An Automatic Target Classifier using Model Based Image Processing

In this chapter, we will examine requirements determination and analysis that may be useful for defining the nonfunctional and domain requirements for an IDCM solution, including system sizing, architecture, and performance requirements. We also include a discussion on domain requirements, such as those for information technology and system administration. Our objectives are to do the following: • Document the requirements for system sizing and mass storage. • Consider the types of requirements analysis that enterprises apply to help suppliers of IDCM solutions offer an architecture solution that may meet enterprise requirements. • Define system performance requirements with known caveats and assumptions. • Define the requirements for the IDCM system to integrate with enterprise desktop, server, and network operating environments. • Define the requirements for the system development environment. • Document the system administration requirements for the system.

Conventional vibration demodulation typically utilizes nearby sample points in conjunction with pulses having relatively wide width for demodulation, which has drawbacks, including inconsistent spatial positions corresponding to adjacent sampling points and limited spatial resolution. This research proposes a novel quantitative vibration demodulation technique based on direct detection Φ-OTDR to address this issue. At a set repetition frequency, this technique alternately emits optical pulses with comparable but different pulse lengths. To precisely demodulate the vibration phase, it obtains two optical intensity signals at the same fiber position, which have different initial phases but virtually similar vibration-induced phase shifts. Compared with the conventional demodulation method, the proposed technique achieves a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 9.4 dB. By not relying on the data acquisition card's (DAQ) sampling rate, this technique reduces the acquisition system's cost and performance requirements while avoiding the spatial resolution deterioration associated with conventional demodulation using nearby sampling points.

In this paper, a data-driven conflict-aware safe reinforcement learning (CAS-RL) algorithm is presented for control of autonomous systems. Existing safe RL results with predefined performance functions and safe sets can only provide safety and performance guarantees for a single environment or circumstance. By contrast, the presented CAS-RL algorithm provides safety and performance guarantees across a variety of circumstances that the system might encounter. This is achieved by utilizing a bilevel learning control architecture: A higher meta-cognitive layer leverages a data-driven receding-horizon attentional controller (RHAC) to adapt relative attention to different system's safety and performance requirements, and, a lower-layer RL controller designs control actuation signals for the system. The presented RHAC makes its meta decisions based on the reaction curve of the lower-layer RL controller using a meta-model or knowledge. More specifically, it leverages a prediction meta-model (PMM) which spans the space of all future meta trajectories using a given finite number of past meta trajectories. RHAC will adapt the system's aspiration towards performance metrics (e.g., performance weights) as well as safety boundaries to resolve conflicts that arise as mission scenarios develop. This will guarantee safety and feasibility (i.e., performance boundness) of the lower-layer RL-based control solution. It is shown that the interplay between the RHAC and the lower-layer RL controller is a bilevel optimization problem for which the leader (RHAC) operates at a lower rate than the follower (RL-based controller) and its solution guarantees feasibility and safety of the control solution. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified through a simulation example.

The Advanced Photon Source third generation synchrotron light source needs a stabilized particle beam position to produce high brightness and low emittance of the beam. Global orbit correction control is introduced which is utilized to achieve the demanding needs of the accelerator. This paper describes the procedure to determine an effective and optimal performing controller to meet the global orbit correction requirements. These conditions include frequency domain and time domain requirements consisting of vibrational noise attenuation, limiting of controller gains for stability, and improving the system time response. Theoretical analysis is discussed with different control schemes compared graphically to reveal the best control design. A range or set of control parameters are selected as acceptable to achieve the system's performance requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

In modern taxi networks, large amounts of taxi occupancy status and location data are collected from networked in-vehicle sensors in real- time. They provide knowledge of system models on passenger demand and mobility patterns for efficient taxi dispatch and coordination strategies. Such approaches face a new challenge: how to deal with uncertainties of predicted customer demand while fulfilling the system's performance requirements, including minimizing taxis' total idle mileage and maintaining service fairness across the whole city. To address this problem, we develop a data- driven robust taxi dispatch framework to consider spatial-temporally correlated demand uncertainties. The robust optimization problem has an objective function that is concave in the uncertain demand and convex in the decision variables, and constraints that are convex in the decision variables according to the practical requirements. We design a data-driven algorithm for constructing uncertainty sets of random demand vectors that provide a probabilistic guarantee for the performance of robust taxi dispatch solutions. It guarantees that the probability that the actual dispatch cost under the true demand vector being smaller than the optimal cost of the robust dispatch solutions with the uncertainty sets is greater than a desired probability value. We prove equivalent computationally tractable forms of the robust dispatch problem with the constructed closed convex polytope and second order cone types of uncertainty sets, using the minimax theorem and strong duality. Evaluations on four years of taxi trip data for New York City show that the probabilistic guarantee is satisfied. By selecting a probabilistic guarantee level that does not sacrifice the average cost much, the average demand- supply ratio error is reduced by 31.7%, and the average total idle driving distance is reduced by 10.13% compared with non-robust dispatch solutions.

Aerospace systems are subject to many stringent performance requirements that must be verified with low residual risk to the customer. This report investigates the improvements in verification planning and requirements validation made possible by using conditional approaches vice classical statistical procedures. The example used in this report to illustrate the results of these investigations is a proposed mission assurance requirement with its concomitant maximum acceptable verification risk for the NASA Constellation Program Orion Launch Abort System (LAS). This report demonstrates the following improvements possible through use of conditional approaches: 1) verification plans are more achievable and feasible than those developed using classical statistical methods; 2) historical surrogate data can be used to validate proposed performance requirements; and, 3) historical surrogate data may be incorporated in verification planning to produce even less costly and more reasonable verification plans. The procedures presented in this report may produce similar improvements and cost savings in validation and verification for any performance requirement for any aerospace system.

Blind identification of convolutional codes based on deep learning

This paper describes the results of a project for the European Space Agency to produce guidelines for the development of real time software for onboard spacecraft applications. The project has produced guidance for the software requirements, architectural design, detailed design and implementation phases of the software development process, based on the use of HOORA and HOOD methods. A system of annotations has been devised for capturing performance and other non-functional requirements in HOORA and HOOD, such that existing method support tools are not affected by the presence of the annotations, which can be processed by additional tools. The paper outlines the guidance and the system of annotations.KeywordsArchitectural DesignReal Time RequirementRealisme ProjectSchedulability AnalysisProtected ObjectThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The deficient performance of existing downtown transit distribution systems may significantly affect the overall performance of the urban transportation system in many metropolitan areas. This paper has two principal objectives. First, it describes an approach entitled Performance Requirements Analysis for developing a set of requirements or standards that a downtown transit system should satisfy and structuring these requirements so as to generate a small set of alternative generic systems for detailed evaluation. Second, it provides a preliminary assessment of performance requirements for distribution systems in 19 of the largest cities in the United States.

This paper discusses requirements for Ada1 compilers and associated tools used for real-time embedded weapons systems (EWS) development. The requirements have been developed over a period of several years by embedded systems developers at Honeywell Inc. and Alliant Techsystems Inc. Requirements for the run time system, compiler-generated code, and host tools such as linkers are presented. A short rationale statement is provided with each specific requirement.

The objective was to assess whether a concurrent but independent navigation task exacerbates the effects of hearing loss on speech recognition and whether hearing loss degrades performance of the navigation task during the concurrent but independent listening task. Navigation performance and speech comprehension both decrease when a driver follows hard-to-hear concurrent verbal instructions. It remains unknown how much both tasks would be affected when performed concurrently, if tasks were independent. Participants performed a listening task by responding to Callsign Acquisition Test (CAT) stimuli at three simulated hearing levels. For each hearing level, one trial was performed with the participant standing still and another trial was performed while navigating a path in a virtual environment using a handheld map. In one more trial, participants navigated a path with no CAT. The proportion of call signs correctly repeated and the total time required to walk the path were measured. CAT scores showed an expected negative effect of hearing loss. Concurrent navigation produced an even larger decrease in CAT score. Hearing loss caused a slight but not significant decrease in navigation task performance. A person with hearing loss may communicate less effectively while walking than predicted on the basis of hearing loss alone. The hearing loss, however, does not significantly decrease walking performance in a simple navigation task. Obtained results may guide soldier performance modeling and requirements for communication systems used during physical activity when a soldier's hearing becomes compromised during dismounted combat operations.

Promoting MBA in the rail sector by deriving process-related evidence via MDSafeCer

Flash-based Solid State Drive (SSD) has been productively shipped and deployed in large scale storage systems. However, a single flash-based SSD cannot satisfy the capacity, performance and reliability requirements of the modern storage systems that support increasingly demanding data-intensive computing applications. Applying RAID schemes to SSDs to meet these requirements, while a logical and viable solution, faces many challenges. In this article, we propose a Hybrid Parity-based Disk Array architecture (short for HPDA), which combines a group of SSDs and two hard disk drives (HDDs) to improve the performance and reliability of SSD-based storage systems. In HPDA, the SSDs (data disks) and part of one HDD (parity disk) compose a RAID4 disk array. Meanwhile, a second HDD and the free space of the parity disk are mirrored to form a RAID1-style write buffer that temporarily absorbs the small write requests and acts as a surrogate set during recovery when a disk fails. The write data is reclaimed to the data disks during the lightly loaded or idle periods of the system. Reliability analysis shows that the reliability of HPDA, in terms of MTTDL (Mean Time To Data Loss), is better than that of either pure HDD-based or SSD-based disk array. Our prototype implementation of HPDA and the performance evaluations show that HPDA significantly outperforms either HDD-based or SSD-based disk array.

This Subsystem Design Requirements (SSDR) document establishes the performance, design, and verification requirements for the conventional building systems and subsystems of the Laser and Target Area Building (LTAB), including those that house and support the operation of high-energy laser equipment and the operational flow of personnel and materials throughout the facility. This SSDR addresses the following subsystems associated with the LTAB: Building structural systems for the Target Bay, Switchyards, Diagnostic Building, Decontamination Area, Laser Bays, Capacitor Bays and Operations Support Area, and the necessary space associated with building-support equipment; Architectural building features associated with housing the space and with the operational cleanliness of the functional operation of the facilities; Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for maintaining a clean and thermally stable ambient environment within the facilities; Plumbing systems that provide potable water and sanitary facilities for the occupants, plus stormwater drainage for transporting rainwater; Fire Protection systems that guard against fire damage to the facilities and their contents; Material handling systems for transporting personnel and heavy materials within the building areas; Mechanical process piping systems for liquids and gases that provide cooling and other service to experimental laser equipment and components; Electrical power and grounding systems that provide service and standby power to building and experimental equipment, including lighting distribution and communications systems for the facilities; Instrumentation and control systems that ensure the safe operation of conventional facilities systems, such as those listed above. Detailed requirements for building subsystems that are not addressed in this document (such as specific sizes, locations, or capacities) are included in detail-level NIP Project Interface Control Documents (ICDS).

Blockchain systems built on classical cryptography face immediate risks from large-scale quantum computers, while purely quantum-based blockchains often rely on a single Private Key Generator (PKG) and incur heavy resource overheads. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid quantum and post-quantum blockchain approach that removes single points of trust by using Distributed Key Generation and a dual-layer signature mechanism. This method integrates quantum digital signatures, rooted in the Fully Flipped Permutation problem, with classical post-quantum (lattice-based) cryptography, enabling users to switch between quantum and classical signatures according to security requirements and channel conditions. Delegated Proof-of-Stake with node behavior and Borda count has been incorporated to manage consensus, ensuring that witness nodes are regularly re-elected and malicious actors are penalized by distributing secret shares among multiple rotating witnesses. We eliminate the central vulnerability of a sole PKG while maintaining rigorous resistance to collusions. Our analytical model indicates that a fraction of transactions can use quantum signatures without system-wide bottlenecks, while the remaining transactions follow classical PQC paths with throughput approaching classical baselines under our modeling assumptions. Consequently, this hybrid method offers higher scalability, robust collusion resistance, and long-term security even under quantum-capable adversaries. This paper presents extensive theoretical analyses, probability models, and algorithmic complexities, demonstrating that our design provides resilient infrastructure that meets the key performance and security requirements of next-generation blockchain systems.