance and natural vegetation plays a critical role in flood events which needs to be understood more fully. A funded project at Loughborough University is therefore examining the influence of vegetation upon water flow, requiring measurement of both the 3-D water surface and flow velocities. Experimental work therefore requires the measurement of water surface morphology and velocity (i.e. speed and direction) in a controlled laboratory environment using a flume but also needs to be adaptable to work in a real river. Measuring the 3D topographic characteristics and velocity field of a flowing water surface is difficult and the purpose of this paper is to describe recent experimental work to achieve this. After reviewing past work in this area, the use of close range digital photogrammetry for capturing both the 3D water surface and surface velocity is described. The selected approach uses either two or three synchronised digital SLR cameras in combination with PhotoModeler for data processing, a commercial close range photogrammetric package. One critical aspect is the selection and distribution of appropriate floating marker points, which are critical if automated and appropriate measurement methods are to be used. Two distinct targeting approaches are available: either large and distinct specific floating markers or some fine material capable of providing appropriate texture. Initial work described in this paper uses specific marker points, which also provide the potential measuring surface velocity. The paper demonstrates that a high degree of measurement and marking automation is possible in a flume environment, where lighting influences can be highly controlled. When applied to a real river it is apparent that only lower degrees of automation are practicable. The study has demonstrated that although some automation is possible for point measurement, point matching needs to be manually guided in a natural environment where lighting cannot be controlled.