An Innovative Approach to Movement Lawyering: The Immigrant Rights Case Study

Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the indicators of barriers and challenges of virtual education at macro, meso, and micro levels. Methods and Materials: The method employed in this research is a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative section, documents from the Ministry of Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including the "Fundamental Theoretical Foundations for Formal and Public Education Transformation," the "Fundamental Transformation Document of Education," and the "National Curriculum Document," were analyzed. In the quantitative section, two non-random sampling methods were used: non-probability sampling and snowball sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method commonly used in sociology and statistical research. The research population consisted of 150 students from Farhangian University and 10 faculty members from the same institution. Interviews were conducted based on a competency model, and the appropriate tool was developed and implemented after determining its validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.92). Findings: Based on the findings, 150 digital teacher competencies were categorized into 9 sections, which were further divided into three main areas: curriculum design, barriers to virtual education, and the quality of virtual teaching. The challenges identified in the study were categorized at macro, meso, and micro levels, and the results are applicable for identifying the indicators of barriers and challenges in virtual education. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that, at the macro level, poor policy-making is the primary issue, at the meso level, budget disruptions are prominent, and at the micro level, students, more than parents, teachers, and professors, believe that the barriers and challenges of virtual education are greater than those of in-person education.

Introduction. The paper has developed a new scheme of a multimodal logistics system for grain transportation for export to Iran using links and graphs. It is proposed to consider the functioning of road transport in a multimodal logistics system for grain export from the standpoint of a systematic approach at the micro, meso and macro levels based on the newly introduced concept of transport capacity of the simulated graph. To determine the optimal modes of road transport functioning (with the further aim of increasing its efficiency of functioning) in the logistics links of export grain supplies at the micro level, it is proposed to perform using the ‘Sowing fields – regional barn-floors’ graph, at the meso level – the ‘Regional barn-floors – regional grain storages’ graph, at the macro level – the ‘Regional grain storages – port grain storages’ graph. Graphs modelling, determining the transport capacity of vertices, fixing vertices for barn-floors, regional grain storages and port grain storages make it possible for agro–industrial enterprises to plan the volume of grain exports, to use their acreage rationally considering crop yields while fulfilling an important condition - ensuring food security for the population of the Russian Federation. Road transport planning at the micro level is directly linked to the operation of agricultural enterprises, and at the meso level to grain storages. At the macro level, road transport serves the three largest port grain receiving points of the Volgograd region. Multimodal transportation of grain from a specific farm in the region to the port of Enzeli in Iran has been organized using road transport and VOLGO-BALT 239 river-sea vessel.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical analysis of winter wheat supplies for export to Iran from the Volgograd region. At the micro level, graphoanalytic methods are used to model the location schemes of filling bunkers when working in a team of one, three or nine combines, indicating their number of appearance on the field in the xOy coordinate plane. The methods of system analysis were used to correctly divide the international multimodal logistics system for the transportation of export grain into micro, meso and macro levels with the definition of the place and role of transport. Methods of solving the linear programming problem are the optimization of the assignment of consumers to suppliers at all levels under consideration.Results. It is revealed that complex international multimodal logistics systems for the delivery of export grain must be considered using a systematic approach. It is proposed to consider the system at the micro, meso and macro levels. At each of the levels, it is necessary to plan the operation of transport based on calculations of the ‘transport capacity’ of the ‘Sowing fields – regional barn-floors’, ‘Regional barn-floors – regional grain storages’, ‘Regional grain storages – port grain storages’ graph nodes. OOO Progress, the agro-enterprise of the Volgograd region, has been given the opportunity to plan its work taking into account new information technologies that ensure higher efficiency of agricultural activities in the cultivation of winter wheat with partial sale for export to Iran.Discussion and conclusions. The improvement of the organisation of road transport functioning in the international multimodal logistics system of grain export supplies cannot exist without the use of precision farming technologies in harvesting and transport processes. The use of the right logistics technologies in road transport and in the organisation of winter wheat cultivation has a great impact on the final cost of grain and on the guaranteed food security of the Russian Federation. Research in this direction is currently relevant.

Social change is understood as a more or less rapid and comprehensive change of societal structures and institutions, including changes to the economic, technological, and cultural frameworks of a society (Calhoun, 1992). A case in point is the breakup or transformation of the former communist countries in Europe in the 1980s. The political transition to representative democracy included a profound change of the economic system to market capitalism, which was soon overlaid by the negative effects of globalization. Today, some 20 years after the event, we have a huge variation of political and economic transformations around the world. These transformations also include countries such as the United Kingdom or China that have undergone economic reforms without changes in the basics of the political system. Given that social change is evident at the macro level, it is also plausible to assume that such changes have an impact on individuals’ behavior and development. Until recently, however, such issues did not rank very high on the research agenda, at least not for psychology. This is the background to this Special Section, which brings together papers that investigate the effect of social change on the lives of individuals.

Introduction: Integrated Care Pathways are a proven effective intervention to improve care coordination and quality of care, however their implementation presents important challenges and barriers at the clinical, meso and macro level. The literature identifies actions and elements to be considered that contribute to their effective implementation. However, their implementation is context-dependent, needing a systemic perspective to understand the barriers and elements that can facilitate its deployment in the Spanish National Health System. Theory: We understand ICPs as a pact between professionals and organizations from different healthcare areas that operate in the same territory and serve the same population affected by a specific health problem/s, to apply the criteria of good practice, optimize care circuits and plan responses to foreseeable scenarios. A qualitative research session was conducted with a multidisciplinary group of key opinion leaders 19, including clinicians, healthcare managers and policy makers from 9 different Spanish regions. Design thinking methodology was used to identify and agree upon key barriers and enablers for the implementation of ICPs from a macro, meso and micro perspective. The session was underpinned, by the knowledge gathered through systematic review and lessons learned from a best practice of ICPs implementation in Spain. Results: Structured list of key barriers and enablers at macro, meso and micro level for an effective implementation of ICPs. The identified barriers were: lack of systemic and integrative vision; clinical and social complexity of the patient, rigidity and work in silos, non-integrated information systems; individualist professional culture, absence of transformational leadership, patient not located in the center, and lack of training. Enablers were also identified. Discussions: As the literature highlights, successful ICP implementation requires a deep understanding of the local contexts and alignment between bottom-up initiatives and top-down support Conclusions: There are several issues preventing a larger deployment of ICPs in Spain: at macro level there is a general lack of strategic vision towards integrated care from a systems perspective, especially from a multisector approach. At meso level, the historical fragmentation of organizations poses a strong challenge towards care coordination. At the micro level a lack of clinical leadership and buy-in hinders the needed multidisciplinary and collaborative work. Strategic alignment, better information systems, improving data collection, continuous monitoring and evaluation, feedback looping to professionals, incentives and training healthcare professionals in communication and team-work skills were identified as facilitators. Lessons: Although coming from different regions and professional backgrounds, all participants have experienced similar problems with the implementation of ICPs. ICPs implementation go beyond the development of a booklet with a set of guidelines, they imply local agreements, cultural change and doing things differently. They need a strong sustained buy-in from every level, a leading core team, sufficient resources, and a continuous support to manage cultural change and adaptation to local context. Limitations: This research has been focused on a particular health system. Conclusions should be generalized with caution. Suggestions: Further research is needed to demonstrate if the conclusions of this study are applicable to other settings, particularly in non NHS-like systems.

Given the potential role of economic information in healthcare decision making, it is of interest to assess its influence on decisions at a national or regional level (macro level), at a healthcare facility level (meso level) and at the healthcare provider level (micro level). This literature review summarises 36 empirical studies that examined the influence of economic evaluations on these three healthcare decision-making levels. Economic evaluations are considered useful and important; however, their direct influence on decision making (instrumental use) is moderate, especially at the macro and micro levels. A major influence was observed at the meso level, leading to the conclusion that economic evaluations have the most pronounced influence on decision making within healthcare organisations. However, unexpectedly, our literature search did not reveal an empirical study analysing the considerable influence of economic evaluations on decisions by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK. Our findings indicate that results of economic evaluations cannot be considered the dominant decision criterion for healthcare decision makers at either the macro, meso or micro levels. Enlightenment use (where scientific evidence provides a background of information, ideas and concepts that affect the way policy makers view problems and solutions) of economic evaluations in decision making remains to be proven.

Inter-organizational collaboration among healthcare institutions is widely recognized to improve healthcare services. Because there is a research gap in examining the management barriers to inter-organizational collaboration in countries with less efficient healthcare systems and the reasons for non-implementation of innovations, the aim of this study was to identify key management barriers to inter-organizational collaboration in the preoperative treatment of patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis in Slovenia using a mixed-methods approach with key stakeholders. A cross-sectional study was conducted using multiple methods. An online survey (n = 135) and a multilevel qualitative approach were used, interviewing patients (n = 21), healthcare professionals, and other stakeholders (n = 42). The overall assessment of barriers affecting the integrated approach at the macro, meso, and micro levels revealed that macro-level factors were statistically significantly perceived as the major barriers, while micro-level factors were the minor barriers. There was no significant difference between public and private sector respondents in the barriers at the three levels. However, there were significant differences in the perceptions of different professional groups at the micro and meso levels, but not at the macro level. The analysis of the in-depth interviews confirmed the importance of macro-level barriers. A culture of noncooperation combined with “managerial indecision” prevails in the Slovenian healthcare system due to weak management support for inter-organizational collaboration, with managers and other key stakeholders failing to make urgent decisions due to a lack of autonomy. Interviewees commonly noted that one of the major barriers to inter-organizational collaboration was a lack of resources and staff, particularly of primary care physicians and nurses. In the preoperative treatment of patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis, the culture of non-collaboration and executive indecision are the major macro-level barriers to inter-organizational collaboration in Slovenia.

The innovative paradigm of managing the innovative development of regions has been improved through a strategic approach that interconnects all links in a single direction – vertical integration and dynamic development of strategic leadership and full coordination of innovations, which: create great opportunities in business; take into account not only technological, but also social benefits, and not only direct benefits; do not take into account the stage of developing fundamental ideas; innovative knowledge takes into account social processes, the transformation of knowledge as a result of the interaction of formalized and informal knowledge, orientation towards the export of high-tech products; based on the unity of technological and non-technological innovations of participants in time and space, interpenetration, integration of technologies, knowledge, and the economy of the ecosystem.Modern systemic innovation paradigm. Analysis of research on the innovative development of regions, the role of technological changes indicate that the structure of innovative development should take into account not only technological changes, but also systematically consider the relationships and interdependencies in all areas of socio-economic, monetary and financial, managerial, etc., "expanding the separate analysis of private problems into a holistic view of innovative development.Otherwise, without taking into account the general patterns of development of changes in technologies, a gap appears between the macro, meso and micro levels of economic analysis, as demonstrated in the methodology for assessing GIC (at the macro level) or implementing strategic programs for innovative development (meso, micro levels). That is, only the impact of macroeconomic indicators of individual innovations or even the overall innovative activity of the economy (country, region, organization) is studied and analyzed, at the meso level changes in sectoral and inter-sectoral proportions, shares in GDP and other macroeconomic indicators are studied. Meanwhile, the relationship between the spread of innovations, the possibilities of innovative development and certain structural shifts has been practically not studied. Such a connection, dependence, at best, can be stated. To develop an effective mechanism for managing the innovative development of the country and its regions, it is important to understand, have a clear idea of such relationships, that is, how individual innovation processes are integrated into holistic development directions, the nature of structural shifts and explain the listed processes with the necessary completeness. Therefore, for the effective implementation of IRR programs, it is necessary to determine the main interrelated directions along which one should move and be able to assess the level of IRR, have tools for determining the innovativeness of the economy of regions and the country as a whole, and determining factors to achieve effective development, that is, to determine the innovation paradigm itself. Thus, at the heart of innovative development is a complex relationship and mutual influence of technological, scientific, managerial, economic capabilities and needs of society, the result of such a complex interaction must be studied. The persistence of the skew in the directions of development complicates the understanding of the mechanisms of competition and the selection of alternative programs, technologies, uneven economic growth, does not allow the effective development and formation of development programs without clarifying the causes of technological and structural shifts. The innovation paradigms on which current approaches are based are focused mainly on science, technology and economics and have limited responses to the process of global economic and institutional changes.Developed economies have refined their core innovation paradigms, such as the role of organized innovation and strong national innovation systems in Finland and Sweden, but have not sufficiently considered the innovation management experience of developing countries such as China, India and the wider Asian region. On the other hand, the contribution of Asian civilizations, represented by China, India and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, to global development is gradually increasing.

The International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original articles in the field of integrated care on a continuous basis.IJIC has an Impact Factor of 5.120 (2020 JCR, received in June 2021)

With the rapid development of the e-sports industry, semi-professional e-sports youth, as an important but relatively disadvantaged group in the e-sports career ecology, face many difficulties such as economic pressure, narrow career paths, and insufficient social cognition. This study focuses on the survival status and career path of semi-professional e-sports youth, and proposes countermeasures at the macro, meso and micro levels by analyzing the problems they face. That is, at the macro level, to improve industry policies and career protection, and to promote the standardized development of the e-sports industry; at the meso level, to improve the social perception of e-sports, and to strengthen the support of families and communities; and at the micro level, to provide players with guidance on career planning, comprehensive skills training, and mental health support, and to help them achieve sustainable development. The study shows that solving the plight of semi-professional e-sports youth not only helps to improve the career development of this group, but also has important significance for the healthy development of the e-sports industry and the diversification of the social career ecology.

This chapter tries to clarify differences between countries in terms of secularisation at macro level, with due regard to nonreligious factors influencing their range, profundity and rate, as well as the counter movements and conflicts to which they give rise. It then explains differences within countries in terms of the economic rational choice model at meso level. Next the chapter tries to account for individual differences at micro level in terms of the cognitive paradigm, and traced these to differences in disposition to perception, feeling and processing of emotions and spiritual experience, and participation in and familiarity with the culture of a particular religious tradition. Finally, it points out the interaction between phenomena at macro, meso and micro level. In so doing the chapter provides three broad outlines for future research projects.Keywords: cognitive paradigm; economic rational choice model; religious tradition; secularisation

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] News media has long featured high-profile incidents of police use of force; however, exposure to these incidents may be increasing because of the accessibility of smartphones, social media, and Internet news. Police are concerned about the impact this potential increase in negative publicity may be having on the relationship between police legitimacy and crime prevention. However, scant research has examined the role Internet news and social media consumption have on attitudes toward police use of force. This dissertation study employed mixed methods to explore the role social media and Internet news have on such attitudes at the macro, meso, and micro levels in the United States across racial and ethnic groups. At the macro level, nationally representative data were used to examine the relationships between Internet news consumption, neoliberal and racial resentment ideologies, and demographics on attitudes of approval toward police use of force. The results indicated that Black/African American Internet news consumers are more supportive of police use of force than non-Internet news consumers. Furthermore, education increased the odds of approving of police use of force among the Hispanic/Latinx subsample, whereas Internet news consumption did not. Significant predictors for Whites included income, conservativism, individualism, and gender. However, these results changed when the analysis accounted for variation at the meso level. Lastly, personal experiences with police and retrospective experiences online when consuming use-of-force incidents provided a greater understanding of the findings. The variation observed between the racial and ethnic subsamples built upon theories of social location and media.

The combination of sports sciences theorization and social networks analysis (SNA) has offered useful new insights for addressing team behavior. However, SNA typically represents the dynamics of team behavior during a match in dyadic interactions and in a single cumulative snapshot. This study aims to overcome these limitations by using hypernetworks to describe illustrative cases of team behavior dynamics at various other levels of analyses. Hypernetworks simultaneously access cooperative and competitive interactions between teammates and opponents across space and time during a match. Moreover, hypernetworks are not limited to dyadic relations, which are typically represented by edges in other types of networks. In a hypernetwork, n-ary relations (with n > 2) and their properties are represented with hyperedges connecting more than two players simultaneously (the so-called simplex—plural, simplices). Simplices can capture the interactions of sets of players that may include an arbitrary number of teammates and opponents. In this qualitative study, we first used the mathematical formalisms of hypernetworks to represent a multilevel team behavior dynamics, including micro (interactions between players), meso (dynamics of a given critical event, e.g., an attack interaction), and macro (interactions between sets of players) levels. Second, we investigated different features that could potentially explain the occurrence of critical events, such as, aggregation or disaggregation of simplices relative to goal proximity. Finally, we applied hypernetworks analysis to soccer games from the English premier league (season 2010–2011) by using two-dimensional player displacement coordinates obtained with a multiple-camera match analysis system provided by STATS (formerly Prozone). Our results show that (i) at micro level the most frequently occurring simplices configuration is 1vs.1 (one attacker vs. one defender); (ii) at meso level, the dynamics of simplices transformations near the goal depends on significant changes in the players' speed and direction; (iii) at macro level, simplices are connected to one another, forming “simplices of simplices” including the goalkeeper and the goal. These results validate qualitatively that hypernetworks and related compound variables can capture and be used in the analysis of the cooperative and competitive interactions between players and sets of players in soccer matches.

IntroductionWith the escalating burden of chronic disease and multimorbidity in India, owing to its ageing population and overwhelming health needs, the Indian Health care delivery System (HDS) is under constant pressure due to rising public expectations and ambitious new health goals. The three tired HDS should work in coherence to ensure continuity of care, which needs a coordinated referral system. This calls for optimising health care through Integrated care (IC). The existing IC models have been primarily developed and adopted in High-Income Countries. The present study attempts to review the applicability of existing IC models and frame a customised model for resource-constrained settings.MethodsA two-stage methodology was used. Firstly, a narrative literature review was done to identify gaps in existing IC models, as per the World Health Organization framework approach. The literature search was done from electronic journal article databases, and relevant literature that reported conceptual and theoretical concepts of IC. Secondly, we conceptualised an IC concept according to India's existing HDS, validated by multiple rounds of brainstorming among co-authors. Further senior co-authors independently reviewed the conceptualised IC model as per national relevance.ResultsExisting IC models were categorised as individual, group and disease-specific, and population-based models. The limitations of having prolonged delivery time, focusing only on chronic diseases and being economically expensive to implement, along with requirement of completely restructuring and reorganising the existing HDS makes the adoption of existing IC models not feasible for India. The Indian Model of Integrated Healthcare (IMIH) model proposes three levels of integration: Macro, Meso, and Micro levels, using the existing HDS. The core components include a Central Gateway Control Room, using existing digital platforms at macro levels, a bucket overflow model at the meso level, a Triple-layered Concentric Circle outpatient department (OPD) design, and a three-door OPD concept at the micro level.ConclusionIMIH offers features that consider resource constraints and local context of LMICs while being economically viable. It envisages a step toward UHC by optimising existing resources and ensuring a continuum of care. However, health being a state subject, various socio-political and legal/administrative issues warrant further discussion before implementation.

The scientific article has proved the importance of researching the concepts of competition within the framework of ensuring the formation of the competitiveness of Ukrainian livestock and Ukrainian livestock products. Five basic concepts of competition have been defined: “Contest as a static state,” “Competition as a process of rivalry,” “Porter’s diamond,” RAM, and IIT. The following basic concepts of competition have been theoretically characterized by a set of features, such as levels of using the concept (world, international, national, industry/regional, and individual enterprise/individual household); enterprises that can use the concept appropriately; behavior and activities of competitors; consumer behavior; the behavior of other market participants; key terms of using the concept (critical terms of the competition); a key criterion for the formation of competitiveness; possibilities of implementation into animal husbandry (macro – national level; meso – branch and regional level; micro – individual enterprises and households). In addition, the positive and negative aspects of using each of the five defined concepts of competition to form the competitiveness of Ukrainian livestock and Ukrainian livestock products have been determined. It has been proved that the concept of competition, “Competition as a static state,” can be used, with certain limitations, in animal husbandry at the macro-, meso-, and micro levels; “Competition as a process of rivalry” can be used in animal husbandry at the macro, meso, and micro levels; “Porter’s diamond” can be used in animal husbandry mainly at the meso level; RAM can be used in animal husbandry mainly at the micro level; and IIT can be used in animal husbandry mainly at the macro level. The limitation of the use of each of the researched concepts of competition in terms of the formation of the competitiveness of Ukrainian livestock farming and products of Ukrainian livestock breeding has also been noted. It requires a balanced, appropriate, and thorough use of concepts at the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of the modern economic systems functioning.

Institutional storytelling is an increasingly prominent communication strategy, yet research has primarily focused on how institutions tell stories to individuals rather than how they can elicit stories from individuals. This conceptual paper explores the identity-shaping potential of institution-initiated storytelling, positioning it as a transformative communication process that operates across micro (individual), meso (peer/community), and macro (cultural) levels. Drawing from research on narrative identity, self-persuasion, and macromarketing systems, we develop a framework showing how storytelling fosters self-reflection, professional identity development, and social belonging, while also influencing collective norms and cultural narratives. To ground this framework, we provide an illustrative case study of a storytelling intervention designed to strengthen STEM identity and reduce impostorism among graduate students. Findings suggest that institutional storytelling can be a powerful mechanism for empowerment and social change, but also reveal its complexity, highlighting the importance of ethical and inclusive design in storytelling practice.