An efficient mac protocol for data collection in underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a newly emerging wireless technology in which small size sensors with limited energy and limited memory and bandwidth are deployed in deep sea water and various monitoring operations like tactical surveillance, environmental monitoring, and data collection are performed through these tiny sensors. Underwater wireless sensor networks are used for the exploration of underwater resources, oceanographic data collection, flood or disaster prevention, tactical surveillance systems, and unmanned underwater vehicles. Sensor nodes consist of a small memory, a central processing unit, and an antenna. Underwater networks are much different from terrestrial sensor networks as radio waves cannot be used in underwater wireless sensor networks. Acoustic channels are used for communication in deep sea water. Acoustic signals have many limitations, such as limited bandwidth, higher end-to-end delay, network path loss, higher propagation delay, and dynamic topology. Usually, these limitations result in higher energy consumption with a smaller number of packets delivered. The main aim nowadays is to operate sensor nodes having a smaller battery for a longer time in the network. This survey has discussed the state-of-the-art localization based and localization-free routing protocols. Routing associated issues in area of underwater wireless sensor networks have also been discussed.

Underwater wireless sensor networks nodes deployment optimization problem is studied and underwater wireless sensor nodes deployment determines its capability and lifetime. If no underwater wireless sensor node is available in the monitoring area of underwater wireless sensor networks due to used up energy or any other reasons, the monitoring area where is not detected by any underwater wireless sensor node forms coverage holes. In order to improve the coverage of the underwater wireless sensor networks and prolong the lifetime of the underwater wireless sensor networks, based on the perception model, establish nodes detection model, combining with the data fusion. Because the underwater wireless sensor networks nodes coverage holes appear when the initial randomly deployment, a nodes deployment algorithm based on perception model of underwater wireless sensor networks is designed in this article. The simulation results show that this algorithm can effectively reduce the number of deployment underwater wireless sensor networks nodes, improve the efficiency of underwater wireless sensor networks coverage, reduce the underwater wireless sensor networks nodes energy consumption, prolong the lifetime of the underwater wireless sensor networks.

The Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWASN) consists of sensors that are deployed underwater for gathering information for the unexplored parts of oceans or rivers. UWASN consists of variable number of floating and anchored sensors, sink and vehicles that are deployed over an area to be explored. The characteristics of UWASN are mainly node mobility for floating, capacity for data collection and recording and autonomous vehicles which are battery operable. The communication is possible among underwater devices through optical waves, radio waves, electromagnetic and acoustics. Out of these, acoustics communication is best suited as it can carry digital information through underwater channel and can travel to longer distances. The communication can be classified in two parts: Single and multi hoping. But in underwater we use multi-hop communication for sending data from end nodes to sink nodes. The various challenges to UWASN are limited bandwidth, multipath fading, limited battery, limited data capacity and delay in propagation. Hence, in this paper we have focussed on various issues and challenges in underwater wireless sensor networks for acoustic communications.

Water covers more than 70 % of the entire planet, contains much of its natural resources. With the increasing use of underwater sensors for the exploitation and monitoring of vast underwater resources, underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN), mostly based on acoustic transmission technologies, have been developing steadily in terms of operation range and data throughput. In an energy-constrained underwater system environment it is very important to find ways to improve the life expectancy of the sensors. Compared to the sensors of a terrestrial Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), underwater sensors cannot use solar energy to recharge the batteries, and it is difficult to replace the batteries in the sensors. This paper reviews the research progress made to date in the area of energy consumption in underwater sensor networks (UWSN) and concentrates on developing routing algorithms that support energy efficiency. These algorithms are designed to carry out data communication while prolonging the operation time of WSNs.

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high latency, node mobility, high error probability, and 3-dimensional space. These new features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. The communication range of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is limited, and the nodes are equipped with limited power battery whose replacement is expensive due to underwater harsh environment. Moreover, the networks including small number of nodes have communication problems for long ranges. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three classical location-based routing protocols (namely, VBF, HH-VBF, and VBVA) for underwater wireless sensor networks in terms of three critical performance metrics for dynamic network topology. Our comparison includes energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

The properties of underwater acoustic channel are quite different from those of terrestrial wireless sensor networks, which brings many challenges to design an efficient media access control (MAC) protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs). In order to overcome the long propagation delay and the funneling effect of UWASNs, a MAC protocol, named path-oriented code assignment (POCA) CDMA MAC (POCA-CDMA-MAC) protocol, is proposed in the paper. In the proposed protocol, a round-robin method and the CDMA technology are used to make the sink receive packets from multiple neighbors at the same time. Unlike other CDMA-based protocols using the transmitter-oriented code assignment (TOCA) or the receiver-oriented code assignment (ROCA), the POCA is used in the CDMA technology. Since the number of the path is much less than the number of nodes, the length of the spreading code used in systems with POCA is greatly shorter than those of the spreading code used in systems with TOCA or ROCA. Simulation results show that compared to existing MAC protocols for UWASNs, the proposed MAC protocol achieves a higher throughput, and a lower end-to-end delay.

Study Framework: The system of geographical information (GIS) is a computerized method for collecting, storing, disseminating, querying, updating, processing and analyzing geographic data. (GIS) enables the collection of diverse spatial data from various sources and transforms it into an information board for multiple users to boost productivity. Intelligent techniques, remote sensing, and underwater Wireless sensor networks are applied to improve GIS dramatically. Remote sensing data sources for GIS come from underwater sensor networks, The implementation of effective sensing devices, intelligent mobile nodes, and a multi-hop routing system can facilitate the efficient and optimal routing of traffic towards the basin or base station. They have been using GIS, which has revolutionized response scenarios with its ability to collect, analyze and manipulate spatial points. The objective of the study: The aim of this research is to differentiate the significant routing protocol issues that are relevant to underwater sensor networks. These networks serve as key transceivers that have established mechanisms for seamless and efficient data transmission. The mechanisms: The article presented a performance evaluation simulation based on a comparison of five different routing protocols that perform to promote GIS execution. A rigorous comparison of the outcomes varied by five routing protocols, where it evaluated with random mobility UnderWater sensor model based on the varied network parameters, was performed to validate this work. The continued to improve results: The suggested study in this manuscript contains spatial-information services universal to routing protocols to aid a group of navigators in harsh circumstances. According to the findings of the study, the CTP-ABS-SEEC routing protocol demonstrated superior performance compared to the other four routing protocols (CTP-SEEC, SEEC, EEDBR, and DBR) in the specified network configuration.

The Internet of underwater things (IoUT) has become a promising and vibrant paradigm which mainly relies on the underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UASN). IoUT was first proposed to facilitate offshore real‐time monitoring and exploration of underwater environments. It is now becoming a key component for building and connecting the futuristic underwater smart cities. However, Acoustic waves used in underwater communication suffer from long propagation delays and high transmission energy requirements. Therefore, approaches for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) assisted data collection and cluster‐based routing were proposed to overcome these drawbacks. In this article, we present a smart genetic‐based AUV path planning algorithm for data collection to enhance the performance of UASN. In addition, we combine our smart data collection technique with a dynamic location‐unaware clustering algorithm to further reduce energy consumption with mobility consideration. Our simulation results showed that our genetic‐based technique achieves more than 145% increase in network lifetime and almost a 75% reduction in energy expenditure compared with traditional diagonal path selection technique. More simulations comparing our combined technique with a novel clustering technique showed that the network lifetime is twice as better, total energy consumption is nearly 30% less, and the delivery ratio is 15% more at low densities.

Attack Simulation Model and Channel Statistics in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Underwater sensor networks are physical networks containing acoustic,magnetic,and static electric field.It has got widely application in ocean data acquisition,pollution forecasting,ocean exploitation,and ocean supervision.And in future it will show its advantages in the battlefield.The state-of-the-art underwater wireless sensor networks are overviewed,and several typical structures of underwater wireless sensor networks are also described.Taking account of the requirements of underwater applications several fundamental key aspects in the design of underwater sensor networks,such as node localization,energy,source localization and other challenges are investigated.Finally open issues in underwater sensor networks are discussed.

In the past few decades, optical communication with high data rates up to Gb/s in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) has been extensively investigated. However, now a days researchers are highly focused on proposing/implementing localization algorithms for underwater optical wireless sensor networks (UOWSN) that are both fast in computation and cost efficient in terms of hardware design. In this paper we have used two different setups, one consisting of one led as a transmission node Tx. Where we exploit the effects of different angle on optical communication by implementing Lambert cosine law in a (UOWSN). The second setup is made of a led clutch which can communicate in 360 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> . Both setups are used to estimate the location of a sensor node Rx in (UOWSN). To complete the task of localization estimation, a multilateration algorithm based on Euclidean distance between the Tx and Rx nodes is used, where as Gauss–Newton method was used to find the minimum of the function.

Performance modeling and analysis of void-handling methodologies in underwater wireless sensor networks

Interest in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW‐ASNs) has rapidly increased with the desire to control the large portion of the world covered by oceans. Energy efficiency is one of the major concerns in UW‐ASNs due to the limited energy budget of the underwater sensor nodes. In this paper, we tackle the problem of energy holes in UW‐ASNs while taking into consideration the unique characteristics of the underwater channel. We prove that we can evenly distribute the transmission load among sensor nodes provided that sensors adjust their communication range when they send or forward the periodically generated data. In particular, we propose a balanced routing strategy along with the associated deployment pattern that meticulously determines the load weight for each possible next hop that leads to fair energy consumption among all underwater sensors. Consequently, the energy holes problem is overcome, and hence, the network lifetime is improved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses the energy hole problem in UW‐ASNs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

With the rapid developments in edge devices and wireless technologies, the underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are in the process of vigorous development. In UWSNs, the traditional multi-hop data collection methods have some disadvantages such as high power consumption, severe unbalance in power consumption, and so on. In recent years, mobile edge elements (such as an autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV) are widely used in underwater data collection to solve energy consumption imbalance problems. However, the existing methods do not fully consider the efficient mobile edge computing and the real mobility model of AUV in the underwater environment. In this paper, we propose a data collection scheme based on a mobility model of mobile edge elements under water. In this model, the mobility direction and velocity are fully considered, which are close to the mobility characteristic of AUVs in the stable 3D environment. By using computing, storage, and mobility abilities of AUVs, a target selection algorithm is designed to calculate the mobility path of data collection for AUV. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method improves the efficiency of data collection, reduces the power consumption of nodes, and extends the network lifetime.

Owing to the rapid development of underwater applications, the research on underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is becoming more and more significant. Low bandwidth, high latency, limited energy and node float mobility are basic challenges for underwater sensor networks. Most of the theories for terrestrial sensor networks can not be applied to underwater sensor networks. In this paper, we focus on the localization and routing issues for dynamic UWSNs. Location based routing protocols can suit the dynamic situation of UWSNs well. However, most research assumes that the nodes know their locations, which may be not appropriate for some applications. This paper combines these two aspects together to design a localization based routing protocol for dynamic UWSNs. The simulation results show our method can effectively route data from the source nodes to the sink nodes in a dynamic environment.