An Image Encryption Scheme Based on Chaotic Systems with Changeable Parameters

A novel image encryption scheme comprising of one permutation process and one diffusion process is proposed. In the permutation process, the image sized is expanded to one sized by dividing the plain-image into two parts: one consisting of the higher 4bits and one consisting of the lower 4bits. The permutation operations are done row-by-row and column-by-column to increase the speed. The chaotic generalized Arnold map is utilized to generate chaotic sequence, which is quantized to shuffle the expanded image. The chaotic sequence for permutation process is dependent on plain-image and cipher keys, resulting in good key sensitivity and plain-image sensitivity. To achieve more avalanche effect and larger key space, Chinese Remainder Theorem is applied to diffuse the shuffled image. The key sensitivity and key space of the proposed image encryption have been analyzed as well. The experimental results suggest that the proposed image encryption scheme can be used for secure image and video communication applications.

Recently, chaotic systems have been widely investigated in several engineering applications. This paper presents a new chaotic system based on Julia’s fractal process, chaotic attractors and Logistic map in a complex set. Complex dynamic characteristics were analyzed, such as equilibrium points, bifurcation, Lyapunov exponents and chaotic behavior of the proposed chaotic system. As we know, one positive Lyapunov exponent proved the chaotic state. Numerical simulation shows a plethora of complex dynamic behaviors, which coexist with an antagonist form mixed of bifurcation and attractor. Then, we introduce an algorithm for image encryption based on chaotic system. The algorithm consists of two main stages: confusion and diffusion. Experimental results have proved that the proposed maps used are more complicated and they have a key space sufficiently large. The proposed image encryption algorithm is compared to other recent image encryption schemes by using different security analysis factors including differential attacks analysis, statistical tests, key space analysis, information entropy test and running time. The results demonstrated that the proposed image encryption scheme has better results in the level of security and speed.

An image encryption scheme based on new spatiotemporal chaos

Image encryption converts a meaningful image into some random arrangement of pixel intensities. That means, the intelligible property of an image is destroyed. Taking into consideration excessively large time and space complexity required by the image encryption algorithm using multiple chaotic systems, this paper proposes an image encryption method in which employs three chaotic sequence to achieve fairly high level of encryption. Novelty of the proposed approach lies in the designed algorithm to achieve both permutation and substitution processes of image encryption. In the end, a comparison in the coefficient correlation values is drawn to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with respect to many lately proposed image encryption schemes.

Recently, the chaos based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some meaningful techniques to develop efficient image encryption schemes. In this paper, we propose a new digital image encryption scheme based on the piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) in order to meet the requirements of the secure encryption. The proposed scheme is described in detail, along with the security analyses including key space analysis, sensitivity analysis, information entropy analysis and differential attack analysis. The results show that the suggested image encryption scheme has some properties desirable in a good security cryptosystem.

Security analysis of a reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images by redundant space transfer

Chaos and compressive sensing based novel image encryption scheme

A robust and secure chaotic standard map based pseudorandom permutation-substitution scheme for image encryption

An adaptive color image encryption scheme using chaotic generalized Arnold map is proposed. The three base color components of the plain-image with 256 grayscale levels are decomposed into 6 parts: 3 higher bit-planes parts and 3 lower bit-planes parts. The intensity values of all these 6 parts are summed to get one secrete key used to scramble the resulted 6 matrices by sort-based approach in a cross way. Chaotic sequences produced by one generalized Arnold map are applied to diffuse the scrambled three base color components crossly as well to get more encryption effects. An adaptive strategy is adopted in both the scrambling process and diffusion process, implying that the key streams are all related to the content of the plain-image. Therefore the image encryption scheme shows strong robustness against known/chosen plaintext attacks. Other performances are carried out, such as key sensitivity, histogram, correlation coefficients, information entropy and difference attack analysis. All the experimental results show that the proposed scheme is secure and effective for practical application.

Image encryption based on chaotic maps is an important method for ensuring the secure communication of digital multimedia on the Internet. To improve the encryption performance and security of image encryption systems, a new image encryption algorithm is proposed that employs a compound chaotic map and random cyclic shift. First, a new hybrid chaotic system is designed by coupling logistic, ICMIC, Tent, and Chebyshev (HLITC) maps. Comparison tests with previous chaotic maps in terms of chaotic trajectory, Lyapunov exponent, and approximate entropy illustrate that the new hybrid chaotic map has better chaotic performance. Then, the proposed HLITC chaotic system and spiral transformation are used to develop a new chaotic image encryption scheme using the double permutation strategy. The new HLITC chaotic system is used to generate key sequences used in the image scrambling and diffusion stages. The spiral transformation controlled by the chaotic sequence is used to scramble the pixels of the plaintext image, while the XOR operation based on a chaotic map is used for pixel diffusion. Extensive experiments on statistical analysis, key sensitivity, and key space analysis were conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed encryption scheme has good robustness against brute-force attacks, statistical attacks, and differential attacks and is more effective than many existing chaotic image encryption algorithms.

Image encryption has been an attractive research field in recent years. The chaos-based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption techniques. This paper proposes a novel image encryption scheme, which is based on the chaotic tent map. Image encryption systems based on such map show some better performances. Firstly, the chaotic tent map is modified to generate chaotic key stream that is more suitable for image encryption. Secondly, the chaos-based key stream is generated by a 1-D chaotic tent map, which has a better performance in terms of randomness properties and security level. The performance and security analysis of the proposed image encryption scheme is performed using well-known ways. The results of the fail-safe analysis are inspiring, and it can be concluded that the proposed scheme is efficient and secure.

The rapid development of digital image transmission technology requires a more secure and effective image encryption scheme to provide the necessary security. This paper introduces an improved sine-transform-based chaotic system (ISTBCS). By linearly weighting and nonlinearly multiplying the selected classic maps, the new chaotic maps with more complex dynamics are obtained through sinusoidal transformation. Performance evaluation shows that it has chaotic characteristics such as wide range of chaos, high complexity, and strong non-periodicity. On this basis, an image encryption algorithm that uses bidirectional pixel encoding, displacement and diffusion at the same time is designed. By pixel encoding the plaintext, the small changes in the ordinary image can be propagated to all the pixels of the encrypted image, which greatly improves the ability to resist known plaintext attacks and selected plaintext attacks. Simulation results and performance analysis show that the algorithm has a large key space, strong key sensitivity, strong performance to make the structural data correlation disappear, and then can increase the entropy, has good anti attack ability, and can effectively meet the needs of image encryption.

In this chapter, the great sensitivity of nonlinear systems, and especially of chaotic systems, on the initial conditions and on the variation of their parameters, was used to design a novel image encryption scheme. Until now, a great number of chaotic autonomous continuous systems or discrete dynamical systems, have been used in various image encryption processes, as a source of random numbers. However, in this work, a Chaotic Random Bit Generator (CRBG), which is based on a non-autonomous dynamical system, is used. For ridding from the system the influence of the external source and increasing the security of the proposed generator, the Poincar\(\acute{e}\) section for sampling the signal has been used. As a dynamical system, the very well-known Duffing–van der Pol system has been chosen, presenting very good statistical results. The aforementioned CRBG is the “heart” of the proposed image encryption scheme. Finally, the security analysis of the proposed encryption scheme, based on histogram analysis, correlation of two adjacent pixels, differential analysis and information entropy, demonstrate the robustness of the proposed chaotic encryption scheme against all kinds of statistical, cryptanalytic, and brute-force attacks.

Medical images demand robust privacy protection, driving research into advanced image encryption (IE) schemes. However, current IE schemes still encounter certain challenges in both security and efficiency. Fractional-order Hopfield neural networks (HNNs) demonstrate unique advantages in IE. The introduction of fractional-order calculus operators enables them to possess more complex dynamical behaviors, creating more random and unpredictable keystreams. To enhance privacy protection, this paper introduces a high-performance medical IE scheme that integrates a novel 4D fractional-order HNN with a differentiated encryption strategy (MIES-FHNN-DE). Specifically, MIES-FHNN-DE leverages this 4D fractional-order HNN alongside a 2D hyperchaotic map to generate keystreams collaboratively. This design not only capitalizes on the 4D fractional-order HNN’s intricate dynamics but also sidesteps the efficiency constraints of recent IE schemes. Moreover, MIES-FHNN-DE boosts encryption efficiency through pixel bit splitting and weighted accumulation, ensuring robust security. Rigorous evaluations confirm that MIES-FHNN-DE delivers cutting-edge security performance. It features a large key space (2383), exceptional key sensitivity, extremely low ciphertext pixel correlations (<0.002), excellent ciphertext entropy values (>7.999 bits), uniform ciphertext pixel distributions, outstanding resistance to differential attacks (with average NPCR and UACI values of 99.6096% and 33.4638%, respectively), and remarkable robustness against data loss. Most importantly, MIES-FHNN-DE achieves an average encryption rate as high as 102.5623 Mbps. Compared with recent leading counterparts, MIES-FHNN-DE better meets the privacy protection demands for medical images in emerging fields like medical intelligent analysis and medical cloud services.

We propose an improved image encryption algorithm based on hyper chaotic system and permutation-diffusion structure. In the permutation process, the algorithm introduces plain-text feedback mechanism that makes the permutation effect not only associated with the chaotic sequences, but also related to plain-text. And in the diffusion process, the algorithm introduces both cipher-text and plain-text feedback mechanisms to diffuse the permuted image. All of these methods make the mapping-relationship between cipher-text and plain-text as well as secret keys more complex. At last, the security analysis such as key space analysis, histograms, correlation coefficients, information entropy, key sensitivity analysis, plaintext sensitivity, speed analysis. We also perform series evaluation experiments, experimental results show that the proposed image encryption scheme is of very good performance on security and reliability, with high potential to be adopted for the secure image communication applications.