An efficient fiber optic data management system for air defence

Modern air defense systems of large, medium, short, and close range are among the most complex types of military equipment. The ability of a country to independently produce modern air defense systems is an indicator of the level of development of its defense industry. Therefore, the development, serial production, and modernization of these systems require a high level of scientific and technological advancement, as well as significant investment in research and development. During the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the russian federation, both manned and unmanned aerial attack means were employed by the air and space forces. From the initial moments of the invasion, all components of the air defense encountered the need for the modernization of the existing air defense systems. The need for the modernization of existing air defense systems in Ukraine is justified by a comparative assessment of their tactical and technical characteristics with similar systems provided by Western partner countries within the framework of material and technical assistance. The modernization of air defense missile systems covering mechanized units will enhance the capability to detect and track targets, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the system in modern combat conditions. The issue of air defense system modernization has been the subject of numerous publications. These works discuss prospective directions for the development of short-range air defense systems, including the description of new technologies and materials that can be utilized to enhance the functionality and reliability of such systems. The publications focus on various methodological approaches to evaluate options for upgrading weapons and military equipment.

Evaluation method and optimization strategies of resilience for air & space defense system of systems based on kill network theory and improved self-information quantity

Under the complex operational environment of the antimissile operation, the application of Systems Modeling Language (SysML) parametric model in weapon system effectiveness evaluation is explored. The function of parametric graph model, the construction process of the model and the optimization method of the model are researched. Using feedback mechanism to collect, collate and calculate the parameters of the model, and realize the leap from the index relationship description to the calculation of the index. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by using the system of antimissile weapon system as an example.

This work analyzes the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of the leading countries of the world. It was noted that with the appearance of medium and small unmanned lethal vehicles, the tasks of countering them became significantly more relevant. Starting from the mid-2000s, reports began to circulate in the mass media about the danger of using small unmanned aerial vehicles in airport areas, and from the mid-2010s they began to be used to conduct unauthorized surveillance of important military objects, to conduct terrorist attacks. acts and diversions, for the transportation of prohibited goods (weapons, drugs and various contraband). In this work, it is noted that in the leading countries of the world, active scientific development of this direction of research has begun. At the same time, this problem is relatively new, because one of the first works on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles dates back to 2008. And mass scientific publications on their use refer to the years 20616-17. In the modern scientific literature of the leading countries of the world, the main directions of research in these scientific directions of research were introduced. Special terms were developed and implemented in scientific publications. At the initial stage of using UAVs (in the early 2000s), the task of analyzing their capabilities and countering them appeared. The task of countering UAVs was solved exclusively by means of defeating anti-aircraft missile systems of air defense (air defense air defense systems). Currently, military scientists have found out that the direct neutralization of a massive UAV raid by means of anti-aircraft defense systems is economically impractical, due to the unreasonably high cost of anti-aircraft defense means. This leads to the rapid consumption of the combat resource of the air defense system. In this regard, new means of countering UAVs are being widely researched, namely: the use of electronic warfare (ERW), the use of directed energy radiation — laser weapons, as well as the combined use of EW and air defense systems.

Introduction/Purpose: In this modern world, every country is trying to improve its defense system by acquiring new technologies. One of the main components of a defense system is the Air Defense System (ADS), which further includes fighter aircraft, drones, 3D radar, fighter command vehicles, and missile systems. The missile system has become the most important component of air defense systems around the globe. Due to the limited resources and weak economy, it is a challenge for a developing country to acquire an ADS that suits its resources and economic capabilities. This research paper aims to study the needs and goals of the defense system of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and to select the best missile system to improve its existing air defense system. Methods: A hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are used to evaluate the factors affecting the missile system as well as to select the best missile system for Pakistan. Results: The results depict that the S-400 missile system is the most feasible for Pakistan's air defense, followed by THAAD and S-300, which can meet the country's current security needs. Conclusion: The research concludes that precision target capability, range, and maneuverability are the prominent factors that play a greater role in the ADS sector of Pakistan. This research is the first of its kind to use the DEMATEL-AHP approach for the evaluation of air defense systems in the case of a developing country such as Pakistan.

This paper aims at analyzing the error influences on the precision of combining ship gun with air defense missile system. The structure and subsystem model of simulation system is designed firstly. Considering the combination of air defense missile and warship gun, optimized procedure of intercepting target is proposed to transform air defense firepower. Based on the platform of simulation system, various kinds of errors of air defense system are analyzed in order to study the effectiveness of attacking target. Finally, the precision of simulation system is calculated through the simulation model to prove that the design scheme is effective and can be a reference to the practical ship-based air defense system design.

Fighter defence in Britain sprang not from a marriage between "Stuffy" Dowding and radar in the 1930s, but from the First World War. Between 1915 and 1918, in response to raids by German airships and aircraft, Britain developed a sophisticated air defence system. The main air defence system of 1918, the London Air Defence Area (LADA), featured the most advanced command, control, communication, and intelligence (GT) system on earth. Cooperative competition with the Army increased the RAF's concern with air defence, precisely when mainstream RAF opinion believed that it could work. The development of effective ground-to-air radio-telephone was the most important development in air defence between 1918 and 1940, more fundamental than radar, although both devices were essential for survival during 1940. Between 1924 and 1930, Fighting Area Headquarters (FAHQ) essentially reestablished the air defence system of 1918, improving its communications and squadron performance.

Software is an important part of the capability drivers for many modern United States Army systems. The importance of improved software system safety processes are highlighted in the last revision to Military Standard (MIL-STD)-882. MILSTD-882E added software system safety techniques and practices. However, many Army systems pre-date the current revision. This paper provides an overview of how the Army Air Defense community is applying the software system safety guidance and techniques to an Air and Missile Defense system. The Patriot Air and Missile Defense (AMD) system is used for the case study. The case study illustrates the process and demonstrate safety analysis effectiveness. As part of the case study there is a discussion of the various Army safety organizations and the synergies between them.

The article proposes and substantiates the architecture of a battlefield air defense system in the context of a new airborne threat - kamikaze strike drones and drones with drops, in particular FPV drones. The author defines the concept of “battlefield” as the space from the line of combat to the depth of the combat formations of tactical level military formations - up to 70 km, where battles are directly fought and kamikaze drones are massively used. The main types of battlefield attack drones used by the enemy in the war against Ukraine are identified, their combat capabilities and Russia's drone production capabilities are analyzed. Possible elements of the air defense system, which, when interacting, will effectively counteract kamikaze strike drones and drones with dumps, are presented, namely Air Defense units of the Land Forces, forces and means of zonal and object-based air defense systems on the territory of combat operations; means of defeating and suppressing drones of certain types of weapons, primarily armored ones, which are a priority for fire damage by drones; forces and means of operational camouflage, which can complicate the conditions for the use of enemy drones with smoke, ionizing aerosols, and false targets. The set of system elements is defined as its structural component, the architecture of the battlefield air defense system. The peculiarities of kamikaze drones and drones with dumps as a new threat to troops and objects on the battlefield gave rise to the definition of the basic principles of the system's functioning, namely: the principle of system compliance with the combat capabilities of air attack means and the scale of their use, which is projected; the principle of gradual acquisition of the system's ability to effectively defeat the target, which is realized by its multi-level architecture - the level of detection and recognition of the target, the level of attack prevention, the level of fire damage to the target; the principle of adequate The set of principles of use is defined as a functional component of air defense systems for troops and battlefield objects.

Modern air defence systems are facing accelerated development of ballis tic, hypersonic, and unmanned threats that increasingly surpass the capa bilities of traditional defensive technologies. This paper analyses the main challenges posed to air defence by ballistic missiles and various categories of unmanned aerial vehicles. Through case studies from Ukraine, Israel, and the Gulf War, it illustrates the limited effectiveness of existing defence systems, particularly against sophisticated threats. Special attention is giv en to the concepts of air defence saturation through drone swarms and the economic implications of such tactics. In the final section, technological solutions for future defence are presented, including a multi-layered or bital sensor architecture, directed energy weapons, and electronic warfare systems. The paper concludes that the future effectiveness of air defence will depend on the ability to integrate various technologies into flexible and economically sustainable defence systems.

This book presents an organizational and social history of one of the foundational projects of the computer era: the development of the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air defense system, from its first test at Bedford, Massachusetts, in 1951, to the installation of the first unit of the New York Air Defense Sector of the SAGE system, in 1958. The idea for SAGE grew out of Project Whirlwind, a wartime computer development effort, when the U.S. Department of Defense realized that the Whirlwind computer might anchor a continent-wide advance warning system. Developed by MIT engineers and scientists for the U.S. Air Force, SAGE monitored North American skies for possible attack by manned aircraft and missiles for twenty-five years.Aside from its strategic importance, SAGE set the foundation for mass data-processing systems and foreshadowed many computer developments of the 1960s. The heart of the system, the AN/FSQ-7, was the first computer to have an internal memory composed of magnetic cores, thousands of tiny ferrite rings that served as reversible electromagnets. SAGE also introduced computer-driven displays, online terminals, time sharing, high-reliability computation, digital signal processing, digital transmission over telephone lines, digital track-while-scan, digital simulation, computer networking, and duplex computing.The book shows how the wartime alliance of engineers, scientists, and the military exemplified by MIT's Radiation Lab helped to transform research and development practice in the United States through the end of the Cold War period.

The unprecedented technological development in the field of weapons and ammunition used in the airspace, at low and very low altitudes, is one of the major challenges that the traditional air defence systems have to face. To this end, the military specialists of the modern armies pay special attention to the new types of air threats and seek solutions to maintain a balanced situation in the field of airspace security. In this regard, a number of transformations of the VSHORAD, SHORAD air defence missile systems are identified. The technical and tactical solutions mainly refer to increasing the capabilities of the weapons and ammunition systems, which can be used in achieving the specific algorithm of countering an air threat by applying certain specific methods, TEWA (Threat Evaluation and Weapons Allocation). This scientific approach highlights the possibilities of taking short and very short range air action as a starting point in the current development of the air defence systems, which by applying the operational art can temporarily compensate for the technological gap between the air threats and the air defence response.

A 3D visual analysis tool has been developed to add value to the SANDF's growing Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) System of Systems simulation capability. A time based XML interface between the simulation and analysis tool, via a TCP connection or a log file, allows individual simulation objects to be wholly updated or partially modified. Live pause and review of the simulation action is supported by employing data key frames and compressed XML for enhanced performance. An innovative configurable filter tree allows visual clutter to be reduced as required and an open source scene graph (OpenSceneGraph) manages the 3D scene representation and rendering.A visualisation capability is developed for the effective presentation of the dynamic air defence system behaviour, system state transitions and inter-system communication. The visual analysis tool has successfully been applied in support of system performance experiments, tactical doctrine development and simulation support during training and live field exercises. The 3D visualisation resulted in improved situational awareness during experiment analysis, in increased involvement of the SANDF in experiment analysis and in improved credibility of analysis results presented during live or after action visual feedback sessions.

: As tactical air threats have increased, so has the need to efficiently coordinate ground defense. With the advent of computer aided command and control systems, the identification of human strengths and limitations has become critical to the success of the Army air defense mission. The research reported in this paper was conducted in 1975 during the early development of the AN/TSQ-73 missile minder. The missile minder is representative of a class of emerging air defense systems which place unusual demands on the processing capabilities of the human operator. The purpose of the research was to evaluate human operator performance under realistic task loading, aircraft threats, and manning configurations. As a result of this study, procedures were developed which can effectively be applied to assess operator performance under a wide variety of emerging air defense systems. The procedure can also be utilized to aid in firing doctrine development, assist human factors specification, and improve interoperability decisions in linked air defense systems. (Author)

Intercept sorting is by targets recognition and the threat judgment, targets is determined as the intercept object, which not only reflects the target threat degree, but also reflects the degree of emergency for interception target, target interception order can provide a basis for objective optimization, so as to make the necessary preparation for target interception. Through the analysis of the intercept related factors of advantage degree, combining the actual circumstance of attacking target, two targets to be studied for all targets to be killed with the shortest time and the shortest intercept total time. We established the decision-making model for multi-channel anti-aircraft missile fire units, given interception decision algorithm, and considered the complexity of the algorithm, derived model and algorithm is more scientific and reasonable, which will provide ideas for effective interception. Introduction In the traditional command conditions, fire distribution mainly relys on the commanders for decision-making, while the commander can only be analyzed based on past experience; and under the conditions of command automation, the fire distribution assisted decision-making by computer, threat degrees and intercept favorable degree can be accuratly calculated and sorting in a very short time, and in accordance with the appropriate mathematical model to optimize the allocation of firepower and choose the program which can maximize the effectiveness. In fire distribution, the most important thing is to reasonablly intercept air targets, this problem is currently to follow some criteria, but faced with the complexity of the air situation, the target characteristic diversity, corresponding to different interception strategy, Therefore, it should be based on an objective function, establish mathematical model and design or take the appropriate algorithms, in order to reach the optimal intercept effect, thereby increasing the effectiveness of firepower distribution. Target threat evaluation and interception sorting are the key sub-processes in shooting command and control process of air defense missile. With the development of air defense systems, domestic and foreign scholars have been many studies on interception sorting criteria, some criteria even antagonistic, the literature [2] analyzed these cases in detail, the literature [3] pointed out that a reasonable interception order should be based on the actual target situation and the number of air defense weapon system. In this paper, a mathematical model is established ,which discussed multi-channel air defense missile system to intercept targets scheduling problem, research under the premise of killing all targets with the shortest time, make the shortest total time for each channel. Interception opportune factor and condition In the anti-air war, multiple fire units and multiple batches targets should be calculated separately for the favorable extent, in order to obtain a reasonable interception scheme for maximum interception performance. Factors affecting interception favorable degree are the following: the maximum effective interception time, altitude, shortcut route projection relative to each fire unit, flight speed, the order of firepower units were crossing, aerial targets types, and air defense weapon system tactical and technical indicators and other factors. and acording to the target route distance can calculate the maximum effective interception time , the target route