An Ensemble-Learning-Based Technique for Bimodal Sentiment Analysis

This chapter discusses the concept of natural language processing (NLP), specifically how the NLP is applied. The chapter further outlines the typical functions of the NLP. In addition, it explores the NLP in strategy and strategy implementation.The NLP is a branch of computer science, AI and linguistics that focuses on the interaction between computer programs and human language. There are three functions of the NLP, namely, machine translation (MT), text summarisation and sentiment analysis (SA). MT is a branch of computer linguistics that analyses the use of computerised tools to translate the context derived from this, from one language to the next. The language that is being translated is the human language.Automatic text summarisation refers to a process of bringing about a succinct and meaningful summary of the text. SA is a way of finding out the polarity or strength of the opinion that is expressed in written text. The opinion could be either positive or negative. MT has three major approaches, namely, rule-based MT, statistical MT and neural MT. A rule-based system would typically require the expert to know both the source and the target languages. This knowledge is then used to develop syntactic, semantic and morphological rules to achieve the translation. The statistical approach uses statistical models based on the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The neural MT approach uses neural networks to achieve machine translation. There are two broad categories of text summarisation approaches, namely, extractive summarisation and abstractive summarisation. Furthermore, there are four popular types of SA, namely, the fine-grained SA, emotion detection, aspect-based SA and multilingual SA. The firm that deploys the NLP and ML in Big Data Analytics would gain crucial and better insights, setting the firm apart from its competitors.

Discourse analysis plays a significant role in understanding and interpreting the complexity of human language, providing valuable insights for improving natural language processing (NLP) systems. This study presents an in-depth review of discourse analysis in NLP, and its applications in various domains such as machine translation, question-answering systems, sentiment analysis, conversational bots, and information retrieval. By analyzing the structural and contextual aspects of language, discourse analysis enhances the NLP system’s ability to understand individual words and their meaning in cross-border conversational contexts. The review highlights how discourse analysis and learning techniques work together to improve the automated system's accuracy and efficiency. In addition to addressing significant challenges, including ambiguity, cultural variance, and conversational dynamics, the paper also suggests future research directions for exploring the possibilities of natural language processing in human-computer interactions. This work attempts to fill the gap between linguistic theory and computational applications by demonstrating how discourse analysis can revolutionize the development of more intelligent, contextually aware, and human-centered language technologies.

Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis in Natural Language Processing (NLP) are challenging, as they require deep understanding. Understanding involves methods that could differentiate between the facts of explicit and implicit, regular and irregular, syntactical and semantic language rules. Researches oriented towards Natural Language Processing and Sentiment Analysis have many unresolved problems like co-reference resolution, negation handling, anaphora resolution, named-entity recognition, and word-sense disambiguation. This paper is proposed to develop an Optimized Partial Ancestral Graph (O-PAG) which is capable of mining patterns in human interactions and compare it with an existing tree based pattern mining approach. The experimental results are exposed to number of frequent interactions made and execution time. Results indicate that the overall performance can reach considerable improvements on using O-PAG approach.

Nowadays, people find it easier to express opinions via social media-formally known as Web 2.0. Sentiment analysis is an essential field under natural language processing in Computer Science that deals with analyzing people's opinions on the subject matter and discovering the polarity they contain. These opinions could be processed in collective form (as a document) or segments or units as sentences or phrases. Sentiment analysis can be applied in education, research optimization, politics, business, education, health, science and so on, thus forming massive data that requires efficient tools and techniques for analysis. Furthermore, the standard tools currently used for data collection, such as online surveys, interviews, and student evaluation of teachers, limit respondents in expressing opinions to the researcher's surveys and could not generate huge data as Web 2.0 becomes bigger. Sentiment analysis techniques are classified into three (3): Machine learning algorithms, lexicon and hybrid. This study explores sentiment analysis of Web 2.0 for novice researchers to promote collaboration and suggest the best tools for sentiment data analysis and result efficiency. Studies show that machine learning approaches result in large data sets on document-level sentiment classification. In some studies, hybrid techniques that combine machine learning and lexicon-based performance are better than lexicon. Python and R programming are commonly used tools for sentiment analysis implementation, but SentimentAnalyzer and SentiWordnet are recommended for the novice.
 Keywords: Sentiment Analysis; Web 2.0; Applications; Tools; Novice

The set of perceptions held by various groups based on history and expectations constitutes the reputation of organizations. There are multiple correct measurements of reputation since no general definition of the concept has been reached. ORM (Online Reputation Monitoring-management) systems oversee this measurement and have a sentiment analysis component to perform this task. The literature presents different frameworks or methodologies for measurement developed by academia and industry. These proposals’ common objective is to measure online reputation based on the opinions expressed by individuals close to the organization. In the absence of an automatic ORM system, it is necessary to perform this task manually within a company by a person; this can generate operational errors, delay processes, and make scalability impossible to increase the number of items reviewed (news, comments). These drawbacks can be mitigated by automating the measurement of a client’s online reputation. This paper contains the development of three methodologies from the literature to explore online reputation measurement starting from Twitter and Google News information sources. The implementation results conclude that the POS-Tagger elimination methodology generates the best result compared to the coded methodologies.

BackgroundQualitative research methods are increasingly being used across disciplines because of their ability to help investigators understand the perspectives of participants in their own words. However, qualitative analysis is a laborious and resource-intensive process. To achieve depth, researchers are limited to smaller sample sizes when analyzing text data. One potential method to address this concern is natural language processing (NLP). Qualitative text analysis involves researchers reading data, assigning code labels, and iteratively developing findings; NLP has the potential to automate part of this process. Unfortunately, little methodological research has been done to compare automatic coding using NLP techniques and qualitative coding, which is critical to establish the viability of NLP as a useful, rigorous analysis procedure.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the utility of a traditional qualitative text analysis, an NLP analysis, and an augmented approach that combines qualitative and NLP methods.MethodsWe conducted a 2-arm cross-over experiment to compare qualitative and NLP approaches to analyze data generated through 2 text (short message service) message survey questions, one about prescription drugs and the other about police interactions, sent to youth aged 14-24 years. We randomly assigned a question to each of the 2 experienced qualitative analysis teams for independent coding and analysis before receiving NLP results. A third team separately conducted NLP analysis of the same 2 questions. We examined the results of our analyses to compare (1) the similarity of findings derived, (2) the quality of inferences generated, and (3) the time spent in analysis.ResultsThe qualitative-only analysis for the drug question (n=58) yielded 4 major findings, whereas the NLP analysis yielded 3 findings that missed contextual elements. The qualitative and NLP-augmented analysis was the most comprehensive. For the police question (n=68), the qualitative-only analysis yielded 4 primary findings and the NLP-only analysis yielded 4 slightly different findings. Again, the augmented qualitative and NLP analysis was the most comprehensive and produced the highest quality inferences, increasing our depth of understanding (ie, details and frequencies). In terms of time, the NLP-only approach was quicker than the qualitative-only approach for the drug (120 vs 270 minutes) and police (40 vs 270 minutes) questions. An approach beginning with qualitative analysis followed by qualitative- or NLP-augmented analysis took longer time than that beginning with NLP for both drug (450 vs 240 minutes) and police (390 vs 220 minutes) questions.ConclusionsNLP provides both a foundation to code qualitatively more quickly and a method to validate qualitative findings. NLP methods were able to identify major themes found with traditional qualitative analysis but were not useful in identifying nuances. Traditional qualitative text analysis added important details and context.

Sentiment analysis, a critical task in natural language processing, aims to automatically identify and classify the sentiment expressed in textual data. Aspect-level sentiment analysis focuses on determining sentiment at a more granular level, targeting specific aspects or features within a piece of text. In this paper, we explore various techniques for sentiment analysis, including traditional machine learning approaches and state-of-the-art deep learning models. Additionally, deep learning techniques has been utilized to identifying and extracting specific aspects from text, addressing aspect-level ambiguity, and capturing nuanced sentiments for each aspect. These datasets are valuable for conducting aspect-level sentiment analysis. In this article, we explore a language model based on pre-trained deep neural networks. This model can analyze sequences of text to classify sentiments as positive, negative, or neutral without explicit human labeling. To evaluate these models, data from Twitter's US airlines sentiment database was utilized. Experiments on this dataset reveal that the BERT, RoBERTA and DistilBERT model outperforms than the ML based model in accuracy and is more efficient in terms of training time. Notably, our findings showcase significant advancements over previous state-of-the-art methods that rely on supervised feature learning, bridging existing gaps in sentiment analysis methodologies. Our findings shed light on the advancements and challenges in sentiment analysis, offering insights for future research directions and practical applications in areas such as customer feedback analysis, social media monitoring, and opinion mining.

This research explored Korean EFL learners’ perspectives towards three different media modes in collaborative writing on Google Docs. To examine this, the study utilized sentiment analysis and word frequency in natural language processing (NLP). The results suggest how media modes can be effectively deployed in collaborative English writing.

Now-a-days, Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter etc. are becoming more and more popular to express feelings and thoughts. People not only share their happy moments on these platforms but also share their feelings when they are extremely depressed. Analyzing these social media posts, one’s mental condition can be detected whether he/she is happy, sad or angry at a particular time using sentiment analysis in natural language processing. Most of the research in this field is based on English language and the accuracy of sentiment analysis from Bengali language is not very high. So, our purpose is to work on this field using Bengali dataset collected from different social media posts and make the sentiment detection more accurate so that this work can be used to build a system that can be used in the mental health sector of our country. In this research, we have first collected social media data. After applying different data preprocessing techniques, we have made a number of feature selection and extraction combinations. We have applied some basic and advanced machine learning and deep learning algorithms on each of these to find the best combination and algorithm by monitoring the highest achieved accuracy.

Natural language processing (NLP) is a subset of artificial intelligence demonstrating how algorithms can interact with individuals in their unique languages. In addition, sentiment analysis in NLP is better in numerous programs, including evaluating sentiment in Telugu. Several unsupervised machine-learning algorithms, such as k-means clustering with cuckoo search, are used to detect Telugu text. However, these techniques struggle to cluster data with variable cluster sizes and densities, slow search speeds, and poor convergence accuracy. This study developed a unique ML-based sentiment analysis system for Telugu text to address the shortcomings. Initially, in the pre-processing stage, the proposed Linear Pursuit Algorithm (LPA) removes words in white spaces, punctuation, and stops. Then, for POS tagging, this research proposed a Conditional Random Field with Lexicon weighting; following that, a Contrived Passive Aggressive with Fuzzy Weighting Classifier (CPSC-FWC) is proposed to classify the sentiments in Telugu text. Consequently, the method we propose produces efficient outcomes in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score.

IntroductionThe emergence of social media platforms like X has created a unique space for mental health discussions. This study aims to analyze the language and themes used in social media discussions to appreciate sentiments about PMS and PMDD by looking at a sample of the most popular tweets on platform X.ObjectivesWe hypothesize that this content can provide insight into public perceptions and guide educational campaigns.MethodsAn advanced Twitter/X search for “PMS” and “PMDD” was conducted, filtering for English content. The top 100 tweets for each search term were explored through two different sentiment analysis tools which include Dr. Daniel Soper’s Sentiment Analyzer Tool and Text2Data Application Programming Interface (API) Natural Language Processing (NLP) Analysis. Tweets were also analyzed using a word cloud generator to identify the most frequently used terms. Connecting words were eliminated from the final output.ResultsNegative sentiment was more prevalent than positive among the tweets for PMDD, with an overall sentiment analysis of an average of -24.3 per the Daniel Soper Sentiment Analyzer tool, suggesting a negative and serious tone. The most frequently appearing terms in these tweets were “month” (mentioned 17 times), “bad” (16), “love” (15), “feel” (14), “MAFS” (14), “support (14). Per Text2Data’s API NLP analysis, the top 150 words had a negative sentiment of -0.59 with a magnitude of 1.69. Negative sentiment was more prevalent than positive among the tweets for PMS, with an overall sentiment analysis of an average of -15.2 per the Daniel Soper Sentiment Analyzer tool, suggesting a somewhat negative and serious tone. The most frequently appearing terms in these tweets were “new” (11), “price” (10), “oxford” (9), “feel” (14), “people” (9), “want” (9). Per Text2Data’s API NLP analysis, the top 150 words had neutral sentiment of +0.15 with a magnitude of 1.59.ConclusionsThis study emphasizes a less negative sentiment associated with PMS compared to PMDD. It also highlights how more emotionally charged terms were used among tweets discussing PMDD compared to PMS. This may reflect public perception of the two conditions. Additionally, social media can be a way to gauge public interest and perception of medical topics.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

In recent years, online shopping has surged in popularity, with customer reviews becoming a crucial aspect of the decision-making process. Reviews not only help potential customers make informed choices, but also provide businesses with valuable feedback and build trust. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of the Amazon reviews dataset, which includes several product categories. Our primary objective was to accurately classify sentiments using natural language processing, machine learning, ensemble learning, and deep learning techniques. Our research workflow encompassed several crucial steps. We explore data collection procedures; preprocessing steps, including normalization and tokenization; and feature extraction, utilizing the Bag-of-Words and TF–IDF methods. We conducted experiments employing a variety of machine learning algorithms, including Multinomial Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression. Additionally, we harnessed Bagging as an ensemble learning technique. Furthermore, we explored deep learning-based algorithms, such as CNNs, Bidirectional LSTM, and transformer-based models, like XLNet and BERT. Our comprehensive evaluations, utilizing metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, revealed that the BERT algorithm outperformed others, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 89%. This research provides valuable insights into the sentiment analysis of Amazon reviews, aiding both consumers and businesses in making informed decisions and enhancing product and service quality.

The research-based implementations towards Sentiment analyses are about a decade old and have introduced many significant algorithms, techniques, and framework towards enhancing its performance. The applicability of sentiment analysis towards business and the political survey is quite immense. However, we strongly feel that existing progress in research towards Sentiment Analysis is not at par with the demand of massively increasing dynamic data over the pervasive environment. The degree of problems associated with opinion mining over such forms of data has been less addressed, and still, it leaves the certain major scope of research. This paper will brief about existing research trends, some important research implementation in recent times, and exploring some major open issues about sentiment analysis. We believe that this manuscript will give a progress report with the snapshot of effectiveness borne by the research techniques towards sentiment analysis to further assist the upcoming researcher to identify and pave their research work in a perfect direction towards considering research gap.

In the ever-expanding digital landscape, the abundance of user-generated content on consumer platforms such as Booking and TripAdvisor offers a rich source of information for both travellers and hoteliers. Sentiment analysis, a fundamental research task of natural language processing (NLP) is used for mining sentiments and opinions within this vast reservoir of text reviews. A more specific type of sentiment analysis, i.e., aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), is used when processing customer reviews is required. In ABSA, we aim to capture aspect-level sentiments and intricate relationships between various aspects within reviews. This article proposes a novel approach to ABSA by introducing a novel technique of word sense disambiguation (WSD) and integrating it with the Transformer architecture bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers (BERT) and graph convolutional networks (GCNs). The proposed approach resolves the intriguing ambiguities of the words and represents the review data as a complex graph structure, facilitating the modeling of intricate relationships between different aspects. The combination of bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and GCN proves effective in capturing inter-dependencies among various aspects, providing a nuanced understanding of customer sentiments. The experiments are conducted on the RABSA dataset (an enhanced and richer hotel review data collection), and results demonstrate that our approach outperforms previous baselines, showcasing the effectiveness of integrating WSD in ABSA. Furthermore, an ablation study confirms the significant contribution of the WSD module to the overall performance. Moreover, we explore different similarity measures and find that cosine similarity yields the best results when identifying the real sense of a word in a given sentence using WordNet. The findings of our work and future work related to our work create lots of interest for people in the tourism and hospitality industry. This research gives another boost to the concept of the potential of NLP techniques in sentiment analysis. It emphasizes that if we combine the potential of NLP techniques along with state-of-the-art machine learning frameworks, we can shape the future of this field.

Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is an important task in natural language processing and data mining. It involves extracting and analyzing subjective information from textual data to determine the sentiment or opinion expressed by the author. With the advancement of technology and the widespread use of social media and online review platforms, it is increasingly important to understand users' opinions and sentiments regarding a particular product, service or issue. The purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive literature review on sentiment analysis techniques. This research utilizes the systematic literature review method. This method involves systematic steps in searching, evaluating, and analyzing relevant literature in the field of sentiment analysis. The literature search was conducted through scientific databases and other reliable sources. Relevant articles were then selected based on pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data from the selected articles were then comprehensively analyzed to identify the sentiment analysis techniques used and the key findings in the research. The results show that there are various techniques and approaches that have been developed and tested in sentiment analysis, some of the commonly used techniques include rule-based methods, classification-based methods, and machine learning-based methods.