An experimental study of tomato viral leaf diseases detection using machine learning classification techniques

This composition bargains with the Tomato leaf infection discovery and classification utilizing different strategies like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Regions with CNN (R-CNN), Fast R-CNN and Faster R-CNN. The main issue in the agricultural sector is leaf diseases, which have an impact on crop yield and financial gain. Early detection of leaf diseases in plants is essential to prevent losses to the agricultural sector. There are several tomato leaf diseases that affect the crop's leaves, including the Mosaic virus, Early Blight, Healthy, Septoria leaf, and Bacterial spot. Using deep learning algorithms and image processing methods, we can identify the diseases in tomato leaves using developing deep learning approaches. The implementation procedures in our proposed work involves data collection, pre-processing, training, feature extraction, testing, and classification utilising the Visual Geometry Group (VGG 16) to identify damaged or healthy leaves. VGG 16 is incorporated to categorise the leaves as healthy or diseased based on the data and Regression's boundary box method is adopted. Therefore, using Faster RCNN, a model is created to identify and categorise diseases from every image of a tomato leaf that is used as an input, providing a forecast with a considerably greater degree of accuracy. We obtain an accuracy of approximately 98% after fitting the collected features into the neural network over 20 iterations.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to analyse and review deep learning convolutional neural networks for detecting and diagnosing early-stage dental caries on periapical radiographs.Materials and MethodsIn order to conduct this review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies published from 2015 to 2021 under the keywords (deep convolutional neural network) AND (caries), (deep learning caries) AND (convolutional neural network) AND (caries) were systematically reviewed.ResultsWhen dental caries is improperly diagnosed, the lesion may eventually invade the enamel, dentin, and pulp tissue, leading to loss of tooth function. Rapid and precise detection and diagnosis are vital for implementing appropriate prevention and treatment of dental caries. Radiography and intraoral images are considered to play a vital role in detecting dental caries; nevertheless, studies have shown that 20% of suspicious areas are mistakenly diagnosed as dental caries using this technique; hence, diagnosis via radiography alone without an objective assessment is inaccurate. Identifying caries with a deep convolutional neural network-based detector enables the operator to distinguish changes in the location and morphological features of dental caries lesions. Deep learning algorithms have broader and more profound layers and are continually being developed, remarkably enhancing their precision in detecting and segmenting objects.ConclusionClinical applications of deep learning convolutional neural networks in the dental field have shown significant accuracy in detecting and diagnosing dental caries, and these models hold promise in supporting dental practitioners to improve patient outcomes.

Identifying tomato leaf diseases under real field conditions using convolutional neural networks and a chatbot

Tomato leaf pests and diseases pose a significant threat to the yield and quality of Q6 tomatoes, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive studies on effective control methods. Current control measures predominantly rely on experience and manual observation, hindering the integration of multi-source data. To address this, we integrated information resources related to tomato leaf pests and diseases from agricultural standards documents, knowledge websites, and relevant literature. Guided by domain experts, we preprocessed this data to construct a sample set. We utilized the Named Entity Recognition (NER) model ALBERT-BiLSTM-CRF to conduct end-to-end knowledge extraction experiments, which outperformed traditional models such as 1DCNN-CRF and BiLSTM-CRF, achieving a recall rate of 95.03%. The extracted knowledge was then stored in the Neo4j graph database, effectively visualizing the internal structure of the knowledge graph. We developed a digital diagnostic system for tomato leaf pests and diseases based on the knowledge graph, enabling graphical management and visualization of pest and disease knowledge. The constructed knowledge graph offers insights for controlling tomato leaf pests and diseases and provides new research directions for pest control in other crops.

Plant diseases pose significant economic challenges and may lead to ecological consequences. Although plant pathologists have a significant ability to diagnose plant diseases, rapid, accurate, and early diagnosis of plant diseases by intelligent systems could improve disease control and management. This study evaluates six efficient classification models (classifiers) based on deep learning to detect common tomato diseases by analyzing symptomatic patterns on leaves. Additionally, group learning techniques, including simple and weighted majority voting methods, were employed to enhance classification performance further. Six tomato leaf diseases, including Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae bacterial spot, Phytophthora infestance late blight, Cladosporium fulvum leaf mold, Septoria lycopersici Septoria leaf spot, Corynespora cassiicola target spot, and Alternaria solani early blight, as well as healthy leaves, resulting in a total of seven classes, were utilized for the classification. Deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), GoogleNet, ResNet-50, AlexNet, Inception v3, and MobileNet, were utilized, achieving classification accuracies of 65.8%, 84.9%, 93.4%, 89.4%, 93.4%, and 96%, respectively. Furthermore, applying the group learning approaches significantly improved the results, with simple majority voting achieving a classification accuracy of 99.5% and weighted majority voting achieving 100%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed deep ensemble learning models in accurately identifying and classifying tomato diseases, featuring their potential for practical applications in tomato disease diagnosis and management.

In the field of medicine, with the introduction of computer systems that can collect and analyze massive amounts of data, many non-invasive diagnostic methods are being developed for a variety of conditions. In this study, our aim is to develop a non-invasive method of classifying respiratory sounds that are recorded by an electronic stethoscope and the audio recording software that uses various machine learning algorithms.In order to store respiratory sounds on a computer, we developed a cost-effective and easy-to-use electronic stethoscope that can be used with any device. Using this device, we recorded 17,930 lung sounds from 1630 subjects.We employed two types of machine learning algorithms; mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) features in a support vector machine (SVM) and spectrogram images in the convolutional neural network (CNN). Since using MFCC features with a SVM algorithm is a generally accepted classification method for audio, we utilized its results to benchmark the CNN algorithm. We prepared four data sets for each CNN and SVM algorithm to classify respiratory audio: (1) healthy versus pathological classification; (2) rale, rhonchus, and normal sound classification; (3) singular respiratory sound type classification; and (4) audio type classification with all sound types. Accuracy results of the experiments were; (1) CNN 86%, SVM 86%, (2) CNN 76%, SVM 75%, (3) CNN 80%, SVM 80%, and (4) CNN 62%, SVM 62%, respectively.As a result, we found out that spectrogram image classification with CNN algorithm works as well as the SVM algorithm, and given the large amount of data, CNN and SVM machine learning algorithms can accurately classify and pre-diagnose respiratory audio.

Tomato plants are particularly vulnerable to leaf diseases, which can take a serious toll on crop yield and quality if not caught early. Traditionally, farmers and agricultural experts rely on manual inspection to spot these diseases a method that can be both slow and prone to mistakes. To streamline this process, our project introduces an automated system that uses machine learning and image processing to detect tomato leaf diseases more accurately and efficiently. We worked with a dataset of tomato leaf images that includes both healthy leaves and those affected by diseases like Early Blight, Late Blight, Leaf Mold, and Target Spot. Using this data, we trained a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify the images with high accuracy. To improve the model’s learning, we applied standard preprocessing steps such as image augmentation, resizing, and normalization. Our experiments show that the system performs well, offering reliable early detection of various tomato leaf diseases. By providing timely insights, this tool can help farmers take preventive action sooner, potentially reducing crop loss and improving productivity. In the future, we hope to expand this work into mobile platforms to make real- time disease detection more accessible in the field. Key Words: Tomato leaf diseases, disease detection, deep learning, CNN, image processing, Late blight, Leaf mold.

The research examines the accuracy of current solution models for the Arabic text sentiment classification, including traditional machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The main aim is to detect the opinion and emotion expressed in Telecom companies’ customers tweets. Three supervised machine learning algorithms, Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF), and one deep learning algorithm, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) were applied to classify the sentiment of 1098 unique Arabic textual tweets. The research results show that deep learning CNN using Word Embedding achieved higher performance in terms of accuracy with F1 score = 0.81. Furthermore, in the aspect classification task, the results reveal that applying Part of Speech (POS) features with deep learning CNN algorithm was efficient and reached 75 % accuracy using a dataset consisting of 1277 tweets. Additionally, in this study, we added an additional task of extracting the geographical location information from the tweet content. The location detection model achieved the following precision values: 0.6 and 0.89 for both Point of Interest (POI) and city (CIT).

The systematic mapping of hollow roads, traces of (post)medieval sunken cart tracks ways, can provide information on past human movement and historical route networks. However, the sheer amount of traces and of available high-quality data necessitates the use of computational methods for the automatic detection of these archaeological objects. Therefore, a novel approach, named CarcassonNet, has been developed that uses a combination of a Deep Learning convolutional neural network and image processing algorithms to detect and trace hollow roads in LiDAR data from the Netherlands. CarcassonNet has been specifically developed for the archaeological domain, focusing on being computationally light and suited for reconstructing partially preserved and intersected hollow roads. Instead of using the whole roads as input for the convolutional neural network, in CarcassonNet individual sections are used. This makes it much more cost-effective to create a sufficient training dataset, and makes the classification task (performed by the neural network) relatively simple, with better detection results. The output of CarcassonNet consists of two types of geospatial vectors that offer the opportunity to efficiently study the roads themselves and their precise location in the landscape (polygons), and the course of the roads and the resulting route network (lines). An experimental evaluation shows that CarcassonNet is able to effectively detect hollow roads, with a MCC score of 0.47. Furthermore, it is shown that using the Digital Terrain Model, instead of visualized LiDAR data (hillshade) improves the performance of the convolutional neural network. The results of this research offer opportunities to reconstruct vanished and abandoned (post)medieval routes and answer questions about human-landscape interactions.

Tomato leaf diseases significantly affect crop productivity, and manual inspection often leads to misclassification due to the visual similarity of symptoms. Recent studies have shown that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) provide high accuracy in leaf–based plant disease classification across various plant species, highlighting their potential for early disease detection. This study aims to develop an accurate tomato leaf disease classification system using a CNN model trained on the Kaggle tomato leaf dataset consisting of four classes: Leaf Blight, Bacterial Spot, Leaf Scab, and Healthy. The methodology includes literature review, dataset acquisition, preprocessing, augmentation, CNN architecture design, model training, and performance evaluation. Preprocessing techniques such as resizing and normalization were applied, followed by augmentation using random flipping and rotation to increase dataset variability. The proposed model was trained for 40 epochs with a batch size of 16. Results show consistent accuracy improvement, reaching 0.98 training accuracy with a loss of 0.07, while validation accuracy peaked at 0.94. Testing on both single and multiple images demonstrates strong prediction confidence, with minor misclassifications in visually similar cases. Overall, the system effectively identifies tomato leaf diseases and reinforces the suitability of CNN for supporting early plant disease detection in smart agriculture applications.

Background: Tomatoes are extensively farmed as a vegetable or fruit in many regions of the country, and many forms of tomato pests and diseases are met over the whole life cycle of tomatoes; thus, early identification and diagnosis of these diseases is critical. The application of several deep learning approaches for identification of plant diseases has recently gained popularity, with encouraging results obtained for different diseases. Problem: The advancement of architectures based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has considerably improved diagnostic accuracy of tomato diseases by using images of tomato leaves. The integration of CNN in the agricultural sector ensures an increased produce of tomato crop in a sustainable manner. However, complexity and performance time of CNN technique is a significant concern. Objective: In most deep learning models, all characteristics generated at various layers are given equal weighting. Significant characteristics should be learned and transferred to higher layers of the network for more exact classification. To improve the CNN performance, reuse and sharing of images (large dataset) is a great work required for tomato disease detection to get high accuracy. Methods: In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review of twenty recent and notable works which employ CNN-based detection of tomato plant diseases. A comparative analysis of these works is given, taking accuracy as the metric. Results: A complete assessment of Bacterial Canker and Speck, Yellow Leaf Curl, Brown Rugose Fruit, Crown and Root Rot, Early Blight, Bunchy Top, Stolbur disease identification studies employing CNNs in this study. Conclusion: It is observed that CNN scan identify diseases with high accuracy when enough training data is provided. We anticipate that our study will be a useful resource for agricultural disease researchers employing technology for early disease diagnosis and management.

Objective:Precise segmentation of human organs and anatomic structures (especially organs at risk, OARs) is the basis and prerequisite for the treatment planning of radiation therapy. In order to ensure rapid and accurate design of radiotherapy treatment planning, an automatic organ segmentation technique was investigated based on deep learning convolutional neural network.MethodA deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm called BCDU-Net has been modified and developed further by us. Twenty two thousand CT images and the corresponding organ contours of 17 types delineated manually by experienced physicians from 329 patients were used to train and validate the algorithm. The CT images randomly selected were employed to test the modified BCDU-Net algorithm. The weight parameters of the algorithm model were acquired from the training of the convolutional neural network.ResultThe average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the automatic segmentation and manual segmentation of the human organs of 17 types reached 0.8376, and the best coefficient reached up to 0.9676. It took 1.5–2 s and about 1 h to automatically segment the contours of an organ in an image of the CT dataset for a patient and the 17 organs for the CT dataset with the method developed by us, respectively.ConclusionThe modified deep neural network algorithm could be used to automatically segment human organs of 17 types quickly and accurately. The accuracy and speed of the method meet the requirements of its application in radiotherapy.

The automatic identification and diagnosis of tomato leaves diseases are highly desired in field of agriculture information. Recently Deep Convolutional Neural networks (CNN) has made tremendous advances in many fields, close to computer vision such as classification, object detection, segmentation, achieving better accuracy than human-level perception. In spite of its tremendous advances in computer vision tasks, CNN face many challenges, such as computational burden and energy, to be used in mobile phone and embedded systems. In this study, we propose an efficient smart mobile application model based on deep CNN to recognize tomato leaf diseases. To build such application, our model has been inspired from MobileNet CNN model and can recognize the 10 most common types of Tomato leaf disease. Trained on tomato leafs dataset, to build our application 7176 images of tomato leaves are used in the smart mobile system, to perform a Tomato disease diagnostics.

We aimed to assess the ability of deep learning (DL) and support vector machine (SVM) to detect a nonperfusion area (NPA) caused by retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. The study included 322 OCTA images (normal: 148; NPA owing to RVO: 174 [128 branch RVO images and 46 central RVO images]). Training to construct the DL model using deep convolutional neural network (DNN) algorithms was provided using OCTA images. The SVM used a scikit-learn library with a radial basis function kernel. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity for detecting an NPA were examined. We compared the diagnostic ability (sensitivity, specificity and average required time) between the DNN, SVM and seven ophthalmologists. Heat maps were generated. With regard to the DNN, the mean AUC, sensitivity, specificity and average required time for distinguishing RVO OCTA images with an NPA from normal OCTA images were 0.986, 93.7%, 97.3% and 176.9 s, respectively. With regard to SVM, the mean AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.880, 79.3%, and 81.1%, respectively. With regard to the seven ophthalmologists, the mean AUC, sensitivity, specificity and average required time were 0.962, 90.8%, 89.2%, and 700.6 s, respectively. The DNN focused on the foveal avascular zone and NPA in heat maps. The performance of the DNN was significantly better than that of SVM in all parameters (p < 0.01, all) and that of the ophthalmologists in AUC and specificity (p < 0.01, all). The combination of DL and OCTA images had high accuracy for the detection of an NPA, and it might be useful in clinical practice and retinal screening.

In this study, a novel deep learning‐based framework for classifying the digital mammograms is introduced. The development of this methodology is based on deep learning strategies that model the presence of the tumour tissues with level sets. It is difficult to robustly segment mammogram image due to low contrast between normal and lesion tissues. Therefore, Chan‐Vese level set method is used to extract the initial contour of mammograms and deep learning convolutional neural network (DL‐CNN) algorithm is used to learn the features of mammary‐specific mass and microcalcification clusters. To increase the classification accuracy and reduce the false positives, a well‐known fully complex‐valued relaxation network classifier is used in the last stage of DL‐CNN network. Experimental results using the standard benchmarking breast cancer dataset (MIAS and BCDR) show that the proposed method exhibits significant improvement in performance over the traditional methods. Performance measures such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, AUC achieved are 99%, 0.9875, 1.0 and 0.9815, respectively. The proposed framework performs well in classifying the digital mammograms as normal, benign or malignant and its subclasses as well.