An interview with Ross Leadbetter

Objective Mock interview provides candidates with a context for better preparing for real job interviews. However, there’s little information about mock interview for clinical medicine students available in the literature. A mock interview was carried out to improve the medical students’ confidence and explore an effective method of career training. Methods A short mock interview was designed in Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) for the 7-year clinical medicine students. In the activity, students rotated role-playing duties as interviewer and interviewee. Students were asked to complete a questionnaire anonymously afterwards to assess the impact of the experience. Results A total of 33 students without former experience of any mock interview nor other disciplines completed their mock interview. All students thought the mock interview necessary and helpful for their future job interview, and reported that they had their quality improved after the mock interview (100%, 33/33). Students benefited from exposure to different roles as interviewer, interviewee and observer, and gained a good perspective on their strengths and weaknesses. Mock interview were ranked number one among a series of interview related programs. Conclusions Mock interview helped clinical medicine students on further preparation for real job interviews. Key words: Clinical medicine; Medical student; Mock interview; Real job interviews; Impression

Previous studies of interviewer performance have mostly focused on its association with interviewer characteristics. Little attention has been devoted to role-restricted variables such as interview rapport. This paper examines the effect of interview rapport on interviewer clerical performance. Interview rapport is based on the interviewer's evaluation of a respondent's cooperativeness during an interview, while interviewer clerical performance is measured by six answer-recording behaviors. Four datasets analyzed were from Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) conducted in 2000 and 2001. A two-level Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM2) was used recognizing the possible importance of interviewer effects.The analysis of the combined data showed that interview rapport exerts not only positive linear effect but also negative curvilinear effect on interviewer clerical performance. The estimated coefficient suggested that interviewer performance increase with rapport but decline after the rapport scores was more than 16. A modification of the measurement of interview rapport and interviewer performance as well as conceptual framework was discussed.

In this article I explore the way New Zealand English speakers use language in post-match interviews after professional televised rugby games. More specifically, I focus on the linguistic features that serve to create the tone of this particular interview genre. What I will demonstrate is that features of interviewer conduct such as the use of terms of endearment, tokens of commiseration and congratulations, a focus on positive experiences, complimenting and praising, and the use of humour help to create a conciliatory interview experience. These features and this tone of interview differ remarkably from other media interviews that have been frequently explored in the media discourse literature, such as political interviews. In the discussion I explore this point further by comparing the social contexts of both the post-match interview and the more adversarial political interview in an attempt to account for the conciliatory fashion in which post-match interviews are carried out. Suggestions for future research are also explored.

Because the researcher is the instrument in semistructured or unstructured qualitative interviews, unique researcher characteristics have the potential to influence the collection of empirical materials. This concept, although widely acknowledged, has garnered little systematic investigation. This article discusses the interviewer characteristics of three different interviewers who are part of a qualitative research team. The researcher/interviewers - and authors of this article - reflect on their own and each other's interviews and explore the ways in which individual interview practices create unique conversational spaces. The results suggest that certain interviewer characteristics may be more effective than others in eliciting detailed narratives from respondents depending on the perceived sensitivity of the topic, but that variation in interviewer characteristics may benefit rather than detract from the goals of team-based qualitative inquiry. The authors call for the inclusion of enhanced self-reflexivity in interviewer training and development activities and argue against standardization of interviewer practices in qualitative research teams.

The aim of the study is to introduce the focus group interview. As a qualitative method the focus group interview is the way of gaining information about features of groups and subgroups. According to Krueger & Casey (2000), the focus group interview is based on individualistic interview constructed by using open-ended questions. The focus group interview is defined as planned discussion series to learn determined people’s thoughts about determined issues. In this study, with the short history of the focus group interview; different definitions, aims, applications, and process of the focus group interview are also taken into consideration. Moreover advantages and disadvantages are discussed, basic information about data analysis of the method are placed in the study. It’s focused on the argument of how the social representation supports the focus group interviewing. Key words: Social representation theory, focus group interviewing

Background: Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness in Africa due to its high prevalence, early age of onset and aggressive course. Patients often present very late and have poor awareness and limited access to services with limited treatment options to lower the intraocular pressure. When treatment is available there is often poor acceptance of surgery, the preferred treatment in Africa. To prevent blindness from glaucoma a behaviour change intervention is required to increase awareness and encourage acceptance of and adherence to treatment and follow up. Motivational interviewing (MI) was selected and adapted for this study as it has shown promise in adherence to treatment in other chronic diseases, and non professional counsellors can be trained to deliver it. To improve treatment options transscleral diode laser cyclophotoablation was introduced before the trial started Methods: Design: single site pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation to one session of MI or enhanced usual care. MI was adapted for the local context and language was carried out using an interview guide generated following qualitative research. Participants allocated to MI were randomly allocated to one of two interviewers. Usual care was routine explanation by an ophthalmologist and an educational pamphlet. After the interview, a 12-item Working Alliance Inventory short questionnaire was administered to patients and interviewers to assess the collaborative relationship. The primary outcome of the trial was the proportion of participants who accepted and underwent surgery or laser treatment within two months of the date given. Laser treatment was performed using diode 810nm laser G-probes under retrobulbar anaesthesia and standard procedures. Patients were reviewed on day one, one week and at 1, 4, 6 and 12 months when IOP and visual acuity were measured. Results 276 patients participated in the trial: 135 (49%) were assigned to MI and 141 to usual care. 53% of patients in the MI group underwent treatment compared with 45% in the usual care group (risk ratio 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.6). Overall acceptance was 49% higher than before the trial. Analysis of WAI scores showed similar scores for participants and interviewers overall. Interviewer and participant scores had high reliability coefficients (94.3% and 93.3% respectively) with good correlation when combined using Cronbach's alpha (93.9%). In the laser treatment study, data from 204 eyes treated were included in the study. Before treatment mean IOP was 39mmHg being 12, 11, 15, 18, 19 and 19mmHg on day one, at one week, and 1, 4, 6 and 12 months respectively. At 12 months 77 (72.6%) eyes (106/107 with data) had IOPs <22mmHg. At 12 months 83 (78%) eyes retained (70 eyes, 66%) or had improved (13 eyes, 12%) visual acuity; 25 eyes (23%) lost acuity. 17 eyes were retreated. No eyes had persistent hypotony. Conclusion The results do not support the introduction of this adapted MI tool to increase acceptance of glaucoma surgery in Africa as we observed only a small increase in acceptance compared with usual care, which was not statistically significant. Although only 1 in 2 patients accepted surgery or laser in this trial this is a much higher proportion than observed in other studies. In this trial the majority of participants underwent laser treatment, which is less invasive, repeatable and cheaper than trabeculectomy. The diode laser treatment appears to be a good alternative to surgery in this setting as it is acceptable, gives good IOP control and good preservation of vision at one year. Trials of different modalities of laser as a primary treatment for glaucoma in Africa are warranted.

Co-design of an mHealth application for family carers of people with dementia to address needs related to the functional disability of their care recipients

This thesis examines sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust, as told in testimonies collected in the English language in the Shoah Foundation Institute’s Visual History Archive (hereafter, the Visual History Archive or VHA). It examines the experience of sexual violence, as well as the ways this can be understood through the Visual History Archive. I argue that Jewish women were vulnerable to and experienced sexual violence during the Holocaust in different ways depending on the context in which they found themselves. In this thesis, I explore five of these contexts: the initial Nazi occupation period, in ghettos, in the Nazi camp system, in hiding and during flight, and immediately following the liberation. The thesis begins with a theoretical and methodological consideration of the testimonies and how stories of sexual violence are shaped within the interview. In this section, I firstly consider the Visual History Archive, and the ways that the interviews, the interviewers and the systems of the VHA itself have potentially impacted upon and shaped the English-language interviews that discuss sexual violence. I argue that the origins and conceptual framework of the project, and the ways that the interviews were conducted have an impact on how survivors reveal and discuss issues of sexual violence, as well as on the ability of researchers to investigate sexual violence using this archive. Secondly, I consider the way survivors reflect on their decisions to speak about sexual violence. Survivors often discuss remaining silent, or feeling silenced, about their experiences of sexual violence. In the fifty years between the end of the Holocaust and the recording of the interviews, survivors have been thinking about and attempting to make sense of their memories of sexual violence and how it fits within their Holocaust experience and their life story. The way survivors have interpreted and reinterpreted their experiences of sexual violence influences how they tell these stories in their interviews with the Shoah Foundation. In the remainder of the thesis, I analyse the Visual History Archive’s 989 English-language testimonies that discuss sexual violence and explore five specific contexts of vulnerability in detail. In each context, I identify specific patterns within the interview data, including perpetrators, types of abuse and specific geographic location, and consider how Jewish women were vulnerable in different ways at different points in time and in different contexts of the Holocaust. I also consider factors which potentially influenced the vulnerability of Jewish women, such as anti-Jewish legislation, Nazi laws prohibiting sexual relations between so-called ‘Aryans’ and Jews, and rules and hierarchies within the military and the camp systems that dealt effectively or ineffectively with sexual violence. In this section of the thesis, I argue that Jewish women were vulnerable to sexual violence in different ways depending on the Holocaust context. In sum, in this thesis I examine survivors’ English-language narratives about sexual violence, and how these memories inform historians about the vulnerability of Jewish women and female children during the Holocaust. I argue that the circumstances of Nazi persecution of Jews did not always protect Jewish women from sexual assault, as scholars have previously asserted, but rather the conditions of the Holocaust added a specific gendered layer of vulnerability to sexual violence.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOOD INTERVIEW FOR STUDENTS' MOTIVATION IN LEARNING SPEAKING Speaking skill is an important skill that they should master when they learn a language. Based on the observation, speaking ability of Student of Politeknik Kelapa Sawit Bekasi still in low level. The students seem to be confused to express their idea using English, mainly because of the lack of vocabulary. In this study, the researcher attempts to conduct a research about the use of students’ good interview in English language classrooms and its impact in speaking skill. The use good interview in classroom is important because of its positive impact on students’ proficiency level. The objective of this research was to prove whether or not students’ motivation in speaking learning can be improved by using good interview for students in Cultivation Program of Politeknik kelapa Sawit Bekasi The results of this study shows that before the implementation of good interview, students speaking skills are in low level. However, after doing good interview, students felt greatly helped by the good interview material, unlike other boring speaking material and told them to do public speaking, good interviews were felt to provide them with many benefits, so they are felt motivated and eager to learn speaking more.

Objective To evaluate the current methods for psychiatry clinical internship and needs for innovation from the perspectives of medical undergradutes.Methods Independent interview on patients and their relatives as well as social psychological interview were conducted for five-year psychiatry majors in clinical internship (n =72).Self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the teaching feedback concerning the practice effect and teaching method tendency.Data were analyzed by t test and P ＜ 0.05 signifies statistically significant differences.Results Medical students considered the clinical internship as the main source of psychiatry knowledge (rising from 29.4 ％ (20/69) to 36.2％ (25/69),t =4.67,P ＜0.01).Respective interviewing with patients and their families and then doing focus-group discussion was the most acceptable method for medical undergraduates:82.6％(57/69) of medical undergraduates thought this method helped expose defects of clinical skills and prejudice against psychiatry; 54.3％ (37/69) of medical undergraduates thought this method was more beneficial to acquire psychiatry knowledge.The second acceptable method was the demonstration of a typical case by teacher:27.3％ (19/69) thought this method helped expose defects of clinical skills and prejudice against psychiatry; 27.2％ (19/69) thought this method was more beneficial to acquire psychiatry knowledge.62.0％ (43/69) of medical undergraduates ranked the characteristics of the symptomatology and core symptoms differentiation as the first place.49.0％ (34/69) considered the training of interviewing skills with patients as the second important in the clinical training.91.3％ (63/69) expected to see more kinds of mental disorders.65.2 ％ (45/69) expected to learn more about the interviewing skills.Conclusions It is necessary to pay more attention to the method of doing respective interviewing with patients and their families and then making focus-group discussion.Meanwhile training of interviewing skills in the clinical internship of psychiatry should be enhanced. Key words: Psychiatry; Medical undergraduate ; Clinical internship; Teaching innovation

(1977). The Federal Writers’ Project Slave Interviews: Useful Data or Misleading Source. The Oral History Review: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 33-38.

The overall aim of this exercise is to reflect on the merits and caveats of phenomenological interviewing as an educational research tool. To this end, I endeavor to conduct small-scale research using phenomenological interviewing and analysis and to reflect on the process. The phenomenon being researched is junior secondary pupils’ (13-16) lived experience of teacher-pupil mentoring as part of a 2011-2012 school based mentoring initiative in a mixed gender community school in South East Ireland. Issues related to the use of phenomenology in educational research shall be presented, leading to the derived research question. Interviews as a research instrument shall be discussed, with particular emphasis on phenomenological interviewing, followed by sampling and ethical concerns. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and discussion of findings are presented, followed by conclusions drawn from the study. Finally, I shall reflect on whether the process has succeeded in answering the research question whilst also offering my opinions on the promises and pitfalls of phenomenological interviewing and suggestions for future practice.

The article deals with the functioning of the political interview within media political discourse. Being situationally and intentionally caused by the addresser of speech utterances, political interview is focused on addressee and his perlocutionary reaction, functions within media political discourse and has manipulative characteristics. In this context the aim of the work is to define the place of political interview in the genres system of the media political discourse, understanding its lingual and pragmatic characteristics, its functions, types, structure and form. The newness of the research consists in the identification of political interview as a genre of the media political discourse. Characteristic features of the politician’s speech reveal in political interview within American electoral discourse, which knowledge is essential for the effective interpretation of the English-speaking media political discourse. Political interview is regarded as a text of the persuasive type. Understanding of different aspects of political interview provides an opportunity to learn the verbal mechanisms of influence on the electorate, to develop and apply a protective response at the level of individual and social consciousness.

While theories of second language socialisation and academic literacies recognize that important socialising interactions occur in social networks, classrooms continue to be the locus for much related research (Zappa-Hollman & Duff, 2015). In this thesis, I decentre the classroom and examine the language socialization of Japanese university students into English language academic writing practices through the lens of individual networks of practice (INoP). I studied the academic literacy socialisation accounts of English for Academic Purposes students over one Japanese academic year, investigating their individual networks, literacy practices and identities. The research is aligned with transdisciplinary SLA in which language learning/socialisation is seen as a constant interaction of micro, meso and macro levels (Douglas Fir Group [DFG], 2016) I took an ethnographic/longitudinal approach. Of seven focal participants, three were interviewed 6-9 times over one academic year and four were interviewed four times over a half academic year. Focal-participant interviews were triangulated with written assignments, interview with key people in networks and other data. Transcripts were coded using combined inductive analysis (Duff, 2008) and accounts of social interactions were represented as individual networks of practice (Zappa-Hollman & Duff, 2015). Analysis is complemented with a membership categorisation analysis (Sacks, 1992; Stokoe, 2012) of interview accounts showing categorisations produced in interviews to represent “common-sense” assumptions about culture and society. Analysis shows that different responses to similar constraints influenced variable socialisation trajectories. Construction and identification in individual networks of practice (1) shaped and was shaped by socialisation opportunities at the micro level; (2) resulted in variable socialisation outcomes and transformation of these same networks at the meso; and (3) illustrated the pervasiveness of macro-level social and cultural structures at all levels. The research argues that attention to networks can bridge levels to demonstrate the multiple macro constraints, meso agency/identities and micro interactions that shape socialisation.

Data resulting from a collaborative study between UK and Burkina Faso researchers into the impact of severe obstetric complications and their treatment on economic, social and physical well-being, and sustained ill-health and impoverishment over a 4 year period. It builds on a previous study of 1014 women in Burkina Faso which compares the consequences of severe (“near-miss”) complications with normal facility-based births up to one year postpartum.This ESRC-Hewlett study re-interviewed the women at home during the third and fourth years postpartum, using qualitative and quantitative methods to assess long-term economic, social and health effects. We added a new comparison group of women from the same neighbourhood to gain broader insights. This dataset includes: year 3 interviews with women interviewed in IMMPACT study, consisting of 2 datasets with 145 variables and 192 variables resp. (n=763); year 3 interviews with new control group of women, consisting of 2 datasets with 295 variables and 195 variables resp. (n=360); year 3 interviews with head of household dataset with 301 variables (n=907); child development assessment dataset with 89 variables (n=515); year 4 interviews with women, consisting of 2 datasets with 219 variables and 187 variables resp. (n=994); dataset on migration and loss of surveyed women to follow-up (12 variables) containing all women interviewed at one point or the other (n=1331).