An Integrated Graphical User Interface for Crystallographic Software

We present an approach to write web applications in the programming languages Haskell [8] and Curry [6]. The web applications we propose are directly based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – no additional protocol on top of HTTP is necessary. Although the main ideas are not new and already applied using other programming languages, we believe that features present in modern declarative languages – especially algebraic datatypes – serve well to represent resources on the web. 1 TRANSFER OF RESOURCE REPRESENTATIONS A resource is any piece of information named by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). A web application provides access to internally stored information over the Internet or accesses such information provided by other web applications. Usually, (a representation of) this information is transferred using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) [3] – possibly employing some protocol on top of it. Note that we do not primarily consider applications running inside a web browser like [4, 7, 9]. HTTP provides different methods to access resources from which the most important are the GET and the POST method. GET is used to retrieve some information, e.g., web browsers use GET to ask for the content of web pages. POST is used to send information to be processed by a server, e.g., entries in a web form can be sent to the server using POST. While processing the request, the server can update its internally stored information and usually sends back a result of this process. Web applications differ in their use of these two HTTP methods: RPC-style web applications are accessible through a single URI and communication is performed using the POST method. A representation of a procedure call is transferred to the server, which returns a representation of the result of this call as answer to the POST request. Note that both retrieval and update operations are performed using the POST method in RPC-style web applications and the interface of such applications is determined by the procedure calls that are understood by the server. Fielding [2] proposes another architectural style for web applications: He proposes to use the POST method only to update the internal state of the server and to use the GET method to purely retrieve information. Consequently, everything that should be available for retrieval by clients needs to be identified by an own URI. This is a big difference to RPC-style web applications that are usually accessible ?This work was partially supported by the German Research Council (DFG) grant Ha 2457/5-1. through a single URI. In the architectural style proposed by Fielding, a client sends an HTTP GET request to an URI to retrieve a representation of the resource identified by this URI corresponding to the current state of the server. To change this state, the client sends a POST request to the URI of the resource he wants to update. Fielding calls this architectural style Representational State Transfer (REST). The interface of a RESTful web application is given by the methods of HTTP and the URIs identifying the applications resources. In this work, we show how the interface given by the most important HTTP methods can be made available to Haskell or Curry programmers, hiding the details of HTTP communication.

Genomic data is growing exponentially due to next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) and their ability to produce massive amounts of data in a short time. NGS technologies generate big genomic data that needs to be exchanged between different locations efficiently and reliably. The current network transfer protocols rely on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Data gram Protocol (UDP) protocols, ignoring data size and type. Universal application layer protocols such as HTTP are designed for wide variety of data types and are not particularly efficient for genomic data. Therefore, we present a new data-aware transfer protocol for genomic-data that increases network throughput and reduces latency, called Genomic Text Transfer Protocol (GTTP). In this paper, we design and implement a new network transfer protocol for big genomic DNA dataset that relies on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Modification to content-encoding of HTTP has been done that would transfer big genomic DNA datasets using machine-to-machine (M2M) and client(s)-server topologies. Our results show that our modification to HTTP reduces the transmitted data by 75% of original data and still be able to regenerate the data at the client side for bioinformatics analysis. Consequently, the transfer of data using GTTP is shown to be much faster (about 8 times faster than HTTP) when compared with regular HTTP.

Presents an analysis of the use of the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and other Web technologies for multi-level secure (MLS) systems that are connected to single-level network environments (e.g. Internet-like and intranet-like environments). Multiple single-level networks may be connected to these MLS systems. This analysis considers two examples of MLS systems. Known HTTP and Web security vulnerabilities are considered in the context of multi-level operations planned for an MLS database server to be accessed by Web browser software and for an MLS infrastructure supporting Web browsing on multiple Webs that each have a different security sensitivity level. The analysis focuses on the transfer of information across security boundaries where the security classification of information on one side of the boundary differs from that of the other side (a or transfer of information). The transfer of information is initiated by the Web browser (a network client) and the bulk of information transferred is data returned from the Web server. The analysis also focuses on threats from the less secure side of the boundary, including the threats of insertion of malicious code (e.g. virus or Trojan horse code) and denial-of-service attacks. The applications are referred to as the high-to-low example and the low-to-high example, denoting the direction of primary information flow.

SummaryVirtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) solutions seek to provide a satisfactory user experience at the client side when accessing remote desktop applications, even from mobile devices with limited capabilities. This paper presents a new approach, improving on previous work by the authors, in which a combination of Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and streaming protocols allowed efficient remote web access to virtualized applications within a cloud architecture. The new approach simplifies virtual machine templates, from which virtual machine instances are deployed, by centralizing software modules, greatly simplifying their management. Our new contribution consists of an integrated solution with specific WebM video encoding modules in charge of application visual output processing, an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) streaming server, and a VNC server. The solution can be installed in the hypervisor of the host machines instead of replicating the servers and modules throughout the guest (virtual) machines that run the virtualized applications. Consequently, their implementations are unique and independent of the operating system of the virtual machines. In short, it is not necessary to provide different implementations for different operating systems, which reduces the complexity of virtual machine templates and greatly simplies platform management. To demonstrate our solution, we have modified the Quick Emulator (QEMU)‐Kernel‐based Virtual Machine (KVM) hypervisor source code accordingly. We also present qualitative and quantitative analyses that demonstrate that the new approach is advantageous in terms of software management and quality of experience, compared with our previous work and other well‐known thin clients, contributing to the enhancement of VDI systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Streaming video is a process of transferring moving images or video over the internet in a compressed form to viewers so that it can be viewed in real time. Streaming video technology is becoming more powerful all the time and appreciable works have been done in this area. However, security and adaptation of video are still problems to be tackled in the area of video streaming. In this paper, a secured and adaptive HTTP video streaming system (SAHVISS) was designed. The system was implemented using PHP, HTML5, Angular JS, Java Script and SQL Server database. It was tested on different computers and mobile devices using various web browsers. SAHVISS consist of four components namely Video Source, Streaming Server, Distribution Server and Client. The Streaming Server is made up of two sub-components namely the media encoder and the streamer. The server requires a media encoder to converts raw (uncompressed) digital video to a compressed format while the streamer breaks the encoded media into segments and save them as file. The distribution server comprises of Content Delivery Network and the Web server which delivers media file and the index files to the client over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The performance of SAHVISS shows that it provides an efficient technique for solving the issues of adaptation and privacy/security of streaming video content. It is a robust, secured and an adaptive http video streaming system.

The MITRE Corporation in support of the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) has developed a proxy agent functionality that allows DISA's major customers to have a network management status view of the DISA's IP router-based networks. The network management proxy agent, which operates at the element management level of the router network management hierarchy, has been developed using the World Wide Web (WWW) technology. To provide this functionality, MITRE has developed a network management Web server (NMWS) software that takes information from DISA's network management system (NMS), namely Hewlett Packard's Open View (HPOV) software and publishes it on the Web. This software, which is a collection of Perl scripts that run on a dedicated NMWS host, takes X windows screens from HPOV, converts them to GDF files, and publishes them on a Web server. In addition, the NMWS software provides a non-graphical form-based interface to the HPOV database to provide a near real-time status of circuits that are identified by their IP addresses or customer circuit service descriptor (CCSDs) to DISA's customers. The NMWS software was developed and operates on Solaris 2.5 with an X11R5 distribution. Network users access the NMWS host via their Web browser and are presented with (1) a list of available views, which is the same as the views on the screen of the NMWS host at the time of the last NMWS invocation, and (2) a form, which may be used to provide access circuit status using the text file of the Open View database. They can pull down a view via the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and with most browsers this view will automatically update. This paper discusses the results of our testing and experimentation, and our lessons learned and recommendations for using a Web-based approach for network management of large networks.

Internet Protocol (IP) and network devices play a major role as internet users in the world are exponentially increasing. There is a requirement for a much larger number of unique IP addresses and network devices for connecting sequentially. IPV 6 has been showing progressive improvement over IPV 4 and implementation of the former is challenging which requires impulsive pre-installation testing techniques. Many of the service qualities are evaluated by the real-time implementation of the different topological networks for transmitting multimedia traffic. This paper works over the real-time experimental analysis of various protocols via a client-server network, configured using wired & wireless networks, and also involves the analysis of optical network performance in the multicast transmission of multimedia data. The simulation results show that using Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) has increased the throughput against Real Time Protocol (RTP) and use of optical fiber cable has enhanced the throughput by a considerable rate while compared to ethernet cable.

Peer tutoring is a unique and efficient method of teaching that has been widely investigated. Related works in the literature ranges from cross-age peer tutoring, peer tutoring for the disabled, reciprocal peer tutoring, to peer tutoring for children. One unique method that has been scarcely documented, however, is peer tutoring with the aid of the Internet. In this paper, therefore, a web framework is proposed for online peer tutoring application in a smart campus. The peer tutoring web application identifies two key target users: the tutor and the tutee. The tutors will help in teaching other students; they are responsible for accepting requests from tutees and in turn holding tutoring sessions for the tutees. They also have the responsibility of uploading important documents to the platform which are accessible to tutees. On the other hand, the tutees search for the tutors with prowess in their course of need and make a request for a tutoring session. They also have access to the materials uploaded by the tutors. The peer tutoring web application is designed in such a way that the web browser communicates with the web server by making Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the server. The proposed framework consists of the client-side and the server-side which are connected by the web browser. In essence, web-based peer tutoring application will go a long way in improving students’ academic performance in a more efficient manner.

After a brief discussion of what the World Wide Web is the authors go on to discuss: client server architecture, hypertext transfer protocol and setting up a Web server.

The explosion of the Web raises many difficult legal and economic issues. One of the most controversial is this: how can we protect the intellectual property embedded in the computer software that gets distributed over the Internet? The Web hypertext platform, particularly hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and Java, should encourage the quick and ubiquitous delivery of novel, ground breaking ideas for interacting with computers. Innovative user interface software, whether in the form of Java byte codes or Web browsers, should be protected by law. But this is very difficult. Software products and ideas are too easily duplicated or cloned, and software's authors are often compelled to expose the technical details of their products in order to disseminate them and create a market for their ideas and services, indirectly encouraging such cloning. The use of time stamping software to solve the Internet intellectual property problem is discussed.

Devices connect to a wireless local area network (WLAN) with Wi-Fi communication (see Chapter 7 (Wireless local area network)). A router connected to an Internet Service Provider (ISP), through a telephone line using DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology, provides access to the Internet (see Figure 8-1). The Internet is formed by interconnected computer networks using the Internet Protocol suite, consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), to globally link devices. The World Wide Web (WWW) identifies information resources by URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). The client or web browser, such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox, sends an HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) request to the server device hosting the resource to retrieve information at the web address defined by the URL. The server responds to the client HTTP request, and the client displays the requested web page information on the Android tablet or mobile phone. The client must request web page information from the server, as the server cannot impose updates on the client. The exception is WebSocket, as discussed in Chapter 9.

Chapter 8 - Identifying Users and Sessions

Internet of Things (IoT) plays an increasingly significant role in our daily activities, connecting physical objects around us into digital services. In other words, IoT is the driving force behind home automation, smart cities, modern health systems, and advanced manufacturing. This also increases the likelihood of cyber threats against IoT devices and services. Attackers may attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in application protocols, including Domain Name System (DNS), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) that interact directly with backend database systems and client-server applications to store data of IoT services. Successful exploitation of one or more of these protocols can result in data leakage and security breaches. In this paper, an ensemble intrusion detection technique is proposed to mitigate malicious events, in particular botnet attacks against DNS, HTTP, and MQTT protocols utilized in IoT networks. New statistical flow features are generated from the protocols based on an analysis of their potential properties. Then, an AdaBoost ensemble learning method is developed using three machine learning techniques, namely decision tree, Naive Bayes (NB), and artificial neural network, to evaluate the effect of these features and detect malicious events effectively. The UNSW-NB15 and NIMS botnet datasets with simulated IoT sensors' data are used to extract the proposed features and evaluate the ensemble technique. The experimental results show that the proposed features have the potential characteristics of normal and malicious activity using the correntropy and correlation coefficient measures. Moreover, the proposed ensemble technique provides a higher detection rate and a lower false positive rate compared with each classification technique included in the framework and three other state-of-the-art techniques.

This paper describes how users can have a distant access to sophisticated and expensive measurement devices with a very light and simple software architecture. This distant access can be only local and allow device sharing between many users. It can also be more global through Internet using HTTP protocol and give self learners or distant students the ability to access these resources any time. Moreover, using a PC on the client side allows strong integration of measurement data and any mathematical environment, providing real time post processing capabilities not present on the instrument itself.

Real-time monitoring and control of a PV-fed enhanced cubic voltage gain converter for DC microgrid