AN IMPROVED ACTION KEY FRAMES EXTRACTION ALGORITHM FOR COMPLEX COLOUR VIDEO SHOT SUMMARIZATION

Aiming at the problem of video key frame extraction, a density peak clustering algorithm is proposed, which uses the HSV histogram to transform high-dimensional abstract video image data into quantifiable low-dimensional data, and reduces the computational complexity while capturing image features. On this basis, the density peak clustering algorithm is used to cluster these low-dimensional data and find the cluster centers. Combining the clustering results, the final key frames are obtained. A large number of key frame extraction experiments for different types of videos show that the algorithm can extract different number of key frames by combining video content, overcome the shortcoming of traditional key frame extraction algorithm which can only extract a fixed number of key frames, and the extracted key frames can represent the main content of video accurately.

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a non-invasive imaging technique to examine the entire small intestine. This paper presents a novel hierarchical key frame extraction algorithm based on the saliency map to automatically select a small number of key informative frames in the WCE video to assist the diagnostic process. We start from calculating the saliency map and extracting the inside colour, texture and shape features. We then compute the image information entropies with adapted weights on three features; calculate the differences of entropies in the successive frames and extract the first level key frames to divide the video into multi-segments. Finally, the mean shift clustering method is applied on each segment to obtain the final key frames. The proposed technique achieves the fidelity of 95.07% and the compression ratio of 87.9% on average, validating that the proposed scheme is highly promising for the key frame extraction in the WCE video.

The process of key frames extraction is facing human subjectivity. The objectives of key frames extraction are mainly two objectives. The first objective is minimizing the number of extracted key frames. The second objective is maximizing the visual representation of a video shot that the key frames should have. There is a tradeoff between the two objectives. Also the needs of individuals are varied. Some individuals favor the compression ratio and others favor the representation level. Many works depend on a subjective ground truth of the key frames for assessing the performance of key frames extraction methods. In this paper we propose a key frame extraction system that takes a confidence level as input from the user to satisfy the different needs. We evaluate our system using fair measures which are the compression ratio and the fidelity that are directly related to the confidence level.

In this paper, we present a new solution for extracting key frames from motion capture data using an optimization algorithm to obtain compact and sparse key frame data that can represent the original dense human body motion capture animation. The use of the genetic algorithm helps determine the optimal solution with global exploration capability while the use of a probabilistic simplex method helps expedite the speed of convergence. By finding the chromosome that maximizes the fitness function, the algorithm provides the optimal number of key frames as well as the low reconstruction error with an ordinary interpolation technique. The reconstruction error is computed between the original motion and the reconstruction one by the weighted differences of joint positions and velocities. The resulting set of key frames is obtained by iterative application of the algorithm with initial populations generated randomly and intelligently. We also present experiments which demonstrate that the method can effectively extract key frames with a high compression ratio and reconstruct all other non key frames with high quality.

This paper concerns two fundamental issues in video shots retrieval: key frame identification and similarity measurement between the key frames. We propose a simple key frame extraction algorithm based on optical flow. The algorithm emphasizes the motion extremum in the shot. Color histograms in HSV color space are adopted to describe the content of the extracted key frames and a new model is proposed to measure the similarity between the key frames from different shots. Preliminary experiments have shown that the proposed method outperforms existing ones in retrieving sport video shots.

For the existing traditional method to extract key frames from the video sequence with gradual change of content, there are problems of having too much redundancy or too much loss in the extraction results and other issues, a new key frames extracting method for adaptively extracting the video key frames has proposed in the paper. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method can effectively extract video key frames, especially for the video with gradual change of content, which can express more succinctly and comprehensively. The experiments on a large number of videos containing various scenes have shown that the key frames extracted by the proposed algorithm can more fully express the main content of video. When dealing with content gradient video, the effect is better. The content adaptively determines the number of key frames based on video.

3D video, which consists of a sequence of mesh models, can reproduce dynamic scenes containing 3D information. To summarize 3D video, a key frame extraction method is developed using rate-distortion (R-D) trade-off. For this purpose, an effective feature vector is extracted for each frame. Shot detection is performed using the feature vectors as a preprocessing followed by key frame extraction. Simple but reasonable definitions of rate and distortion are presented. Based on an assumption of linearity, an R-D curve is generated in each shot, where the locations of the key frames are optimized. Finally, R-D trade-off can be achieved by optimizing a cost function using a Lagrange multiplier, where the number of key frames is optimized in each shot. Therefore, our system will automatically determine the best locations and the number of key frames in the sense of R-D trade-off. Our experimental results show the extracted key frames are compact and faithful to the original 3D video.

Key Frame Extraction Using Unsupervised Clustering Based on a Statistical Model

Key frames play a very important role in video indexing and retrieval. In this paper, we propose a novel method to extract key frames based on information theory. We use improved Bayesian Information Criterion to determining the number of key frames, and then automatically extract key frames to represent video shot based on information bottleneck cluster method. Experimental results and the comparisons with other methods on various types of video sequences show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Key frame extraction is an important manner of video summarization. It can be used to interpret video content quickly. Existing approaches first partition the entire video into video clips by shot boundary detection, and then, extract key frames by frame clustering. However, in most team-sport videos, a video clip usually includes many events, and it is difficult to extract the key frames related to all of these events accurately, because different events of a game shot can have features of similar appearance. As is well known, most events in team-sport videos are attack and defense conversions, which are related to global translation. Therefore, by using fine-grained partition based on the global motion, a shot could be further partitioned into more video clips, from which more key frames could be extracted and they are related to the events. In this study, global horizontal motion is introduced to further partition video clips into fine-grained video clips. Furthermore, global motion statistics are utilized to extract candidate key frames. Finally, the representative key frames are extracted based on the spatial–temporal consistence and hierarchical clustering, and the redundant frames are removed. A dataset called SportKF is built, which includes 25 videos of 197,878 frames in 112 min and 764 key frames from four types of sports (basketball, football, American football and field hockey). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves state-of-the-art performance by introducing global motion statistics.

For the traditional method to extract the surveillance video key frame, there are problems of redundant information, substandard representative content and other issues. A key frame extraction method based on motion target detection and image similarity is proposed in this paper. This method first uses the ViBe algorithm fusing the inter-frame difference method to divide the original video into several segments containing the moving object. Then, the global similarity of the video frame is obtained by using the peak signal to noise ratio, the local similarity is obtained through the SURF feature point, and the comprehensive similarity of the video image is obtained by weighted fusion of them. Finally, the key frames are extracted from the critical video sequence by adaptive selection threshold. The experimental results show that the method can effectively extract the video key frame, reduce the redundant information of the video data, and express the main content of the video concisely. Moreover, the complexity of the algorithm is not high, so it is suitable for the key frame extraction of the surveillance video.

Recognizing Human action in video is an very active research topic. There are a growing variety of human action datasets with different video length, different practitioners. Make human action recognition becomes a very difficult topic. A majority researchers solve the problem by extracting key frames from the videos. Most paper use feature Clustering methods to extract key frames in videos. On one hand, the large variety of visual content in videos make handcraft feature isn't effective enough, since there are no fixed descriptors can describe all video cases. On the other hand, traditional clustering algorithms are easily influenced by the choice of initial clustering centers. An Unsupervised feature learning and clustering method for key frame extraction is proposed in this paper, which can be used for human action recognition. Stacked auto-encoder(SAE) is trained using videos from 10 different human actions, SAE is used as a feature extractor to learn features representing human actions. Affinity Propagation Clustering algorithm is used to select key frames from video sequences. We use a variety of videos to do the experiments. Experiments demonstrate that our method can be effectively summarizing video shots considering different human actions.

Key Frame Extraction Techniques: A Survey

With the improvement of people's security awareness, numerous monitoring equipment has been put into use, resulting in the explosive growth of surveillance video data. Key frame extraction technology is a paramount technology for improving video storage efficiency and enhancing the accuracy of video retrieval. It can extract key frame sets that can express video content from massive videos. However, the existing key frame extraction algorithms of surveillance video still have deficiencies, such as the destruction of image information integrity and the inability to extract key frames accurately. To this end, this paper proposes a key frame extraction algorithm of surveillance video based on quaternion Fourier saliency detection. Firstly, the algorithm used colors, and intensity features to perform quaternion Fourier transform on surveillance video sequences. Next, the phase spectrum of the quaternion Fourier transformed image was obtained, and he image visual saliency map was obtained according to the quaternion Fourier phase spectrum. Then, the image visual saliency map of two adjacent frames is used to characterize the change of target motion state. Finally, the frames that can accurately express the motion state of the target are selected as key frames. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can accurately capture the changes of the local motion state of the target while maintaining the integrity of the image information.

With the development of network multimedia, quick and low-cost management of the massive video information is urgently needed. Key frames can decrease data quantity in video indexing and provide a framework for video retrieval and indexing. A key frame extraction method based on high-curvature points detection was proposed. First, three descriptors of color histogram, edge direction histogram and wavelet statistics were used to describe visual content, and combined to form a frame difference measure. Then the key frames were got by detecting high curvature points. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is rapid and efficient. It can capture precise changes dynamically in the content of video sequences, and can extract the key frames on the fly. Finally, a fidelity evaluation proves the effectiveness of the algorithm.