An Efficient Mutual Authentication Framework with Conditional Privacy Protection in VANET

A stable and reliable routing mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important step toward the provision of long data transmission applications, such as file sharing and music download. Traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols are not suitable for VANET because the mobility model and environment of VANET are different from those of traditional MANET. To solve this problem, we proposed a new stable routing algorithm, called stable directional forward routing. The novelty of the proposed routing protocol is its combining direction broadcast and path duration prediction into ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocols, which including: (1) Nodes in VANET are grouped based on the position, only nodes in a given direction range participating in the route discovery process to reduce the frequency of flood requests, (2) Route selection is based on the link duration while not the hops or other metrics to increase the path duration, (3) Route discovery is executed before the path expiration in order to decrease the end to end delay. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations with Qualnet. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of decreasing routing control packet, reducing the number of link-breakage events, improving the packet delivery ratio and decreasing the end-to-end delay.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are special kind of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), where vehiclescommunicate with each other in ad hoc formation. VANETs consist of Vehicles and Road Side Units (RSUs) that assist inthe network management. Vehicles communicate with each other and RSUs, with the aim to provide infotainment and safety services on road. Security is an important consideration in VANETs as safety of humans (passengers) is an important issue. Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure (VPKI) is an adapted form of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) used to achieve the key management and security services in VANETs. Certificate generation and revocation is one of the primary functions of VPKI. Certificate revocation is used for revoking the malicious nodes and terminate their access rights to the network. In this paper we classify revocation schemes in a novel way into centralized and decentralized manners. This paper covers a survey of different certificate revocation schemes, and provides an overview of the research in the area of certificate revocation in VANETs.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emerged technology where vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) communicate with each other. VANETs can be categorized as a subbranch of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). VANETs help to improve traffic efficiency and safety and provide infotainment facility as well. The dissemination of messages must be relayed through nodes in VANETs. However, it is possible that a node may propagate false information in a network due to its malicious behaviour or selfishness. False information in VANETs can change drivers’ behaviour and create disastrous consequences in the network. Therefore, sometimes false safety messages may endanger human life. To avoid any lass, it is more important to detect and avoid false messages. This paper has explained some important algorithms that can detect false messages in VANETs. The categorization of false message detection schemes based on local and cooperative behaviour has been presented in this article. The limitations and consequences of existing schemes as well as future work has been discussed.

In the previous couple of years, various types of researchers concentrate on Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANET) field due to various facilities it provides. VANET a subgroup of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), refers to a group of intelligent nodes i.e. (vehicles) on the road. These intelligent vehicles interact with one other or with the road side unit (RSU) for providing safer roads and a more efficient driving experience and providing security against attackers. In VANET messages are conveyed in an open wireless channels Security is therefore the most concerning issue in VANET. In this paper several types of the security issues, requirements, attacks, attackers in VANET have been described and some recent solutions to solve the security problems with their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed.

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology in near future. VANET allows vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside units (RSUs). Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE), defined by IEEE, provides the Internet connectivity for vehicles as well as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. RSUs can form a wireless mesh network (WMN) as a backbone infrastructure to enhance the performance of VANET. However, WAVE supports only one-hop communications for IP packets in VANET, and existing researches do not consider the compatibility between VANET and WMN infrastructure formed by RSUs. We propose the extended WMN (ExWMN) which has the feasibility to extend WMN to VANET domain. In ExWMN, the vehicles can send IP packets to an access router by using the multi-hop capability of WMN. ExWMN uses the addressing scheme of WMN for the extended VANET domain and exploits geographical routing protocols instead of existing routing protocols of WMN due to VANET characteristics such as mobility and dynamically changing network topologies. ExWMN supports the compatibility between the extended VANET and a WMN infrastructure due to RSUs, which provide a bridging function between them. This paper presents the architecture and the detailed procedures of the ExWMN.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) offers various services to users. Misusing such network could cause destructive consequences. A perfect user authentication scheme is necessary to secure the VANET system. Use of biometrics in authentication can overcome the limitations of existing random key based authentication techniques. A combination of face and finger print biometrics provide more accurate recognition of users. Here we propose, A novel approach for enhancing the security of User Authentication in VANETs based on biometrics. It concentrates on enhancing the security of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication in VANET.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) are key to realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Although VANETs belong to the class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), and there are numerous routing protocols for MANETs, none of these protocols are applicable for VANETs. In particular, VANETs are highly dynamic due to high speed mobility of vehicles and traditional routing algorithms for MANETs cannot deal with such dynamicity of network nodes. Several comparative studies have suggested AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), a well known MANET protocol that is adaptive to dynamic changes in network and makes efficient utilization of network resources, to be the best candidate for dealing with VANETs. However, verbatim adoption of AODV is not an efficient routing solution for VANETs. Recent works therefore proposed various modifications and/or additions to AODV to make it suitable for VANETs. It is particularly important to control congestion in VANETs by efficiently dealing with the AODV "Route Request" (RREQ) packets. In this paper, we propose Pro-AODV (Proactive AODV), a protocol that uses information from the AODV routing table to minimize congestion in VANETs, yet sustains other performance metrics at acceptable levels. The novelty and elegance in Pro-AODV comes from the fact that it does not require the execution of any additional logic, it is sufficient to know only the size of the routing table at each node.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have high requirements for real-time data processing and security of message authentication. In order to solve the computing power asymmetry between vehicles and road side units (RSUs) in VANETs under high-density traffic, accelerate the processing speed of message authentication, and solve the problems of high computational overhead and long message authentication time caused by the use of bilinear pairing encryption technology in similar message-batch-authentication schemes, we propose introducing the concept of edge computing (EC) into VANETs and using idle nodes’ resources to assist the RSU in quickly authenticating messages to achieve computing power load balancing under multiple traffic flows. We propose introducing the idea of edge computing (EC) into VANETs and using idle nodes’ resources to assist RSUs in quickly authenticating messages. This scheme performs two identity-based message authentications based on the identity signature constructed by elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). One of them is the batch authentication of the vehicle sending messages by the RSU-authenticated vehicles with free resources, as temporary edge computing nodes (TENs), and the other is the authentication of the temporary TEN messages by the fixed-edge-node RSUs. The resources of the TEN are used to reduce the computational burden of RSUs and message authentication time, thereby improving the efficiency of system authentication of messages. We performed a security analysis of the scheme to prove its security properties and compared it with other schemes in terms of performance. The experimental results show that our scheme has a transmission overhead of 2400 bytes when there are four TENs, and the number of verification message requests reaches 20, which outperforms other methods. The gap will be more evident as the numbers of TEN and message verification requests increase.

VANET is short for Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a special class of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) where nodes self-organize and self-manage information in a distributed fashion. They consist of vehicles and/or roadside units that assist in the management of the network. A public key infrastructure (PKI) was widely adopted by recent research efforts as a solution to security problems. One part of a PKI solution is certificate revocation. Certificate revocation is one way to terminate the membership of a vehicle from the network. Revocation can also be conducted by the other vehicles participating in the network. This paper is a survey of different revocation schemes developed for VANETs. The purpose of the paper is to survey the literature, and provide an overview of the extent of the research done in the area of revocation in VANETs.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is the hotspot research field of wireless mobile ad hoc network, it provides a new opportunity to create a safe and efficient transportation environment. However, as an open network where information has to interact frequently, it is difficult to ensure the security of data transmitted in VANETs and protect the privacy of drivers. Many existing information-sharing schemes use complex encryption algorithms to enable secure traffic data sharing. Nevertheless, these schemes are not suitable for VANETs because of their high computational overhead and lack of corresponding tracking mechanisms for malicious vehicles. Therefore, a traffic data security sharing scheme is designed that combines blockchain technology and traceable ring signature algorithms to secure the transmitted messages. The traceable ring signature algorithm is formulated in combination with bilinear pairing, enabling conditional privacy protection instead of traditional ring signature. To improve the efficiency of VANETs, this scheme introduces edge computing technology to reduce the computational burden of Road Side Units (RSUs) by offloading most of the computational tasks to the servers via edge nodes. In addition, we use smart contract to track malicious vehicles. Security analysis and performance comparison show that our scheme is more efficient and secure for drivers than other existing related schemes.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.