An improved three-phase digital recorder system for calibrating power instrumentation

Ignition problems were encountered with a downhole gas burner for initiating a fireflood in a low-pressure depleted heavy oil reservoir. The gas burner design was modified and tested for two air injection rates at the National Research Council of Canada. A better split of the air flow and mixing with the fuel gas, as well as improved flame stabilization were provided in the modified burners. Successful ignitions were achieved in the Husky Tangle fags Fireflood Project in the Lloydminster area. Introduction Husky Oil Operations Ltd. has been conducting thermal recovery pilots in the Lloydminster heavy oil pools for some twenty years. Cyclic steam stimulation and steamflood pilots have been more successful than fireflood pilots, but the latter is a potential recovery process for the extensive heavy oil resources in thinner formations. Development of fireflood recovery technology is continuing in the Tangleflags Fireflood Pilot in Saskatchewan, northeast of Lloydminster (Fig. 1). The pilot was initiated in 1984 with three 12.1 ha, inverted seven-spot patterns and six offset wells, as shown in Figure 2. The wells were completed in the General Petroleum (GP) Formation (a type-log is shown in Fig. 3). In 1985. the injection well 4C7-13 was auto-ignited by steam and air injection. This pattern has been performing well with extremely good oxygen utilization. The other two injection wells, A6-13 and A7-13, were ignited successfully in 1985 with downhole natural gas burners, but poor oxygen utilization in both patterns forced their shut-down in October 1985 and August 1986, respectively. The performance of the gas burner ignitions and the producers were examined. Poor burner ignition in a low-pressure depleted reservoir was cited as a major reason for the poor oxygen utilization. Similar ignition problems were encountered in the low-pressure depleted reservoir at the Husky Golden Lake Sparky Fireflood Project. It was concluded that the gas burner design should be modified for re-ignition in the Tangleflags pilot and to meet the commitment of continuing development of the fireflood technology. The operation of the existing gas burner was reviewed at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in Ottawa. A design program was initiated to modify the burner for operation at the 500 and 1000 kPa reservoir pressures in the Tanglefiags Pilot. A modified burner was built and evaluated at NRC. Using the modified burner, injection well A6-13 was ignited in June 1986. The burner was further modified at NRC for a lower air injection rate in A7-13, which was also successfully ignited in November 1986. Good oxygen utilization was subsequently achieved in both patterns. Burner Design Flame Stability and Ignition Considerations A flame is secured in a stream of combustible gases when the burning velocity SL of the mixture equals the local gas velocity U. When either one of these quantities exceeds the other, instabilities due to blow off or flashback of the flame are experienced. The burning velocity depends on the initial pressure, temperature, and composition of the combustible mixture, and its maximum value is usually realized close to the stoichiometric mixture ratio.

Nowadays active power refers to the power quality parameters. That’s why, measurement of active power parameters is required in power quality measuring instruments. This paper describes a technique for active power measurement which apply a discrete Fourier transform of instantaneous power. The conveniences and drawbacks of this measurement method are considered in comparison with the accumulation of instantaneous power method and the application of low-pass filtration method. Analytical expressions are obtained that make it possible to estimate the active power measurement error caused by “spectrum leakage” effect for one-harmonic and polyharmonic measured signals situations. Approaches to reducing the methodological measurement error without significant changes of the original measurement algorithm are considered. Methods for decreasing the active power measurement error as a result of finite frequency deviation are proposed. The metrological and implementation features of discrete Fourier transform implementation for solving problem are considered. The simulation model is performed by the implementation of the Goertzel algorithm. With the application of a simulation model, performed by Simulink package, the accuracy and credibility of the obtained analytical formulas are estimated.

Preliminary clinical study of the accuracy of a digital axiographic recording system for the assessment of sagittal condylar inclination

A new application of the least error squares (LES) estimation algorithm is given for identifying, in the time domain, the active and reactive power from available samples of voltage and current waveforms. The digital available instruments used to monitor active, reactive and apparent power use such samples. A new definition for the active reactive and apparent power for sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal waveforms is discussed in this paper. It is shown that misleading reactive power compensation could be obtained if the circuit power factor is not well defined. Simulated results are presented for different waveforms, where the authors compare the results obtained with other available techniques.

Two active hydrogen masers designed to be operated as clocks and as contributors to the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) time scale have been constructed. Details of their design are presented together with some initial measurements of line-Q and frequency stability. A plot of maser power as a function of linewidth for maser H4 is shown. The experimental values of linewidth at the extremes of the oscillation curve correspond to line-Q values of 6.1*10/sup 9/ and 1.3*10/sup 9/, respectively. At a reasonable operating atom flux, the line-Q is 4*10/sup 9/, which is a factor of two better than that obtained for maser H1 at its normal operating flux. Some initial measurements of the frequency stability of the masers have also been made. >

The basis of accurate photometric evaluations of light sources is provided by accurate spectral measurements under specified geometric conditions. This accuracy is ensured by traceable, internationally recognized absolute spectroradiometric scales. National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) develop primary-level spectroradiometric facilities and verify these absolute optical measurements through international comparisons with other NMIs. This paper describes the NRC facilities, standards and the results of recent international CCPR (Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry) key comparisons of spectral irradiance measurements. It concludes with a brief update on our plans for using our new high-temperature blackbody as the basis for a new spectroradiometric scale.

LabVIEW has become a popular environment to develop data acquisition and control systems in aerospace simulation facilities such as those found at the aerodynamics laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada. These programs are usually developed as structured programs but with time evolve into ad hoc programs. object oriented programming (OOP) is a well established technique that has many advantages over these traditional approaches but applying OOP in LabVIEW-graphical object oriented programming (GOOP) -presents some unique challenges. However, the advantages make the effort worthwhile. The aerodynamics laboratory is undertaking a redesign and rebuild of its data acquisition and control systems in all its facilities. The new systems are required to have greater commonality, portability, flexibility, reliability, expandability and maintainability designed and built in from the start. One key to these improvements is modularity. Another is a common set of standards, policies and approach applied throughout the Laboratory. Envisioned is a system made up of subsystems with common interfaces and running common code where possible. The system should be able to be reconfigured and expanded by rearranging and adding subsystems. To some, all these requirements nicely match the properties of GOOP. A complete design in unified modeling language (UML) was done for such systems and applied to the acquisition and control system for the 0.9 m times 0.9 m pilot wind tunnel, the 5m vertical wind tunnel and to the icing spray system for the 3 m times 6 m open-circuit propulsion and icing wind tunnel to demonstrate the validity of the approach. However, the LabVIEW environment continues to evolve. LabVIEW 8.2 now incorporates GOOP as a native environment. While the new implementation offers many advantages and added functionality such as inheritance and an improved class structure, it breaks continuity with GOOP of the past thus some rethinking and redesign are required to keep up with the changes.

: One of the limiting factors which restrict the hydrogen maser to the role of a secondary frequency standard is the uncertainty in the experimental determination of the wall shift. This paper describes a series of experiments carried out at the National Research Council of Canada, using two hydrogen masers, to investigate the wall shift of five spherical storage bulbs of different diameters, each coated by the same technique with FEP Teflon from the same batch. (Author)

The paper examines some recent trends in the strategic evolution of the corporate performance and culture within the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), where a substantive shift in context and strategic management over the past decade has enabled the NRC to move from being a largely internally driven R&D culture toward a more entrepreneurial and externally guided knowledge management culture.

In 1992, Westinghouse Electric Corporation and Rolls-Royce signed a technology transfer agreement. The initial application for this aeroengine technology was the design by Westinghouse of the turbine for the 1500°C turbine inlet temperature, 58% (net) combined cycle efficiency, 501G engine. A key ingredient of the large jump in combined cycle efficiency over that of its predecessor, the 501F, was the reduction in the surface area of the first 3 cooled turbine stages. This reduction was made possible by the application of aerodynamic design and analysis which allowed accurate prediction of suction surface boundary layer growth in a 3D viscous environment. Thus, the number of aerofoils or the aerofoil chords were reduced in each cooled row, until the suction surface boundary layers were predicted to be a specified margin from separation at the trailing edge. Since the resulting aerofoil loading (back surface diffusion) was higher than previous Westinghouse experience, a 0.32 scale model of a first stage turbine was built and tested in a cold rig at the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), to substantiate the design codes when applied to industrial turbines. The purpose of the test was threefold: (1) to verify that higher levels of back surface diffusion were possible without boundary layer separation, (2) to verify that aeroengine turbine empirical loss/efficiency prediction correlations were applicable to industrial turbines, and (3) to see how well the single row, 3D, steady, Navier Stokes analysis code used during design predicted actual swallowing capacity, and radial variations in turning and loss. The paper will describe the aerodynamic design tools and their validation, the test facility, hardware, measurement techniques, test results, and comparisons of prediction vs measurement, thus confirming the applicability of aeroengine aerodynamic technology to the design of large industrial gas turbines.

Using a Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS), we measure the AC-DC difference of a sampling digital voltmeter (SDVM) through direct sampling and subsampling. We also perform direct and differential sampling measurements of the amplitude of an AC voltage source, built at the National Research Council Canada (NRC), against the JAWS. Such calibrations of the SDVM and NRC voltage source could help maintain AC voltage traceability in between JAWS operations.

We report the results of a comparison of quantum-based AC Josephson Voltage Standards (ACJVS) between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Research Council, Canada (NRC), using a thermal transfer standard as the traveling standard. Excellent agreement was obtained between NIST and NRC from measurements on the lowest voltage ranges of the thermal transfer standard, indicating that the two ACJVS systems are consistent. This work confirms that the use of the ACJVS as a reference for ac voltage measurements is viable, and these systems can form the basis for ac voltage metrology in the future. This intercomparison was performed as part of SIM Bilateral Comparison SIM.EM-S11, AC-DC Voltage Transfer Difference at Low Voltages using an AC Josephson Voltage Standard.

Biological control of seedling damping-off with fish emulsion derived from menhaden fish. P.A. Abbasi, K.L. Conn, R. Earl, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Fungitoxicity of smoke from some Ghanaian medicinal plants. R. Addai. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box KS 13128, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana. Efficacy of OxiDateTM for control of potato storage pathogens. K.I. Al-Mughrabi. Potato Development Centre, New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 39 Barker Lane, Wicklow, NB E7L 3S4, Canada. Biological control of Carthamus lanatus in Australia. G.J. Ash, N.S. Crump, A. Breen, E. Anschaw, R.O. Kennedy, J.D.I. Harper, A. Nikandrow, and D. Hailstones. Farrer Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (A.N.) Orange Agricultural Institute, New South Wales (NSW) Agriculture, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; and (D.H.) Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Agriculture, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia. Assessment of resistance to late blight within primitive cultivated Andigena potato lines. P. Audy, T. Somerville, and T. Mossman. Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada. Validation of impaction-type spore sampler as a tool to estimate inoculum of Uncinula necator. R. Bacon, B. Talbot, and O. Carisse. (R.B., O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and (R.B., B.T.) Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Université Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Identification and detection of fungi associated with root rot of soybean seedling in Eastern Canada. T. Barasubiye, C.A. Lévesque, A. Tenuta, S. Rioux, K. Seifert, T.R. Anderson, and E. Cober. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.T.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 400, Main Street, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700 Einstein Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada. Genetic diversity between Melampsora spp., causal agents of foliar rusts. M.J. Bergeron, M. Bourassa, D.L. Joly, and R.C. Hamelin. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. Molecular diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum by realtime polymerase chain reaction, using Taqman®, SybrGreen, and Molecular beacons. G. Bilodeau, C.A. Lévesque, A.W.A.M. De Cock, G. Kristjansson, J. McDonald, and R.C. Hamelin. Natural Resources Canada, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (C.A.L.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.W.A.M.D.C.) Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands; and (G.K., J.M.) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P9, Canada. Première observation du Melampsora larici-populina au Canada. M. Bourassa, L. Innes, L. Marchand, P. Frey et R.C. Hamelin. Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles du Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (L.I., L.M.) Direction de la conservation des forêts, ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; et (P.F.) Institut national de la recherche agronomique – Nancy, Unité de pathologie forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France. Spatial distribution of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis within the tree canopy.O. Carisse and D. Rolland. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur- Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Incidence of iprodione-insensitive isolates of Botrytis squamosa. O. Carisse and M. Tremblay. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. The significance of ethylene in the interaction between Nicotiana tabacum and Colletotrichum destructivum. N. Chen, P.H. Goodwin, and T. Hsiang. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Interactions between weakly and highly virulent strains of Leptosphaeria maculans, leading to induced resistance to black leg in canola. Y. Chen and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Optimization of geldanamycin production by Streptomyces melanosporofaciens strain EF-76, a biocontrol agent of plant diseases. N. Clermont and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Reduction of potato scab with volatile fatty acids and acidified liquid swine manure in soil amendments. K.L. Conn, P.A. Abbasi, Y. Lin, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Genetic and chemical control of Rhizoctonia solani on chickpea. E.B. Connor and R. Hall. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. M13 DNA fragment as an external control to normalize quantification of fungal DNA from soil by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A.L. Dauch, A.K. Watson, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. A satellite double-stranded RNA in hypovirulent isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. F. Deng and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on postharvest blue and gray molds of apples and pears. D. Errampalli. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. Fusarium spp. in residues of cereal and noncereal crops grown in rotation in eastern Saskatchewan. M.R. Fernandez, P.G. Pearse, and G. Holzgang. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada; and (P.G.P., G.H.) Saskatchewan Agriculture, Food and Rural Revitalization, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, SK S4S 0B1, Canada. Impact of rotation sequence on common root rot of wheat in the Brown soil zone of western Canada. M.R. Fernandez and R.P. Zentner. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. Temperature sensitivity of resistance genes to oat stem rust. T. Fetch. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Potential role of lipid-transfer proteins in resistance to snow mould in winter wheat. D.A. Gaudet, M. Frick, S. Huang, N. Foroud, B. Puchalski, T. Despins, F. Eudes, and A. Laroche. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Pathotypes of Cochliobolus sativus in Manitoba. H. Ghazvini and A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Persistence of Ascochyta rabiei in chickpea residue in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada. Effect of tillage management on diseases of canola in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen and H.R. Kutcher. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Soluble invertase, and not invertase bound to cell wall, supplies hexose from wheat to powdery mildew. D.L. Greenshields, F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani infecting lettuce in Germany. R. Grosch, J.H.M. Schneider, and A. Kofoet. Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Echtermeyer Weg 1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany; and (J.H.M.S.) Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. Fungi associated with the European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, in southern Ontario. G. Hausner, C.N. Davis, E.A. Gibb, J. Reid, and A.A. Hopkin. Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (C.N.D., A.A.H.) Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen Street, Sault Sainte Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada; and (J.R.) Senior Scholar, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Godronia canker of lowbush blueberry. P.D. Hilderbrand, W.E. Renderos, R.J. Davies, and K.B. McRae. Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Use of polymerase chain reaction – single–strand conformational polymorphism analysis to monitor impacts of biocontrol agents on selected microbial populations in soybean crops.R. Hogue, E. Plante, I. Larouche, R. Jeannotte, and N. Daigle. Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (R.J.) Department of Natural Resources Sciences, Université McGill, Sainte- Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Confirmation of the role of ascospores in field epidemics of speckled leaf blotch of wheat in Manitoba. C. Hoorne, L. Lamari, and G.M. Ballance. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Effects of seeding rate, seeding depth, and seed infection on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea. S.F. Hwang, R.L. Conner, K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, R.J. Howard, and S.F. Blade. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (R.L.C.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (K.F.C.) Food and Rural Development, Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (R.J.H.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Brooks AB T1R 1E6, Canada; and (S.F.B.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB T5J 4K3, Canada. Effect of antagonistic fungi on the production of perithecia of Gibberella zeae on wheat residue. S. Inch and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Characterization of Phoma lingam isolates recovered from Canadian accessions of Thlaspi arvense. M.R. Islam, B. Koopmann, R.K. Gugel, and G. Séguin-Swartz. Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Georg- August-Universität Göttingen Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and (R.K.G., G.S.-S.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada Influence of inoculum sources on cultivar susceptibility to apple scab. T. Jobin, P. Neumann, and O. Carisse. Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; and (O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Photosynthesis, net carbon gain, and growth of hydroponic bell peppers (Capsicum annuum ‘Cubico’) following root infection by Pythium aphanidermatum. M. Johnstone, S. Chatterton, J. Sutton, and B. Grodzinski. Department of Plant Agriculture University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (S.C., J.S.) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Local and systemic induced resistance to the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato by different doses of chemicals and its comparison with a biological control agent (Paenibacillus polymyxa). H.U. Khan and Y.H. Kim. Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan; and (Y.H.K.) School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea. Cultural control of sclerotinia rot of carrot by lateral clipping of carrot canopy. C. Kora, M.R. McDonald, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (M.R.M) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Metabolic fingerprinting, using mass ions to discriminate diseases of potato.A.C. Kushalappa, L.H. Lui, A. Vikram, and B. Prithiviraj. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Intensive crop rotations of canola and field pea in western Canada. H.R. Kutcher, D. Ulrich, and S. Brandt. Melfort Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Canada; and (D.U., S.B.), Scott Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Scott, SK S0K 4A0, Canada. Development and design of a marker based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from field-grown asparagus.K. Labour, M. St-Arnaud, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; and (M.S.-A.) Jardin botanique de Montréal and Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada. Use of acidic electrolyzed water for reducing populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato seed and foliage. G. Lazarovits, P.A. Abbasi, and R. Earl. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. One-carbon metabolism in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. W. Liu, Y. Wei, and J. King. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Relative importance of storage conditions on development of postharvest carrot diseases. T. MacDonald, R.N. Markarian, C. Vigneault, and V. Toussaint. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Involvement of antibiosis in the biocontrol of potato silver scurf by different bacteria. C. Martinez, J.-N. Simard, J. Labonté, R.R. Bélanger, and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Mycelial interactions between vegetatively incompatible Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae)isolates.B.D. McCallum, A. Tekauz, and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Latent infection and distribution of a hypovirulenceassociated double-stranded RNA (OnuMV3a) in populations of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. M.S. Melzer, F. Deng, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. In vitro effects of salt compounds on radial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of postharvest potato diseases. A.A.S. Mills, H.W. Platt, R.A.R. Hurta, and R.A. MacPhail. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (R.A.R.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Patterns of gene expression during infection of soybean by Phytophthora sojae. P. Moy, I. Atkinson, D. Qutob, and M. Gijzen. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Some factors involved in soil disturbance that reduces disease of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 8. S.M. Neate. Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012 Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Comparison of epidemics caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. dissotocum in pepper plants grown in small-scale hydroponic trough systems. T.N. Owen-Going and J.C. Sutton. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Molecular differentiation between Peridermium harknessiiand Cronartium quercuum f. sp. banksianae. F. Paradis, D.L. Joly, J. Walla, and R.C. Hamelin. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte- Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; and (J.W.) Plant Pathology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Refining the protocols for screening of resistance of spring wheat to fusarium head blight under controlled conditions. M.P. Pradhan and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Effect of soil amendments on common scab of potato and soil bacterial communities. K. Prévost, B. Shipley, and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Volatile metabolite profiling of cultivars of onion differing in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis allii, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. B. Prithiviraj, A. Vikram, and A.C. Kushalappa. Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Annede- Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Effect of biological and nutritional factors on development of cylindrocarpon root rot on American ginseng. M. Rahman and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Flax rust races – an important collection needs preservation. K.Y. Rashid. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada. Epidemiology of sclerotinia head rot in wild sunflower. K.Y. Rashid and G.J. Seiler. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; and (G.J.S.) Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A. Use of bacteriophages for the management of soft rot of calla lilies caused by Erwinia sp. in closed irrigation systems. M. Ravensdale, T. Blom, J. Gracia-Garza, and A. Svircev. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (J.G.G., A.S.) Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. An epidemiological study of verticillium wilt of potatoes: host–pathogen interactions of various Verticillium spp. N. Robinson, H.W. Platt, L. Hale, and V. MacLean. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (L.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Assessment of soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under growth chamber condition: correlations with laboratory and field assessments. G. Rousseau, S. Rioux, and D. Dostaler. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada. A to monitor soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. G. and R. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and des Institut de recherche 32, France. The Centraalbureau voor the of the R.A. and Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box AD Utrecht, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in plant and J.H.M. Schneider, and S. Jabaji-Hare. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands; and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. and L. and University of Edmonton, AB Canada. of seedling resistance to diseases in wheat. and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N Canada. Characterization of a metabolite by a causal agent of blight on field H. S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, S.F. G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Diversification Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (S.F.B.) Crop Diversification Centre North, Edmonton, Edmonton, AB 4K3, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Assessment of fungi as biological control agents of in G. S.F. and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC 1S6, Canada; and Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, BC Canada. and biocontrol by a of in the of and M. of University, Department of Molecular and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada. of fusarium head blight in Canadian A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. fungi from oat in western Canada in A. Tekauz, N. B. McCallum, and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. In vitro interaction between the wheat and of K. and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of Xanthomonas campestris pv. in to disease and of lettuce leaf on bacterial V. and O. Carisse. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and de pathologie végétale, Institut national de la recherche France. in causal for and disease control N. L. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. volatile from apple with fungal pathogens. A. Vikram, B. Prithiviraj, and A.C. Kushalappa. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of development of late blight in potato using polymerase chain reaction. O. F. L. Lamari, and L. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Molecular detection of in and in during O. F. M. L. B. T. P. and S. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; and Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box MB Canada. of Streptomyces potato by polymerase chain reaction. A. and G. Lazarovits. Department of Biology, Biological and University of London, ON Canada; and Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Molecular and of of a involved in fungal F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Impact of on Wang, S.F. Hwang, B.D. K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. The role of in germination and development in Colletotrichum J. and Department of Botany, University of ON Canada. gene expression of and A in potato with and of Phytophthora and F. Department of Plant Science, Agriculture University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Epidemiology of in R.R. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Avenue, and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. of leaf blight in carrot by of S.M. A. and M.R. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of a on by the G.J. and Department of Plant Pathology, University of U.S.A. and wheat response to leaf rust. T. D. M. C. W. T. and B. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. in biotic and abiotic stresses. T. T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South U.S.A. for gene T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. of isolates of Fusarium spp. head blight in wheat. G. Y. Chen, F. and C. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Effect of seed on of different of soybean E. T.R. Anderson, S. Rioux, R. and M. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of on the of and in potato H. R. and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and Centre de recherche et de développement en horticulture, Agriculture et Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. chain reaction – for Fusarium diversity in E. M. V. and M. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.

The notion of observability, is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be reconstructed using a given set of measurements. In this paper, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for observability in a power system. Deriving sufficient conditions for observability is quite difficult and algebraic observability is often used as a surrogate tool for observability. We show that algebraic observability is necessary but not sufficient for observability. It is also shown that standard measurement sets of at least one voltage measurement, and paired active and reactive power measurements may lead to unobservability for certain measurement configurations. Using a nonlinear transformation and properties of graph theory, a set of sufficient conditions are derived for observability. These conditions are shown to be dependent on the topological properties as well as the type of available measurements. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach is also discussed. All results are validated using an IEEE-14 bus system. The proposed method can be utilized off-line as a planning tool during the initial stages of measurement system design as well as on-line prior to state estimation.

This study proposes a compensation strategy to deal with both current and voltage measurement errors in the three-phase PWM rectifier system. The DC offset and scaling errors in the voltage and current measurements cause the injection of undesired DC and unbalanced currents into the three-phase input current and subsequently lead to voltage ripple at the DC output voltage. This paper proposes a compensation scheme for current measurement error where the DC offset and scaling errors in the current measurement are estimated from the characteristic of the DC output voltage ripple combining with simple band-pass and low-pass filters. Meanwhile, an advanced current controller designed with a proportional integral plus two resonant controllers tuned at the fundamental grid frequency (ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> ) and 2ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> in the synchronous (d-q) reference frame is suggested to reject the impact of the DC offset and scaling errors in the voltage measurement. The proposed compensation method is developed without the need of extra hardware circuit, sensor, or precise information of system parameters so that it can be considered as more cost effective and robust solution. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is verified by experimental results.