An efficient digital baseband encoder for short range wireless communication applications

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) have been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications. However, the communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones associated to traditional wireless networks, triggering the need for efficient wireless communication technology. Several wireless technologies have emerged ranging from short and medium distance. Bluetooth, ZigBee and Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) are three popular short range wireless communications. Due to its various features and advantages (especially low power consumption and low complexity), IR-UWB is a very promising wireless communication technology for WSN. In this paper, we evaluate the main features and advantages of this new technology (IR-UWB) for WSN in terms of transmission time, data coding and power consumption compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee. To analyze and evaluate the main features and advantages of IR-UWB as an efficient short range wireless communication technology for WSN, we used MiXiM platform under OMNet++ simulator.

Vehicular communications networks (VCNs) are created by vehicles equipped with short and medium range wireless communication technology. They include vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. VCNs enable a plethora of important applications and services, ranging from active safety or safety of life applications to traffic information, music/maps download and multi-hop internet connection. Recently, the promises of wireless communications to support vehicular safety applications have led to several national/international projects around the world. These include the consortia like Vehicle Safety Consortium (US), Car-2-Car Communication Consortium (Europe) and Advanced Safety Vehicle Program (Japan), standardization efforts like IEEE 802.11p (WAVE), and field trials like the large-scale Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Program (VII) in the US. All these efforts have as a main goal to improve safety in vehicular environments by the use of wireless communications, but also consider transport efficiency, comfort and environment. In comparison to other communication networks, VCNs come with unique attractive features: unlimited transmission power, predictable mobility and plethora of potential applications. However, to bring its potency to fruition, VCNs have to cope with formidable challenges that include: rapidly changing topology subject to frequent fragmentations and congestions, lack of connectivity redundancy, and the stringent application requirement on real-time and robust message delivery. In this chapter, we present a detailed description of the state of the art of this fast-moving research area pointing to research, projects and standardization efforts that have been done. We explore the unique features and challenges that characterise these highly dynamic networks as well as their requirements with respect to applications, types of communication, self-organization and security. We discuss various forwarding and routing strategies focussing on position-based techniques including ‘anchor-based routing‘. We survey various ‘intelligent flooding’ and information dissemination approaches. Scenarios for highways and cities are taken as example. We conclude by exploring future research directions in this field.

Bluetooth is a short range wireless communication technology. Bluetooth's basic units called a piconet which provides point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transmissions. Multiple piconets can connect at the same time to make a bigger ad hoc network called a scatternet. Therefore, different piconet transmissions can be achieved through multi-hop. An inefficient topology may create the longest route between a source and destination in a scatternet, which consumes extra resources. It is also observed that the pair of source and destination is in proximity of each other but cannot communicate directly or through the shortest path due to Bluetooth inherited properties. The objective of this paper is to solve the problem of the longest route for pairs of devices in a Bluetooth scatternet. The proposed Bluetooth Network Re-formation Protocol (BNR) reducespath length by performing network re-structuring that reduces the number of hop counts. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol reduces end-to-end delay and consumes less system resources.

Smart Building (SB) exploits advances in information and communication technologies in order to provide the next generation of information and automation services that will significantly reduce operational costs and improve performance and efficiency. SB elements are typically interconnected using short range wireless communication technologies such as ZigBee, which is the most used wireless communication protocol for SBs. However, ZigBee protocol has multiple vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cyberattacks. In this paper, we present an Anomaly Behavior Analysis System (ABAS) for ZigBee protocol to be used in SBs. Our ABAS can detect both known and unknown ZigBee attacks with a high detection rate and low false alarms. Additionally, after detection, our system classifies the attack based on the impact, origin, and destination. We evaluate our approach by launching many attack scenarios such as DoS, Flooding, and Pulse DoS attacks, and then we compare our results with other intrusion detection systems such as secure HAN, signature IDS, and specification IDS.

A device to know the health status of all the animals in a farm along with its missing and theft prevention is proposed in this article. The necessary sensors to sense the health information of animals and the short range wireless communication technology and internet to communicate with the owner of the farm, are planned to use in the devices. This system will be very helpful to diagnose the health condition of all the animals simultaneously and to improve it. The system can prevent the animals from missing or theft. A mobile application which acts as a user interface provides the owner with useful information such as animal’s body temperature, heart rate, rumination and their presence inside the farm. The prototype of this idea is developed and is included for testing. Since the animal health status can be monitored from anywhere in world using a mobile application, the device will ease the work of farm owner and the laborers.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is based on short-range wireless communication and low power consumption technologies. The network consists of heterogeneous nodes with different sensors. In order to satisfy the requirements for a wide range of data rate, we propose an adaptive data transmission scheme based on the time division multiple access (TDMA) method in this paper. The proposed scheme can flexible allocate time slots for each sensor node with a master-slave structure. The scheme has be implemented and proved by a 2.4GHz ISM wireless communication platform with multiple sensors.

The Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT, is a new networking paradigm composed of wireless and wired networks, geographically distributed and interconnected by a “secured” backbone, essentially, the Internet. It connects billions of heterogeneous devices, called Things, using different communication technologies and provides end-users, all over the world, with a variety of smart applications. IoT constitutes a new evolution for the Internet in terms of diversity, size, and applications. It also invites cybercriminals who exploit IoT infrastructures to conduct large scale, distributed, and devastating cyberattacks that may have serious consequences. The security of IoT infrastructures strongly depends on the security of its wired and wireless infrastructures. Still, the wireless infrastructures are thought to be the most outspread, important, and vulnerable part of IoT. To achieve the security goals in the wireless infrastructures of IoT, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of IoT attacks, their classification, and security solutions in such infrastructures. In this paper, we provide a survey of attacks related to the wireless infrastructures of IoT in general, and to the most used short-range wireless communication technologies in the resource-constrained part of IoT in particular. Namely, we consider Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and RFID wireless communication technologies. The paper also provides a taxonomy of these attacks based on a security service-based attack classification and discusses existing security defenses and mechanisms that mitigate certain attacks as well as the limitations of these security mechanisms.

This paper demonstrates how channel coding can improve the robustness of spatial image watermarks against signal distortion caused by lossy data compression such as the JPEG scheme by taking advantage of the properties of Gray code. Two error-correction coding (ECC) schemes are used here: One scheme, referred to as the vertical ECC (VECC), is to encode information bits in a pixel by error-correction coding where the Gray code is used to improve the performance. The other scheme, referred to as the horizontal ECC (HECC), is to encode information bits in an image plane. In watermarking, HECC generates a codeword representing watermark bits, and each bit of the codeword is encoded by VECC. Simple single-error-correcting block codes are used in VECC and HECC. Several experiments of these schemes were conducted on test images. The result demonstrates that the error-correcting performance of HECC just depends on that of VECC, and accordingly, HECC enhances the capability of VECC. Consequently, HECC with appropriate codes can achieve stronger robustness to JPEG—caused distortions than non-channel-coding watermarking schemes.

With the rapid development of economy, science, and technology, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of home life, and smart home systems are required to have higher convenience and comfort. The continuous development of embedded technology, short‐range wireless communication technology, and microcontroller technology provides a new development direction for the research and development of smart home systems. Under the premise of fully studying the research status and development trend of smart home systems, this paper combines embedded technology, ZigBee wireless communication technology, voice recognition technology, GSM communication technology, etc., and proposes a ZigBee‐based smart voice home appliance control system. The system adopts ZigBee wireless communication to form a comprehensive management system for household electrical appliances, electronic and electrical equipment, etc., for household electrical control, intelligent security, and environmental monitoring. This paper designs the overall scheme of a smart home control system based on voice recognition technology. According to this scheme, the hardware and software of the system are designed, and the wireless communication method combining Wi‐Fi and RF (radio frequency) of the system is also determined. In order to make the system more humane, two sets of control schemes, voice control and button control, are designed according to the system’s functional requirements. In the voice control solution, the user first reads the control commands set in the voice library on the smart terminal, and then, the system automatically recognizes the commands read by the user. After the recognition is successful, the user can control the home appliances through the command. In the key control scheme, users can control home appliances through keys on the smart terminal. The upper computer transplants the audio library and the algorithm studied in this paper to realize the audio collection and storage, the confirmation of family members, and the recognition of voice commands; the lower computer is used for real‐time collection of environmental information and wireless control of home facilities. After the system is started, the family members are first confirmed by voice, and then, the voice command recognition result and real‐time environmental information jointly decide to form a control command. The upper computer sends the control command to the lower computer through the serial port to control the corresponding home equipment. The system is tested and analyzed under experimental conditions. The test results show that the system can control home facilities through voice commands combined with real‐time environmental information while confirming family members.

We propose a novel short-range wireless communications technology that uses quasi-static electric fields; it enables data communication between devices separated by up to 10cm via dielectric media at a speed of 10Mbps. It is considered to be a secure wireless technology since communication area is restricted to below about 10cm. To suppress electromagnetic radiation, we adopted a baseband transmission scheme in which the quasi-static electric field is directly modulated by 10BASE-T data signals. Since the spectra of the data signals are concentrated to below 20MHz, the amplitude of the electric field rapidly decreases outside the communication area. This contributes to enhancing security of the communications system. In this paper, we explain a basic principle of the short-range wireless communications technology. Since baseband data signals are carried by the quasi-static electric field, the quality of the communication is easily degraded by the existence of the earth ground. To isolate the communications system from the earth ground, we introduce a novel electro-optic sensor to receive the quasi-static electric field. With the electro-optic sensor, stable data communication is possible at 10Mbps via dielectric materials, such as a wooden table.

In recent years, with the rapid development of emerging Internet of Things technology and short-range wireless communication technology, smart healthcare monitoring network technology has become a research hotspot. It provides convenience for people and enhances the development of people's own healthcare awareness. This paper aims to study how to make its application in the field of smart healthcare education more applicable through the use of related technologies in the Internet of Things era and few-shot learning. For this reason, this paper proposes to optimize and improve the new sensor technology and the algorithm of few-shot learning, and to adjust some parameters as a whole. At the same time, related experiments and analysis are designed for the improved algorithm to study and understand its performance. The experimental results in this paper show that the improved algorithm improves its application effect by 36.9% and is relatively more applicable than the unimproved algorithm.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless communications technology that is usually less than 10 cm. This technology has many applications in commercial applications like electronic payments through smartphones, transfer images via mobile phones and tablets, direct print from mobile phones and tablets, etc. Today, with the development of mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets and the increasing demand and popularity of these types of devices on the market, every day applications develop in this area to accelerate the current affairs of users as well as higher work efficiency. The transfer in technology is done by bringing two NFC-enabled devices to each other at a distance of 3 to 5 inches. In this paper, the NFC technology with approach of security, analysis of attacks and the risk is assessed.

Today, the smart devices based on short-range wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth or ZigBee are an important part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Such devices are not reachable outside of their Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). However, users' needs are sometimes incompatible with this limited reachability. Our goal is to break this barrier and provide location-independent connectivity. In this paper, we introduce a new abstraction layer, called RCM (Remote Connection Manager) enabling transparent communication between an application and a remote short-range device. We implemented our solution for Bluetooth Low Energy technology and demonstrated its feasibility through experiments performed on real devices.

DSRC (also known as IEEE 802.11p or WAVE) is a medium/short-range RF communication technology designed specifically for in-vehicle environments that provide high-speed, real-time, accurate, and reliable connectivity between vehicles and vehicles, vehicles, and roadside infrastructure. The single/two-way voice, image and data communication services support vehicle public safety, traffic management, in-transit information release, commercial freight management and nonstop charging services, which can significantly improve the safe operation efficiency of road traffic. It consists of a series of protocols and standards that work very similar to RFID technology. This study presents a compares DSRC with several other commonly used short-range wireless access technologies in terms of transmission rate, spectrum characteristics, and communication modes.

In this paper we build a single-chip ZigBee hardware platform using Freescale MC13213, describe the basic content of physical layer protocol. By analyzing the programming structure of SPI services protocols and the Modem working mode in physical layer, we realize the designing of the underlying hardware drivers and the transmitting / receiving programs for the physical layer data packet with the component mode. Basing on this component mode we also do detailed test for the physical layer protocol to verify the reliability and stability of the physical layer functions. The results show that the single-chip ZigBee physical layer protocol is reliable and stable, and it can be applied in the actual projects easily.